Wikipedia

Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party

See also: Leader of the Chinese Communist Party

The chairman of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (Chinese: 中国共产党中央委员会主席; pinyin: Zhōngguó Gòngchǎndǎng Zhōngyāng Wěiyuánhuì Zhǔxí) was the leader of the Chinese Communist Party. The position was established at the 8th National Congress in 1945 and abolished at the 12th National Congress in 1982, being replaced by the general secretary. Offices with the name Chairman of the Central Executive Committee and Chairman of the Central Committee existed in 1922–1923 and 1928–1931, respectively.[1]

Chairman of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
中国共产党中央委员会主席 (Chinese)
Emblem of the Chinese Communist Party (1942–1996)
Flag of the Chinese Communist Party (1942–1996)
Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
StyleChairman (主席)
(informal)
Comrade (同志)
(formal)
Type
Member ofPolitburo Standing Committee
Reports toCentral Committee
SeatZhongnanhai, Beijing, China
NominatorCentral Committee
AppointerCentral Committee
Term lengthFive years,
renewable
Constituting instrumentParty Constitution
PrecursorGeneral Secretary (1921–1943)
Formation20 March 1943; 81 years ago (1943-03-20)
First holderMao Zedong
Final holderHu Yaobang
Abolished1 September 1982; 42 years ago (1982-09-01)
Superseded byGeneral Secretary
Unofficial namesParamount leader, Lingxiu
DeputyVice Chairman (1956–1982)
Chairman of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
Simplified Chinese中国共产党中央委员会主席
Traditional Chinese中國共產黨中央委員會主席
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinZhōngguó Gòngchǎndǎng Zhōngyāng Wěiyuánhuì Zhǔxí
Commonly abbreviated as
Chinese中共中央主席
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinZhōnggòng Zhōngyāng Zhǔxí

History

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Background

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Following the establishment of the CCP, its inaugural leader, Chen Duxiu, held various positions including secretary of the Central Bureau, chairman of the Central Executive Committee (Chinese: 中央执行委员会委员长), and general secretary of the Central Committee.[2] From January 11 to 22, 1925, the 4th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party issued 11 resolutions, including modifications to the CCP constitution, to succinctly encapsulate the revolutionary experiences acquired during the First United Front. The Chairman of the Central Executive Committee was reappointed as General Secretary, and Chen Duxiu was elected as General Secretary of the Central Committee and Director of the Central Organization Department.[3]

In June 1935, during the Red Army's Long March, a debate emerged on the army's subsequent path of march after the Red First Front Army [zh] and the Red Fourth Front Army [zh] convened in Maogong. Mao Zedong directed a segment of the Red First Front Army northward to Shaanxi, whereas Zhang Guotao commanded the Red Fourth Front Army southward to Sichuan.[4] On October 5, 1935, Zhang Guotao established a distinct "Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party" (historically referred to as the "Second Central Committee") in Zhuomudiao, Markang County, Sichuan. Zhang Guotao was designated as the "Chairman of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party", marking the initial appearance of the title "Central Committee Chairman" within the CCP.[5] However, under the influence of the Communist International (Comintern) and the CCP's Central Committee, Zhang Guotao was compelled to dissolve his "Second Central Committee".[6] On June 6, 1936, Zhang Guotao officially declared the dissolution of the "Second Central Committee" and his resignation as "Party Chairman", a position that was not formally acknowledged by the CCP.[7] Mao Zedong was the inaugural Chairman of the Central Committee acknowledged by the CCP.[8]

Establishment

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See also: Yan'an Rectification Movement

To prevent further division within the CCP, the Politburo convened on March 20, 1943, and resolved that the Secretariat would consist of Mao Zedong, Liu Shaoqi, and Ren Bishi, with Mao Zedong serving as the chairman of both the Politburo and the Secretariat, in addition to leading the Central Party School.[9] As his replacement, Mao Zedong, who had been the de facto leader of the party since the Long March, was named Chairman of the Politburo of the CCP Central Committee (Chinese: 中国共产党中央政治局主席). The 7th CCP National Congress introduced the post of Chairman of the Central Committee into the party constitution, and in 1956 the General Secretary was given the day-to-day management of the Secretariat.[10]

