The Crown of Zvonimir was bestowed on King Demetrius Zvonimir of Croatia in 1075 by the papal legate of Pope Gregory VII at Basilica of Saint Peter and Moses (known today as the Hollow Church) at Salona.
It was the third crown of Croatian Kingdom, as in the coronation charter are mentioned two other golden crowns decorated with gems located at Benedictine monastery of St. Gregory in Vrana, first related to king Tomislav (925–928) and second to king Stephen Držislav (969–997).[1][2]
Zvonimir ruled Croatia until 1089 after which the crown was possibly used in the coronation of his successor Stjepan II and by the numerous Hungarian monarchs after the unification of the Kingdom of Croatia and Kingdom of Hungary in 1102 (but could have been used instead the previous Croatian crown as were crowned not at Salona yet Biograd na Moru near Vrana).[2][3] The custom of separate coronation by Hungarian kings was ended by Béla IV of Hungary (1235).[2] By some Croatian crown was crowned Ladislaus of Naples in 1403 at the Zadar Cathedral.[2]
Overview
editAccording to the 11th-century engraving found in a baptistry in Split Cathedral, the crown of the Croatian king, whom some identify with Petar Krešimir IV or Demetrius Zvonimir,[4] resembles the western-styled crown with three crosses, one in the middle and two on the sides. There are five precious stones on the crown. The distinctive long sides could be hanging pendilia as found adorning the Holy Crown of Hungary which was also an 11th-century papal gift. The depicted deditio is considered to be influenced by the Gospel Book of Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor (1014–1024).[4]
Another depiction of a very similar if not the same crown and king Demetrius Zvonimir or Ladislaus I of Hungary is on the latter's mantle dated to 11th century from the Zagreb Cathedral.[5]
A stylised version of the crown is used on several provincial and county flags in modern Croatia and is consistently of the design illustrated here which is taken from an 11th-century engraving found in a baptistry in Split.[6]
Coloman, King of Hungary was coronated as king of Croatia and Dalmatia in 1102 in Biograd na Moru, and since then became officially obligated for the Hungarian kings to coronate themselves separately with a separate crown for the king of Croatia and Dalmatia in the same lands.[7] According to the royal charters, and phrase "Cum autem ad vos coronandus aut vobiscum regni negotia tractaturus aduenero" (when I come to be crowned among you), it is considered that the custom of separate coronation by Hungarian kings was last held by Andrew II of Hungary (1205).[7] Those kings from the Arpad dynasty (until 1199), as heirs, first were crowned as the kings of Croatia and Dalmatia to later inherit the Hungarian throne.[7] This custom ended with king Béla IV of Hungary (1235) who was crowned in the same ceremony as the king of Hungary and Croatia.[7]
Disappearance
editIt is not known whether the medieval Crown of Zvonimir still exists. It is quite possible that all Croatian crowns were lost during the 1520s when the Ottoman Turks captured and sacked the royal capitals of Solin and Knin. However, they could have disappeared even before that, after 1138 when Vrana was occupied by Knights Templar and Knights Hospitaller,[2] after 1403/1409 when Ladislaus of Naples was crowned and Dalmatia was sold to the Republic of Venice, while later, could have been held among treasures of the Zrinski family as supposed by Vjekoslav Klaić.[2]
Recently, Croatian archaeologists M. Ilkić and D. Filipčić proposed thesis that the crown did not disappear, but was partly incorporated into the Holy Crown of Hungary as the "corona latina" (compared to "corona greca" part of the crown).[7] Probably it happened for the coronation of king Béla IV (1235), and according to them, "the only plausible place where Zvonimir's crown could end up, while maintaining the legitimacy of the coronation of new Hungarian-Croatian kings and respecting the tradition and legality of the coronation of Béla IV's predecessors, is within the Hungarian crown".[7] Croatian historian Mladen Ančić disputed the thesis.[8][9]
World War II appropriation
editIn 1941, the fascist Ustaše regime assumed control of Croatia and decided to reinstate a monarchy in the Independent State of Croatia, also appropriating the symbols of the medieval Croatian state. They created another "Crown of Zvonimir", though with little resemblance to the original, described as "a wreath of golden clover leaves surmounted by a cross".[10] That crown, as well as an orb in the form of an apple, was then presented to King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy with the request he choose a suitable member of the House of Savoy to be elevated to the proposed Croatian throne as king. He chose Prince Aimone, Duke of Aosta who was then named "King Tomislav II". It seems likely he came into possession of the regalia, though he was never crowned. It is unknown whether this crown remains in existence.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Budak, Neven (2018). Hrvatska povijest od 550. do 1100 [Croatian history from 550 until 1100]. Leykam international. p. 258. ISBN 978-953-340-061-7.
