The CONMEBOL Libertadores, also known as Copa Libertadores de América (Portuguese: Copa/Taça Libertadores da América), is an annual continental club football competition organized by CONMEBOL since 1960. It is the highest level of competition in South American club football. The tournament is named after the Libertadores (Spanish and Portuguese for liberators), the leaders of the Latin American wars of independence,[1] so a literal translation of its former name into English is "Liberators of the Americas Cup".
| Organizing body | CONMEBOL |
|---|---|
| Founded | 1960 |
| Region | South America |
| Number of teams | 47 (from 10 associations) |
| Qualifier for | |
| Related competitions | Copa Sudamericana (2nd tier) |
| Current champion(s) | (1st title) |
| Most successful club(s) | (7 titles) |
| Website | conmebollibertadores.com |
The competition has had several formats over its lifetime. Initially, only the champions of the South American leagues participated. In 1966, the runners-up of the South American leagues began to join. In 1998, Mexican teams were invited to compete and contested regularly from 2000 until 2016. In 2000 the tournament was expanded from 20 to 32 teams. Today at least four clubs per country compete in the tournament, with Argentina and Brazil having the most representatives (six and seven clubs, respectively). A group stage has always been used but the number of teams per group has varied.[1][2]
In the present format, the tournament consists of eight stages, with the first stage taking place in late January. The four surviving teams from the first three stages join 28 teams in the group stage, which consists of eight groups of four teams each. The eight group winners and eight runners-up enter the knockout stages, which end with the final in November. The winner of the Copa Libertadores becomes eligible to play in the FIFA Club World Cup, FIFA Intercontinental Cup and the Recopa Sudamericana.[3]
Independiente of Argentina is the most successful club in the cup's history, having won the tournament seven times. Argentine clubs have accumulated the most victories with 25 wins, while Brazil has the largest number of winning teams, with 11 clubs having won the title. The cup has been won by 26 clubs, 15 of them have done it more than once, and seven clubs have won two years in a row.
History
editThe clashes for the Copa Aldao between the champions of Argentina and Uruguay kindled the idea of continental competition in the 1930s.[1] In 1948, the South American Championship of Champions (Spanish: Campeonato Sudamericano de Campeones), the most direct precursor to the Copa Libertadores, was played and organized by the Chilean club Colo-Colo after years of planning and organization.[1] Held in Santiago, it brought together the champions of each nation's top national leagues.[1] The tournament was won by Vasco da Gama of Brazil.[1][4][5] The 1948 South American tournament began, in continent-wide reach, the "champions cup" model, resulting in the creation of the European Cup in 1955, as confirmed by Jacques Ferran (one of the "founding fathers" of the European Cup), in a 2015 interview with a Brazilian TV sports programme.[6]
In 1958, the basis and format of the competition were created by Peñarol's board leaders. On October 8, 1958, João Havelange announced, at a UEFA meeting he attended as an invitee, the creation of Copa de Campeones de America (American Champions Cup, renamed in 1965 as Copa Libertadores), as a South American equivalent of the European Cup, so that the champion clubs of both continental confederations could decide "the best club team of the world" in the Intercontinental Cup.[7][8] On March 5, 1959, at the 24th South American Congress held in Buenos Aires, the competition was ratified by the International Affairs Committee. In 1965, it was named in honor of the heroes of South American liberation, such as Simón Bolívar, José de San Martín, Pedro I, Bernardo O'Higgins, and José Gervasio Artigas, among others.[1]
Format
editQualification
editMost teams qualify for the Copa Libertadores by winning half-year tournaments called the Apertura and Clausura tournaments or by finishing among the top teams in their championship.[3] The countries that use this format are Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela.[3] Peru and Ecuador have developed new formats for qualification to the Copa Libertadores involving several stages.[3] Argentina, Brazil and Chile are the only South American leagues to use a European league format instead of the Apertura and Clausura format.[3] However, one berth for the Copa Libertadores can be won by winning the domestic cups in these countries.[3]
Peru, Uruguay and Mexico formerly used a second tournament to decide qualification for the Libertadores (the "Liguilla Pre-Libertadores" between 1992 and 1997, the "Liguilla Pre-Libertadores de América" from 1974 to 2009, and the InterLiga from 2004 to 2010, respectively).[2][3] Argentina used an analogous method only once in 1992. Since 2011, the winner of the Copa Sudamericana has qualified automatically for the following Copa Libertadores.[3][9]
For the 2019 edition, the different stages of the competition were contested by the following teams:[3]
| First stage | ||
|---|---|---|
| ||
| Second stage | ||
| ||
| Third stage | ||
| ||
| Group stage | ||
| ||
| Final stages | ||
|
| Country | First Stage | Second Stage | Group Stage |
|---|---|---|---|
| Brazil | 2 | 5 | |
| Argentina | 1 | 5 | |
| Chile | 2 | 2 | |
| Colombia | 2 | 2 | |
| Bolivia | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| Ecuador | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| Paraguay | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| Peru | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| Uruguay | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| Venezuela | 1 | 1 | 2 |
The winners of the previous season's Copa Libertadores are given an additional entry to the group stage even if they do not qualify for the tournament through their domestic performance; however, if the title holders qualify for the tournament through their domestic performance, an additional entry is granted to the next eligible team, "replacing" the titleholder.
