The Alaskan Malamute (/ˈmæləˌmjuːt/) is a large breed of dog that was originally bred for its strength and endurance, to haul heavy freight as a sled dog.[2] It is similar to other arctic breeds such as the husky, the spitz, the Greenland Dog, Canadian Eskimo Dog, the Siberian Husky, and the Samoyed.
| Alaskan Malamute | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Grey and white Alaskan Malamute | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Origin | Alaska | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Notes | State dog of Alaska | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Lineage
editAlthough it is believed that the first dogs arrived in the Americas 12,000 years ago, people and their dogs did not settle in the Arctic until the Paleo-Eskimo people 4,500 years ago, followed by the Thule people 1,000 years ago, with both originating from Siberia.[3] Malamutes were thought to be bred by the Malimiut Inupiaq people of Alaska's Norton Sound region.[4]
The Malamute has been identified as a basal breed that predates the emergence of the modern breeds in the 19th century. A study in 2013 showed that the Alaskan Malamute has a similar east Asian origin to, but is not clearly related to, the Greenland Dog and the Canadian Eskimo Dog, but contains a possible admixture of the Siberian Husky.[5]
In 2015, a study using several genetic markers indicated that the Malamute, the Siberian Husky, and the Alaskan husky share a close genetic relationship between each other and were related to Chukotka sled-dogs from Siberia. They were separate from the two Inuit dogs, the Canadian Eskimo Dog and the Greenland Dog. In North America, the Malamute and the Siberian Husky both had maintained their Siberian lineage and had contributed significantly to the Alaskan husky, which showed evidence of crossing with European breeds that was consistent with this breed being created in post-colonial North America.[3] DNA extracted from a 9,500-year-old dog, Zhokhov, named after the Siberian island, was found to have shared a common ancestor with the Greenland sledge dog, the Alaskan Malamute and the Siberian Husky.[6]
Appearance
editThe American Kennel Club (AKC) breed standard describes a natural range of size, with a desired size of 23 inches (58 cm) tall and 75 pounds (34 kg) for females, 25 inches (64 cm) tall and 85 pounds (39 kg) for males.[7] Heavier individuals (90 lb (41 kg)) and dogs smaller than 75 pounds (34 kg) are commonly seen. There is often a marked size difference between males and females. Weights upwards of 100 pounds (45 kg) are also seen.[7]
The Alaskan Malamute is double-coated. The undercoat has an oily and woolly texture and can be as thick as two inches.[7] The outer guard coat is coarse and stands off the body longer at the withers but not more than one inch off the sides of the body. Ears are small in proportion to the head and stand firmly erect when at attention. The Alaskan Malamute is a heavy dog, with a more formidable nature and structure than the Siberian Husky, which is bred for speed. The Alaskan Malamute is bred for power and endurance, which is its original function and what the standard of the breed requires of Alaskan Malamute breeders.
The usual colors are various shades of grey and white, sable and white, black and white, seal and white, red and white, or solid white.[8] There are a wide range of markings in the breed including face markings, blazes, a splash at the nape of the neck, and a collar or half collar. White is often the predominant color on the body, parts of the legs, feet, and part of the markings of the face. In terms of color variants, some Malamutes exhibit a dark grey to buff-colored undertone around their trimmings and white areas, presenting with a color-linked gene known as Agouti. Two agouti alleles, with the possibility of a third, appear to be found in Malamutes: aw (Agouti Pattern or Wolf/Wild Pattern), at (Tan Point Pattern or Black Pattern), and awat (Heterozygous Agouti or Dark Agouti).
The eyes of the Alaskan Malamute are almond-shaped and are varied shades of brown; however, the darker eye is preferred. Purebred Alaskan Malamutes will not have blue eyes. The physical build of the Malamute is compact and strong with substance, bone and snowshoe feet.