- ^ a b c d e f Radoš, Ivica (25 August 2015). "Kriju li zidovi Ozlja krunu Trpimirovića?" [Are the walls of Ozalj hiding the crown of Trpimirovićs?]. Večernji list (in Croatian). Retrieved 5 September 2023.
- ^ Ančić, Mladen (2002). "Od kralja "poluboga" do prvih ideja o "nacionalnom kraljevstvu"" [From the "Demigod" King to the First Ideas About a "National Kingdom"]. Kolomanov put (katalog izložbe). Zagreb: Hrvatski povijesni muzej. pp. 68–71.
- ^ a b c Kurelić, Robert (2016). "Ritual deditio na reljefu hrvatskoga vladara". Zbornik (in Croatian). 34: 2–3. doi:10.21857/m3v76tz0wy.
- ^ Juranić, Milutin (1990). "Likovi kralja i kraljice na plaštu kralja Ladislava". Peristil (in Croatian). 33 (1). Zagreb: 25–127.
- ^ [1] Archived November 24, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b c d e f Ilkić, Mato; Filipčić, Dejan (2023). "Kolomanova ostavština u sjevernoj Dalmaciji" [Coloman's legacy in northern Dalmatia]. Starohrvatska prosvjeta (in Croatian and English). III (50). Split: Museum of Croatian Archaeological Monuments: 285–308. Retrieved 17 February 2025.
- ^ Dobrović, Ana (11 June 2024). "Dio krune hrvatskog kralja Zvonimira nađen u mađarskom parlamentu?". magazin.hrt.hr. HRT. Retrieved 17 February 2025.
- ^ Nevešćanin, Ivica (1 June 2024). "Profesor Ančić: 'Otkriće' Zvonimirove krune? To je tek zgodna dosjetka za koju nema nikakvih dokaza ni argumenata". Slobodna Dalmacija. Retrieved 17 February 2025.
- ^ "Crown of Zvonimir". Newsletter. 2009 Time Inc. 1941-05-26. Archived from the original on June 26, 2007. Retrieved 2009-11-30.
- Marasović, Tomislav (1997). "O krsnom bazenu splitske krstionice". Starohrvatska Prosvjeta. 3 (20). Split, Croatia: Umjetnička akademija Sveučilišta u Splitu: 7–56.
- Fisković, Igor (2001). "Prilozi ikonografiji prikaza hrvatskog kralja iz 11. stoljeća". Radovi (in Croatian) (25).
- Fisković, Igor (2002). "Reljef kralja Petra Krešimira IV". Starohrvatska prosvjeta (in Croatian). III. ISSN 0351-4536.
- Babić, Ivo (2010). "The Relief with the Image of a King from the Split Baptistery". Archaeologia Adriatica. 4 (1). Split, Croatia: Faculty of Architecture and Civil Engineering: 203–215.
External links
edit- Vjekoslav Klaić, "O krunisanju ugarskih Arpadovića za kraljeve Dalmacije i Hrvatske (1091-1207)" (1905), Vjesnik 8 (1), pg. 107-117
- Croatian crown in the 17th century (in Croatian)