Rules
editUnlike most other football competitions around the world, the Copa Libertadores historically did not use extra time, or away goals.[3] From 1960 to 1987, two-legged ties were decided on points (teams would be awarded 2 points for a win, 1 point for a draw and 0 points for a loss), without considering goal differences. If both teams were level on points after two legs, a third match would be played at a neutral venue. Goal difference would only come into play if the third match was drawn. If the third match did not produce an outright winner, a penalty shootout was used to determine a winner.[3]
From 1988 onwards, two-legged ties were decided on points, followed by goal difference, with an immediate penalty shootout if the tie was level on aggregate after full-time in the second leg.[3] Starting with the 2005 season, CONMEBOL began to use the away goals rule.[3] In 2008, the finals became an exception to the away goals rule and employed extra time.[3] From 1995 onwards, the "Three points for a win" standard, a system adopted by FIFA in 1995 that places additional value on wins, was adopted in CONMEBOL, with teams now earning 3 points for a win, 1 point for a draw and 0 points for a loss.
Tournament
editThe current tournament features 47 clubs competing over a six- to eight-month period. There are three stages: the first, the second and the knockout stage.
The first stage involves 12 clubs in a series of two-legged knockout ties.[3] The six survivors join 26 clubs in the second stage, in which they are divided into eight groups of four.[3] The teams in each group play in a double round-robin format, with each team playing home and away games against every other team in their group.[3] The top two teams from each group are then drawn into the knockout stage, which consists of two-legged knockout ties.[3] From that point, the competition proceeds with two-legged knockout ties to quarterfinals, semifinals, and the finals.[3] Between 1960 and 1987 the previous winners did not enter the competition until the semifinal stage, making it much easier to retain the cup.[3]
Between 1960 and 2004, the winner of the tournament participated in the now-defunct Intercontinental Cup or (after 1980) Toyota Cup, a football competition endorsed by UEFA and CONMEBOL, contested against the winners of the European Cup (since renamed the UEFA Champions League)[3] Since 2004, the winner has played in the Club World Cup, an international competition contested by the champion clubs from all six continental confederations. It is organized by the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), the sport's global governing body. Because Europe and South America are considered the strongest centers of the sport, the champions of those continents enter the tournament at the semifinal stage.[3] The winning team also qualifies to play in the Recopa Sudamericana, a two-legged final series against the winners of the Copa Sudamericana.[3]
Prizes
editTrophy
editThe tournament shares its name with the trophy, also called the Copa Libertadores or simply la Copa, which is awarded to the Copa Libertadores winner. It was designed by goldsmith Alberto de Gasperi, an Italian-born immigrant to Peru, in Camusso Jewelry in Lima at the behest of CONMEBOL.[10] The top of the laurel is made of sterling silver, except for the football player at the top (which is made of bronze with a silver coating).[11]
The pedestal, which contains badges from every winner of the competition, is made of hardwood plywood. The badges show the season, the full name of the winning club, and the city and nation from which the champions hail. To the left of that information is the club logo. Any club which wins three consecutive tournaments has the right to keep the trophy. The current trophy is the third in the history of the competition.
Two clubs have kept the actual trophy after three consecutive wins:[12]
- Estudiantes after their third consecutive win in 1970. They won a fourth title in 2009.
- Independiente after their third consecutive win, and fifth overall, in 1974. They have since won two more titles, in 1975 and 1984.