According to the AKC breed standard, the Malamute's tail is well furred and is carried over the back like a waving plume. Corkscrew tails are occasionally seen but are faulted in the AKC breed standard (a corkscrew tail is commonly seen in the Akita). The Malamutes well-furred tails aid in keeping them warm when they curl up in the snow. They are often seen wrapping the tail around their nose and face, which presumably helps protect them against harsh weather such as blowing snow. Their ears are generally upright, wedge-shaped, small in proportion to the head and set to the side of the skull. The muzzle is deep and broad, tapering slightly from the skull to the nose. Nose and gums are black but some Malamutes have a snow nose, which is black with a pink undertone that can get darker or lighter, depending on the season.
Health
editA 2024 study in the UK found an average life expectancy of 11.3 years compared to an average of 12.7 for purebreeds and 12 for crossbreeds.[9]
The most commonly reported health problems of Alaskan Malamutes, in the 2004 UK Kennel Club survey (based on a sample size of 64 dogs) were musculoskeletal (hip dysplasia), and hereditary cataracts. There are additional health issues in the breed, the origins of which are unknown, including seizure disorders, found in young puppies as well as adults, epilepsy, congenital heart problems, kidney problems and skin disorders.[10]
Other health issues in Malamutes include elbow dysplasia, inherited polyneuropathy, osteochondrodysplasia, cerebellar hypoplasia, heart defects, and eye problems (particularly cataract and progressive retinal atrophy).[11] A growing problem among arctic dog breeds, including the Alaskan Malamute, is canine diabetes, with onset occurring typically in middle age (5 to 7 years).[12]
Another health issue with Malamutes is zinc deficiency. This breed cannot easily absorb zinc, and infections, skin, and coat problems can arise.[13]
Thyroid disorders are the most common hormonal issue in dogs, and hypothyroidism is common in Malamutes.[14]
History
editThe Alaskan Malamute had a prominent role with their human companions as a utilitarian dog, working, hunting, and living alongside humans.[15][page needed] The dogs were renowned for their excellent hunting abilities and were used to hunt large predators such as bears. They also aided their owners in finding seals by alerting them to seal blowholes. The interdependent relationship between the Malamute and their dogs fostered prosperity among both and enabled them to flourish in the inhospitable land above the Arctic Circle.[citation needed]
For a brief period during the Klondike Gold Rush of 1896, the Malamute and other sled dogs became extremely valuable to recently landed prospectors and settlers and were frequently crossbred with imported breeds.[16]
Breed recognition came in 1935, largely through the efforts of Mrs. Eva B. Seeley. At that time many dogs were of unknown ancestry. Those who appeared purebred were used for breeding, others weeded out. After a few years, the registry was closed.[17]
Losses from service in World War II all but eliminated the breed. In 1947 there were estimated to be only about 30 registered dogs left, so the studbook was reopened. Robert J. Zoller became involved in the breed and took this opportunity to combine M'’Loot and Hinman/Irwin dogs with selected Kotzebues to create what became the Husky-Pak line. All modern Malamutes are descended from the early strains and show combinations of characteristics to a greater or lesser degree. Thus the natural differences we see today.
— AKC[17]
The Malamute dog has had a distinguished history; aiding Rear Admiral Richard Byrd to the South Pole, and the miners who came to Alaska during the Gold Rush of 1896, as well as serving in World War II primarily as search and rescue dogs in Greenland, although also used as freighting and packing dogs in Europe. This dog was never destined to be a racing sled dog; it was used for heavy freighting, pulling hundreds, perhaps thousands of pounds of supplies to villages and camps in groups of at least four dogs for heavy loads.[citation needed]
The University of Washington's Husky mascot is an Alaskan Malamute.[18] In 2010, the Alaskan Malamute was named the official state dog of Alaska.[19][20] Lathrop High School in Fairbanks, Alaska uses a Malamute as its official mascot.[21]
See also
editFootnotes
edit- ^ a b c d "FCI-Standard N° 243: Alaskan Malamute" (PDF). Fédération Cynologique Internationale. June 9, 1999. Retrieved December 22, 2020.