The chairman was elected by the Central Committee in a plenary session and had full powers over the Central Committee, the Politburo, and its Standing Committee. The 1956 Party Constitution introduced the multiple vice chairman post; since 1945, actual vice chairmanship had been exercised by the Secretariat members. Liu Shaoqi was the highest-ranking vice-chairman from 1956 to 1966.[11]

The 1969 CCP Constitution (adopted by the 9th Congress) introduced the post of a single vice chairman, in order to give more authority to Lin Biao as Mao's successor. The 1973 Constitution (adopted by the 10th Congress) re-introduced the collective vice chairmanship. In 1976, Hua Guofeng was named the first vice chairman of the Central Committee, a post previously held unofficially by Liu Shaoqi from 1956 to 1966; Zhou Enlai from 1973 to 1975; and Deng Xiaoping in 1975 in the capacity of "Vice Chairman in charge of the day-to-day work of the Central Committee".[12]

The 1975 constitution reinforced the influence of the party on the state. The National Defense Council was abolished. Article 15 made the Chairman the commander-in-chief of the People's Liberation Army ("the Chairman of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party leads all the armed forces of the country").[13]

Abolishment

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See also: Generations of Chinese leadership

Although Hua Guofeng succeeded Mao as party chairman, by 1978 he had lost power to vice chairman Deng Xiaoping, who at that point had become the de facto leader of China. By the 1980s, the CCP leadership desired to prevent a single leader from rising above the party, as Mao had done.[14]

On September 1, 1982, the CCP convened its Twelfth Congress, during which it resolved to amend the CCP Constitution to eliminate the position of Chairman of the Central Committee, retaining only the role of General Secretary of the Central Committee.[14] It established that the responsibilities of the General Secretary would include convening meetings of the Politburo of the Central Committee and the Standing Committee of the Politburo, as well as presiding over the operations of the Central Committee Secretariat.[15] The party's last chairman, Hu Yaobang, transferred to the post of General Secretary.[16]

List of chairmen

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Main article: Leader of the Chinese Communist Party

Chairman of the Central Politburo

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Portrait Name
(birth–death) 		Term of office Ref.
Took office Left office Time in office
  Mao Zedong
(1893–1976) 		20 March 1943 19 June 1945 2 years, 91 days [17]

Chairman of the Central Committee

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Portrait Name
(birth–death) 		Term of office Ref.
Took office Left office Time in office
  Mao Zedong
(1893–1976) 		19 June 1945 9 September 1976 † 31 years, 82 days [18]
  Hua Guofeng
(1921–2008) 		7 October 1976 28 June 1981 4 years, 264 days [19][20]
  Hu Yaobang
(1915–1989) 		29 June 1981 11 September 1982 1 year, 74 days [21]