Prize money
editAs of 2023[update], clubs in the Copa Libertadores receive US$500,000 for advancing into the second stage and US$1,000,000 per home match in the group phase, with an additional US$300,000 awarded per match won in that stage. That amount is derived from television rights and stadium advertising. The payment per home match increases to US$1,250,000 in the round of 16. The prize money then increases as each quarterfinalist receives US$1,700,000, US$2,300,000 is given to each semifinalist, US$7,000,000 is awarded to the runner-up, and the winner earns US$18,000,000.[13]
- Eliminated at the first stage: US$400,000
- Eliminated at the second stage: US$500,000
- Eliminated at the third stage: US$600,000
- Group stage: US$3,000,000
- Group stage win: US$300,000
- Round of 16: US$1,250,000
- Quarter-finals: US$1,700,000
- Semi-finals: US$2,300,000
- Runners-up: US$7,000,000
- Champions: US$18,000,000
Cultural impact
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The Copa Libertadores occupies an important space in South American culture. The folklore, fanfare, and organization of many competitions around the world owe its aspects to the Libertadores.
The "Sueño Libertador"
editThe Sueño Libertador ("Liberator Dream") is a promotional phrase used by sports journalism in the context of winning or attempting to win the Copa Libertadores.[14] Thus, when a team gets eliminated from the competition, it is said that the team has awakened from the liberator dream. The project normally starts after the club wins its national league (which grants them the right to compete in the following year's Copa Libertadores).
It is very common for clubs to spend large sums of money to win the Copa Libertadores. In 1998 for example, Vasco da Gama spent $10 million to win the competition, and in 1998, Palmeiras, managed by Luiz Felipe Scolari, brought Júnior Baiano among other players, winning the 1999 Copa Libertadores. The tournament is highly regarded among its participants. In 2010, players from Guadalajara stated that they would rather play in the Copa Libertadores final than appear in a friendly against Spain, then reigning world champions,[15] and dispute their national league.[16] Similarly, after their triumph in the 2010 Copa do Brasil, several Santos players made it known that they wished to stay at the club and participate in the 2011 Copa Libertadores, despite having multimillion-dollar contracts lined up for them at clubs participating in the UEFA Champions League, such as Chelsea of England and Lyon of France.[17]
Former Boca Juniors goalkeeper Óscar Córdoba has stated that the Copa Libertadores was the most prestigious trophy he won in his career (above the Argentine league, Intercontinental Cup, etc.)[18]
"La Copa se mira y no se toca"
editSince its inception in 1960, the Copa Libertadores had predominantly been won by clubs from nations with an Atlantic coast: Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay. Olimpia of Paraguay became the first team outside of those nations to win the Copa Libertadores when they triumphed in 1979.
The first club from a country with a Pacific coast to reach a final was Universitario of Lima, Peru, who lost in 1972 against Independiente of Argentina.[19] The following year, Independiente defeated Colo-Colo of Chile, another Pacific team, creating the myth that the trophy would never go to the west, giving birth to the saying, "La Copa se mira y no se toca" (Spanish: The Cup is to be seen, not to be touched).[19] Unión Española became the third Pacific team to reach the final in 1975, although they also lost to Independiente.[19] Atletico Nacional of Medellín, Colombia, won the Copa Libertadores in 1989, becoming the first nation with a Pacific coastline to win the tournament.[20] In 1990 and 1998 Barcelona Sporting Club, of Ecuador also made it to the final but lost both finals to Olimpia and CR Vasco da Gama respectively.
Other clubs from nations with Pacific coastlines to have won the competition are Colo-Colo of Chile in 1991, Once Caldas of Colombia in 2004, and LDU Quito of Ecuador in 2008. Atletico Nacional of Colombia earned their second title in 2016. Particular mockery was used from Argentinian teams to Chilean teams for never having obtained the Copa Libertadores, so after Colo-Colo's triumph in 1991 a new phrase saying "la copa se mira y se toca" (Spanish: The Cup is seen and touched) was implemented in Chile.
Media coverage
editMatches are broadcast in over 135 countries, with commentary in more than 30 languages, and thus the Copa is often considered one of the most watched sports events on TV;[21]
Sponsorship
editFrom 1997 to 2017, the competition had a single main sponsor for naming rights. The first major sponsor was Toyota, who signed a ten-year contract with CONMEBOL in 1997.[22] The second major sponsor was Banco Santander, who signed a five-year contract with CONMEBOL in 2008.[23] The third and final title sponsor was Bridgestone, who signed a sponsorship deal for naming rights for a period of five years from 2013 edition to 2017.[24]
As of 2024, the sponsors of Copa Libertadores are:
Official Sponsors
- Amstel Brewery[25]
- Coca-Cola[26]
- Crypto.com[27]
- Entain[28]
- Bwin (Except Brazil)
- Sportingbet (Brazil only)
- EA Sports[29]
- Hyundai[30]
- Mapfre[31]
- Mastercard[32]
- Mercado Libre[33]
- TCL Technology[34]
Official Partners
Official Licensee
Match ball
editGerman company Puma supplies the official match ball since 2024, as they do for all other CONMEBOL competitions.[38] This partnership ended CONMEBOL's previous 20-year tenure with Nike.