- ^ The dog encyclopedia. Dennis-Bryan, Kim, Baggaley, Ann, John, Katie (First American ed.). New York: DK Publishing, Inc. October 2014. p. 103. ISBN 9781465421166. OCLC 859155647.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ a b Brown, S K; Darwent, C M; Wictum, E J; Sacks, B N (2015). "Using multiple markers to elucidate the ancient, historical and modern relationships among North American Arctic dog breeds". Heredity. 115 (6): 488–95. doi:10.1038/hdy.2015.49. PMC 4806895. PMID 26103948.
- ^ Handford, Jenny Mai (2009). "Dog sledging in the eighteenth century: North America and Siberia". Polar Record. 34 (190): 237–248. doi:10.1017/S0032247400025705. S2CID 128763354.
- ^ van Asch, Barbara; Zhang, Ai-bing; Oskarsson, Mattias C.R.; Klütsch, Cornelya F.C.; Amorim, António; Savolainen, Peter (2013). "Pre-Columbian origins of Native American dog breeds, with only limited replacement by European dogs, confirmed by mtDNA analysis". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 280 (1766). doi:10.1098/rspb.2013.1142. PMC 3730590. PMID 23843389.
- ^ "Sled dogs are closely related to 9,500-year-old 'ancient dog'". ScienceDaily. June 25, 2020. Retrieved August 4, 2020.
- ^ a b c "Alaskan Malamute Breed Standard". American Kennel Club. 2013. Retrieved December 17, 2013.
- ^ "Breed Standard". Alaskan Malamute Club of America. Retrieved December 17, 2013.
- ^ McMillan, Kirsten M.; Bielby, Jon; Williams, Carys L.; Upjohn, Melissa M.; Casey, Rachel A.; Christley, Robert M. (February 1, 2024). "Longevity of companion dog breeds: those at risk from early death". Scientific Reports. 14 (1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 531. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-50458-w. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 10834484. PMID 38302530.
- ^ "Report from the Kennel Club/British Small Animal Veterinary Association Scientific Committee: Summary results of the Purebred Dog Health Survey for the Alaskan Malamute breed" (PDF). The Kennel Club - UK. 2004. Retrieved October 30, 2018.
- ^ "Alaskan Malamute Club of America Health Committee". Archived from the original on February 8, 2009.
- ^ Loureiro, Regina (January 30, 2008). "Canine Diabetes". Arctic Dog Rescue and Training Center. Archived from the original on September 28, 2013. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
- ^ DACVD, Carlo Vitale DVM. "Canine zinc-responsive dermatosis". dvm360.com. Archived from the original on August 3, 2019. Retrieved August 3, 2019.
- ^ Rhodes, Karen Helton; Werner, Alexander H. (January 25, 2011). Blackwell's Five-Minute Veterinary Consult Clinical Companion. Ames, Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 148. ISBN 978-0-8138-1596-1.
- ^ Bryan D. Cummins, 2002. First Nations, first dogs. Detselig Enterprises Ltd., Calgary, AB.
- ^ Adney, Tappan (1900). Klondike Stampede (1st ed.). Harper & Bros.
- ^ a b "Alaskan Malamute Illustrated Standard-History" (PDF). AKC. Retrieved December 9, 2014.
- ^ "Washington Huskies". Washington Huskies. Retrieved January 9, 2023.
- ^ Dean, Josh (April 17, 2012). ""The Great Dane's Head Resembles the Outline of the Commonwealth's Boundaries"" – via Slate.
- ^ "Sorry, huskies, Malamute now AK's state dog". Alaska Dispatch. April 10, 2010. Archived from the original on April 25, 2010. Retrieved April 20, 2010.
- ^ "Lathrop High / Home". www.k12northstar.org. Retrieved May 24, 2023.