Ellen Gates Starr (March 19, 1859 – February 10, 1940) was an American social reformer and activist.[1] With Jane Addams, she founded Chicago's Hull House, an adult education center, in 1889; the settlement house expanded to 13 buildings in the neighborhood.
Ellen Gates Starr | |
|---|---|
Starr in 1914 | |
| Born | March 19, 1859 Laona, Illinois, U.S. |
| Died | February 10, 1940 (aged 80) Suffern, New York, U.S. |
| Education | Rockford Female Seminary |
Early life and education
editEllen Gates Starr was born on March 19, 1859, in Laona, Illinois, US, to Caleb Allen Starr and Susan Gates (née Child).
From 1877 to 1878, Starr attended the Rockford Female Seminary, where she first met Jane Addams. After being forced to leave school due to financial concerns, Starr taught for ten years in Chicago.[2]
Social reform work
editStarr joined Addams on a tour of Europe in 1888.[2] While in London, the pair were inspired by the success of the English Settlement movement and became determined to establish a similar social settlement in Chicago. When they returned to Chicago in 1889, they co-founded Hull House as a kindergarten, then a day nursery, an infancy care centre, and a center for continuing education for adults. In 1891, Starr created the Butler Art Gallery as the first addition to the Hull mansion. She travelled to England to study with the famed bookbinder, T. J. Cobden-Sanderson.[3] After her return, she established a bookbindery class at the settlement house in 1898, followed by an arts and crafts business school.[4][5]
She also sought to bring the Arts and Crafts movement to Chicago. In 1894, Starr founded the Chicago Public School Art Society with the help of the Chicago Woman's Club. The goal of the organization was to provide original works of art and good quality reproductions, to promote public school learning and an appreciation of beauty as a sign of good citizenship. Starr was the president of the society until 1897, when she founded the Chicago Society of Arts and Crafts.[4][5]
Starr was also active in the campaign to reform child labor laws and industrial working conditions in Chicago. She was a member of the Women's Trade Union League and helped organize striking garment workers in 1896, 1910, and 1915. However, by belief she was firmly anti-industrialisation, idealizing the guild system of the Middle Ages and later the Arts and Crafts Movement.[6] She was arrested at a restaurant strike. In the slums of Chicago, she taught children who could not afford school education about such writers as Dante and Robert Browning.
Personal life
editRelationship with Jane Addams
editLillian Faderman argues that Starr was Addams's "first serious attachment". The friendship between the two lasted many years, and the two lived together. Addams wrote to Starr, "Let's love each other through thick and thin and work out a salvation".[7] The director of the Hull-House Museum at the University of Illinois at Chicago, Lisa Lee, has argued that the relationship was romantic and a lesbian one.[8] Brown agrees that the two can be regarded as lesbians if they are seen as "women loving women", although there is no evidence they were sexual partners.[6][9] The intensity of the relationship dwindled when Addams met Mary Rozet Smith (who had been Starr's student at Miss Kirkland's School). These two women subsequently set up home together.[6]
Religious beliefs
editStarr joined the Episcopal Church in 1883. By 1894, she was a member of the Society of the Companions of the Holy Cross, an Episcopal women's prayer society that combined prayer with education and activism for social justice. Founded by Emily Malbone Morgan, the Companions included a number of influential reformers from around the United States, such as Vida Scudder, and Mary Simkhovitch. Companions came together each summer for a week retreat that allowed women reformers to reconnect spiritually, network with other reformers, and attend a series of educational programs on social issues.[10]
Later life
editAlthough Starr possessed an interest in Roman Catholicism for many years, it was only in 1920, when she believed the Church was seriously teaching social justice, that she converted. Her work in campaigns against child labour encountered much opposition from inside the Church.[6]
In 1929, complications caused by surgery to remove a spinal abscess resulted in her becoming paralyzed from the waist down.[11] In 1931, seriously ill, Starr retired to a Roman Catholic convent in Suffern, New York, where she was cared for by the Society of the Holy Child Jesus. She was not a member of their religious community, nor any other.[12]
After eight years as an invalid, Starr died at the convent on February 10, 1940.[1]
In media
editIn 2016, St. Hyacinth Basilica Elementary in Chicago's Avondale neighborhood, which had closed in 2014,[13] was used as the setting for Albany Park Theater Project's renowned immersive theater play Learning Curve. It was transformed as the play's "Ellen Gates Starr High School", named for the co-founder of Hull House.[14][15]
Selected works
edit- (1896) Settlements and the church's duty
- (n.d.) Reflections on the breviary
References
edit- ^ a b "Ellen Starr Dies. Hull House Aide. Co-Founder With Jane Addams of the Chicago Settlement Succumbs in Convent at 81". The New York Times. February 11, 1940. Retrieved January 9, 2015.
Miss Ellen Gates Starr, co-founder in 1889 with the late Jane Addams of Hull House in Chicago and associated with the institution for more than forty years, died here today in the Convent of the Holy Child, where she had been an invalid for eight years. She would have been 81 years old March 19.
- ^ a b Brown, Victoria Bissell (January 1, 2004). The Education of Jane Addams. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-3747-1.
- ^ Denker, Ellen; Green, Nancy E; Milwaukee Art Museum (January 1, 2004). Byrdcliffe: an American arts and crafts colony. Ithaca, N.Y.: Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art. ISBN 0-9646042-0-5. OCLC 57694876.
- ^ a b Harmon, Katherine E. (January 1, 2013). There Were Also Many Women There: Lay Women in the Liturgical Movement in the United States, 1926–59. Liturgical Press. ISBN 978-0-8146-6296-0.
- ^ a b Starr, Ellen Gates; Deegan, Mary Jo; Wahl, Ana-Maria. On Art, Labor, and Religion. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4128-2996-0.
- ^ a b c d Allitt, Patrick; Catholic Converts: British and American Intellectuals Turn to Rome; p. 149. ISBN 0-8014-2996-X
- ^ Lillian Faderman, To Believe in Women: What Lesbians Have Done For America – A History, Houghton Mifflin, 2000, p118
- ^ "Outing Jane Addams". Chicago Tribune. February 6, 2007. Retrieved August 27, 2018.
- ^ Brown, Victoria Bissell (2007), The Education of Jane Addams, University of Pennsylvania Press, p. 361, ISBN 978-0-8122-3747-4
- ^ Mary S. Donovan, Women's Ministries in the Episcopal Church, 1850–1920, Wilton, CT: Morehouse Barlow, 1986, pp. 148-154.
- ^ "Education & Resources – National Women's History Museum – NWHM". www.nwhm.org. Archived from the original on November 8, 2016. Retrieved January 23, 2016.
- ^ Hoy, Suellen; Ellen Gates Starr: Her Later Years; p. 55-80. ISBN 978-0-913820-31-5
- ^ "St. Hyacinth Basilica School in Avondale to Close at the End of School Year". DNAinfo Chicago. Archived from the original on June 28, 2020. Retrieved June 22, 2020.
- ^ Jones, Chris (August 2016). "A day in the life of a public school in immersive 'Learning Curve'". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved June 22, 2020.
- ^ Schaefer, Brian (December 7, 2016). "An Immersive Play That Transports You to a Chicago Public High School". The New Yorker. Retrieved June 22, 2020.
External links
edit- Ellen Gates Starr papers at the Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College
- Ellen Gates Starr papers Archived October 22, 2022, at the Wayback Machine at the University of Illinois at Chicago Library