Puma Cumbre is the official match ball of the 2024 edition of both Copa Libertadores and Copa Sudamericana.
Records and statistics
editThe data below does not include the 1948 South American Championship of Champions, as it is not listed by Conmebol either as a Copa Libertadores edition or as an official competition. However, at least in the years 1996/1997, Conmebol entitled equal status to both Copa Libertadores and the 1948 tournament, in that the 1948 champion club (CR Vasco da Gama) was allowed to participate in Supercopa Libertadores, a Conmebol official competition that allowed participation for former Libertadores champions only (for example, not admitting participation for champions of other Conmebol official competitions, such as Copa CONMEBOL).
List of finals
edit- From 1960 to 1987 the winner was defined by points (2 per win, 1 per draw), with a third match if necessary.
- From 1989 to 2018 the winner was defined by goal difference, with no playoff held.
- From 2019, the final was played under a single match.
- Keys
- Playoff result
- Aggregate score (only indicated in case both teams were tied on points)
- Defined on penalty shoot-out in the second leg
- Notes
- ^ Since this edition, the final was played under a single match format.
Performances by club
editBolivia and Venezuela are the only countries never to reach a final. Beyond them, Peru (and Mexico in their invitational period) are the only ones never to win a final.
Performances by nation
edit| Nation | W | R | T |
|---|---|---|---|
| 25 | 13 | 38 | |
| 24 | 19 | 43 | |
| 8 | 8 | 16 | |
| 3 | 7 | 10 | |
| 3 | 5 | 8 | |
| 1 | 5 | 6 | |
| 1 | 3 | 4 | |
| 0 | 3 | 3 | |
| 0 | 2 | 2 | |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 0 | 0 | 0 |
Most goals
edit| Rank | Country | Player | Goals | Apps | Goal Ratio | Debut | Club(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Alberto Spencer | 54 | 87 | 0.62 | 1960 | ||
| 2 | Fernando Morena | 37 | 77 | 0.48 | 1973 | ||
| 3 | Pedro Rocha | 36 | 88 | 0.41 | 1962 | ||
| 4 | Daniel Onega | 31 | 47 | 0.66 | 1966 | ||
| Gabriel Barbosa | 31 | 48 | 0.60 | 2018 | |||
| 5 | Julio Morales | 30 | 76 | 0.39 | 1966 | ||
| 6 | Luizão | 29 | 43 | 0.67 | 1998 | ||
| Antony de Ávila | 29 | 94 | 0.31 | 1983 | |||
| Juan Carlos Sarnari | 29 | 62 | 0.47 | 1966 | |||
| 10 | Juan Carlos Sánchez | 26 | 53 | 0.49 | 1973 | ||
| Luis Artime | 26 | 40 | 0.65 | 1966 |
Most appearances
edit| Rank | Country | Player | Apps | Goals | From | To | Club(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ever Hugo Almeida | 113 | 0 | 1973 | 1990 | ||
| 2 | Antony de Ávila | 94 | 29 | 1983 | 1998 | ||
| 3 | Vladimir Soria | 93 | 4 | 1986 | 2000 | ||
| 4 | Willington Ortiz | 92 | 19 | 1973 | 1988 | ||
| 5 | Rogério Ceni | 90 | 14 | 2004 | 2015 | ||
| 6 | Pedro Rocha | 88 | 36 | 1962 | 1979 | ||
| 7 | Alberto Spencer | 87 | 54 | 1960 | 1972 | ||
| Carlos Borja | 87 | 11 | 1979 | 1997 | |||
| 9 | Juan Battaglia | 85 | 22 | 1978 | 1990 | ||
| 10 | Álex Escobar | 83 | 14 | 1985 | 2000 |
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c d e f g Carluccio, José (September 2, 2007). "¿Qué es la Copa Libertadores de América?" [What is the Copa Libertadores de América?] (in Spanish). Historia y Fútbol. Retrieved May 18, 2010.