References

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  1. ^ 第一代中央领导集体的形成 (in Chinese). 群众出版社. 2001. p. 596. ISBN 978-7-5014-2494-8. Retrieved 17 February 2025.
  2. ^ 中国共产党. 报刊资料选汇 (in Chinese). 中国人民大学书报资料社. 2008. p. 139. Retrieved 17 February 2025.
  3. ^ 中国共产党建设大辞典 [The Great Dictionary of the Construction of the Chinese Communist Party] (in Chinese). 四川人民出版社. 1991. p. 617. ISBN 978-7-220-01279-2. Retrieved 17 February 2025.
  4. ^ 長征, 長征: 从闽西北到陕北 [Long March, Long March: From Northwest Fujian to Northern Shaanxi] (in Chinese). 福建教育出版社. 2006. p. 308. ISBN 978-7-5334-3221-8. Retrieved 17 February 2025.
  5. ^ 聚焦主席台: 问鼎天下 (1921-1949) [Focus on the Podium: Achieving World Domination (1921-1949)] (in Chinese). 湖南人民出版社. 2004. p. 283. ISBN 978-7-5438-3720-1. Retrieved 17 February 2025.
  6. ^ 大运筹: 共和国元帅重大决策 [Grand Operations: Major Decisions of the Marshal of the Republic] (in Chinese). 中共中央党校出版社. 1999. p. 262. ISBN 978-7-5035-1905-5. Retrieved 17 February 2025.
  7. ^ 马背上的共和国 [The Republic on Horseback] (in Chinese). 解放军出版社. 2005. p. 380. ISBN 978-7-5065-4758-1. Retrieved 17 February 2025.
  8. ^ 马克思主义中国化研究文稿 [Research Papers on the Sinicization of Marxism]. 中国社会科学院马克思主义中国化优势学科成果系列 (in Chinese). 社会科学文献出版社. 2018. p. 1-PT557. ISBN 978-7-5201-1611-4. Retrieved 17 February 2025.
  9. ^ 民主革命时期中共历届中央领导集体述评 [A Review of the CCP Central Leadership Groups during the Democratic Revolution] (in Chinese). 中共党史出版社. 2007. p. 37. ISBN 978-7-80199-529-2. Retrieved 17 February 2025.
  10. ^ 中共党史文摘年刊/1990年 [Chinese Communist Party History Digest Yearbook 1990] (in Chinese). 中共党史出版社. 1994. p. 76. ISBN 978-7-80023-755-3. Retrieved 17 February 2025.
  11. ^ 毛泽东的民主新路及现代性困境 [Mao Zedong's New Path to Democracy and the Dilemma of Modernity] (in Chinese). Global Publishing. 2009. p. 61. ISBN 978-981-320-557-4. Retrieved 17 February 2025.
  12. ^ 中華人民共和國國務院公報 [Gazette of the State Council of the People's Republic of China] (in Chinese). 中華人民共和國國務院秘書廳. 1997. p. 178. Retrieved 17 February 2025.
  13. ^ 中华人民共和国国家机构通览 [Overview of National Institutions of the People's Republic of China] (in Chinese). 中国民主法制出版社. 1998. p. 21. ISBN 978-7-80078-356-2. Retrieved 17 February 2025.
  14. ^ a b 中华人民共和国政治制度 [Political system of the People's Republic of China] (in Chinese). 上海人民出版社. 2005. p. 548. ISBN 978-7-208-05566-7. Retrieved 17 February 2025.
  15. ^ 中国共产党组织工作辞典 [Dictionary of Organizational Work of the Chinese Communist Party] (in Chinese). 党建读物出版社. 2001. p. 92. ISBN 978-7-80098-415-0. Retrieved 17 February 2025.
  16. ^ 中国共产党历次全国代表大会: 从一大到十七大 [The National Congresses of the Chinese Communist Party: From the First to the Seventeenth] (in Chinese). 中共党史出版社. 2008. p. 54. ISBN 978-7-80199-854-5. Retrieved 17 February 2025.
  17. ^ 战时国际关系 [International Relations during War] (in Chinese). 社会科学文献出版社. 2011. p. 434. ISBN 978-7-5097-2216-9. Retrieved 17 February 2025.
  18. ^ 光輝的七十年 [Seventy Glorious Years] (in Chinese). 中国人民大学出版社. 1991. p. 1248. Retrieved 17 February 2025.
  19. ^ 中共十一屆三中全會以來中央首要講話及文件選編 [A Selection of Important Speeches and Documents of the Central Committee since the Third Plenary Session of the 11th CCP Central Committee]. 中共十一屆三中全會以來中央首要講話及文件 選編 (in Chinese). 中共硏究雜誌社. 1983. p. 848. Retrieved 17 February 2025.
  20. ^ 中国共产党六十年 [Sixty Years of the Chinese Communist Party] (in Chinese). 解放军出版社. 1984. p. 720. Retrieved 17 February 2025.
  21. ^ 中国政治制度史 [History of China's Political System] (in Chinese). 浙江古籍出版社. 1986. p. 536. ISBN 978-7-80518-000-7. Retrieved 17 February 2025.
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