- ^ a b "River y Colón no tienen fecha fija" [River and Colón do not have a date set] (in Spanish). La Nación. December 13, 1997. Retrieved May 18, 2010.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w "Reglamento CONMEBOL Libertadores 2019" [2019 CONMEBOL Libertadores Regulations] (PDF) (in Spanish). CONMEBOL. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 4, 2019. Retrieved January 7, 2019.
- ^ La Nación; Historia del Fútbol Chileno, 1985
- ^ Bekerman, Esteban (2008). Perfil.com (ed.). "Hace 60 años, River perdía la gran chance de ser el primer club campeón de América" [60 years ago, River lost the chance to be the first club champion of the Americas] (in Spanish). Archived from the original on May 21, 2013. Retrieved May 10, 2008.
- ^ "Globo Esporte, 10/May/2015: Especial: Liga dos Campeões completa 60 anos, e Neymar ajuda a contar essa história. Accessed in 06/December/2015". Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved August 24, 2020.
- ^ Spanish newspaper El Mundo Deportivo, 09/Oct/1958, pag. 04.
- ^ "ABC (Madrid) - 09/10/1958, p. 58 - ABC.es Hemeroteca". hemeroteca.abc.es. August 8, 2019.
- ^ "Magnífico sorteo de la Copa Nissan Sudamericana 2010 en Asunción" [Magnificent draw for the 2010 Copa Nissan Sudamericana in Asunción] (in Spanish). CONMEBOL. April 28, 2010. Archived from the original on May 2, 2010. Retrieved May 18, 2010.
- ^ Taringa.com, ed. (July 17, 2009). "Las chapitas de la Copa Libertadores" [The plaques of the Copa Libertadores] (in Spanish). Retrieved May 1, 2010.
- ^ "El trofeo de la Copa Libertadores se hizo en el Perú" [The Copa Libertadore trophy was made in Peru] (in Spanish). HD Mundo. Archived from the original on January 12, 2016. Retrieved August 30, 2010.
- ^ "History of the Copa Libertdores". Historiayfutbol.obolog.com. June 10, 2009. Retrieved May 16, 2014.
- ^ "¡Una millonada! Conmebol aumenta los premios para la Copa Libertadores 2023" [A fortune! CONMEBOL increases the prizes for the 2023 Copa Libertadores] (in Spanish). Marca Claro Colombia. January 9, 2023. Archived from the original on January 14, 2023. Retrieved January 10, 2023.
- ^ Carter, Arturo Brizio (January 16, 2004). "Sueño Libertador" [Liberator Dream] (in Spanish). El Siglo de Durango. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved May 18, 2010.
- ^ "España viene con 18 Campeones del Mundo" [Spain arrives with 18 world champions] (in Spanish). Medio Tiempo. August 5, 2010. Retrieved August 5, 2010.
- ^ Téllez, Juan (August 5, 2010). "Para Luis Michel la prioridad es la Copa Libertadores" [For Luis Michel the priority is the Copa Libertadores] (in Spanish). Medio Tiempo. Retrieved August 5, 2010.
- ^ "Quiero quedarme en Santos: Robinho" [Robinho: I want to stay en Santos] (in Spanish). Medio Tiempo. August 5, 2010. Retrieved August 5, 2010.
- ^ "Una copa, brindis y a dormir porque había que pensar en San Lorenzo" [A cup, a toast, and then to sleep because I have to think about San Lorenzo]. Cancha Llena. November 27, 2010. Retrieved November 28, 2010.
- ^ a b c "Copa Libertadores" (in Spanish). Club Atlético Independiente. Archived from the original on April 4, 2010. Retrieved May 21, 2010.
- ^ Atlético Nacional recuerda con nostálgia a 32 años de su primera Copa Libertadores on Goal.com
- ^ "Copa Libertadores TV revenues rise". Sports business. March 9, 2006. Retrieved February 2, 2008.
- ^ "Bridgestone succeeds Santander as Copa Libertadores title sponsor". Soccerrex. 2012. Archived from the original on January 17, 2022. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
- ^ "Corporation Sponsorship". Santander Group. 2013. Retrieved September 26, 2013.
- ^ "Bridgestone and Conmebol announce five-year sponsorship of Copa Libertadores". Bridgestone Americas. 2012. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
- ^ "Amstel da la bienvenida al nuevo acuerdo con la CONMEBOL Libertadores Femenina y amplía su acuerdo con la CONMEBOL para promover la inclusión en el fútbol de toda Sudamérica hasta 2026 - CONMEBOL". www.conmebol.com (in European Spanish). January 11, 2023. Retrieved March 25, 2024.
- ^ "Coca-Cola y Powerade, nuevos Patrocinadores Oficiales de los Torneos de Clubes de la CONMEBOL - CONMEBOL". www.conmebol.com (in European Spanish). February 2, 2023. Retrieved March 25, 2024.
- ^ Crypto.com. "CONMEBOL announces multi-year partnership with Crypto.com as Official Partner of CONMEBOL Libertadores". crypto.com. Retrieved March 25, 2024.
- ^ "Entain, a través de sus marcas Sportingbet y bwin, se convierte en el nuevo patrocinador oficial de las competencias CONMEBOL Libertadores y CONMEBOL Sudamericana - CONMEBOL". www.conmebol.com (in European Spanish). February 20, 2023. Retrieved March 25, 2024.
- ^ "EA SPORTS™ y CONMEBOL refuerzan su compromiso con el deporte al anunciar la renovación multianual de su alianza - CONMEBOL". www.conmebol.com (in European Spanish). June 7, 2023. Retrieved March 25, 2024.
- ^ "Hyundai Motor is the newest sponsor of the CONMEBOL Libertadores". Hyundai Motor. Retrieved March 25, 2024.
- ^ "MAPFRE es nuevo patrocinador oficial de la CONMEBOL Libertadores - CONMEBOL". www.conmebol.com (in European Spanish). April 29, 2024. Retrieved April 30, 2024.
- ^ "Mastercard extends its sponsorship agreement for CONMEBOL Libertadores through 2026 and adds CONMEBOL Libertadores Femenina to its regional sponsorship portfolio". www.mastercard.com. Retrieved March 25, 2024.
- ^ "Mercado Libre es nuevo sponsor oficial de la CONMEBOL - CONMEBOL". www.conmebol.com (in European Spanish). September 6, 2023. Retrieved March 25, 2024.
- ^ "TCL Electronics é a nova Patrocinadora Oficial da CONMEBOL Libertadores para o ciclo 2023-2026 - CONMEBOL". www.conmebol.com (in Brazilian Portuguese). March 14, 2023. Retrieved March 25, 2024.
- ^ "DHL é o novo Patrocinador Oficial da CONMEBOL Sudamericana e Sócio Logístico Oficial da CONMEBOL Libertadores - CONMEBOL". www.conmebol.com (in European Spanish). August 12, 2021. Retrieved March 25, 2024.
- ^ "PUMA PARTNERS WITH CONMEBOL TO SPONSOR MAJOR FOOTBALL TOURNAMENTS AND PRODUCT IN LATIN AMERICA | PUMA®". about.puma.com. Retrieved March 25, 2024.
- ^ "Saiu o novo álbum da Panini exclusivo da CONMEBOL Libertadores! - CONMEBOL". www.conmebol.com (in Brazilian Portuguese). June 23, 2023. Retrieved March 25, 2024.
- ^ "PUMA PARTNERS WITH CONMEBOL TO SPONSOR MAJOR FOOTBALL TOURNAMENTS AND PRODUCT IN LATIN AMERICA | PUMA®". about.puma.com. Retrieved March 25, 2024.
Further reading
edit- Goldblatt, David Goldblatt (2008). The Ball Is Round: A Global History of Soccer. Penguin Group. ISBN 978-1-59448-296-0.
- Jozsa, Frank (2009). Global Sports: Cultures, Markets and Organizations. World Scientific. ISBN 978-981-283-569-7.
- Barraza, Jorge (1990). Copa Libertadores de América, 30 años (in Spanish). Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol.
- Napoleão, Antonio Carlos (1999). O Brasil na Taça Libertadores da América (in Portuguese). Mauad Editora Ltda. ISBN 85-7478-001-4.
- Todeschini, Maurício (2008). Taças Internacionais – Clubes 1927–2007 (in Portuguese). LuísAmorimEditions. ISBN 978-989-95672-2-1.
External links
edit- Official website
- Copa Libertadores on Instagram
- Copa Libertadores on the RSSSF
- Conmebol Libertadores news Archived January 13, 2022, at the Wayback Machine at Fox Sports Mexico (in Spanish)
- Copa Libertadores news at ESPN (in Spanish)
- Copa Libertadores at Univision (in Spanish)
- Copa Libertadores at worldfootball.net