This article lists the monarchs of Vietnam. Under the emperor at home, king abroad system used by later dynasties, Vietnamese monarchs would use the title of emperor (皇帝, Hoàng đế; or other equivalents) domestically, and the more common term sovereign (𤤰, Vua), king (王, Vương), or his/her (Imperial) Majesty (陛下, Bệ hạ) elsewhere.[1][2]
| Monarch of Vietnam | |
|---|---|
Emperor Bảo Đại, the last monarch of Vietnam | |
| Details | |
| First monarch | Kinh Dương Vương (as King) (Mythical) Zhao Tuo (as Emperor) (Historical but still controversial) |
| Last monarch | Bảo Đại (as Emperor) |
| Formation | 2879 BC (Mythical) 203 BC (Historical) |
| Abolition | August 25, 1945 |
| Residence | Cổ Loa Citadel (257 BC,939 – 967) Imperial Citadel of Hoa Lư (968–1009) Imperial Citadel of Thăng Long (1010–1400; 1428–1789) Citadel of the Hồ Dynasty (1400–1407) Imperial City of Huế (1802–1945) |
| Pretender(s) | Guy Georges Vĩnh San (son of Emperor Duy Tân) |
Overview
editSome Vietnamese monarchs declared themselves kings (vương) or emperors (hoàng đế).[1][2] Imperial titles were used for both domestic and foreign affairs, except for diplomatic missions to China where Vietnamese monarchs were regarded as kingship or prince. Many of the Later Lê monarchs were figurehead rulers, with the real powers resting on feudal lords and princes who were technically their servants. Most Vietnamese monarchs are known through their posthumous names or temple names, while the Nguyễn dynasty, the last reigning house is known through their era names.
Titles
editVietnamese titles
editVietnamese monarchs used and were referred to by many titles, depending on each ruler's prestige and favor. Except for legendary rulers and the Sinitic-speaking Zhao dynasty and the Early Ly dynasty, the most popular and common Vietnamese designation for ruler, vua 𪼀 (lit. sovereign, chieftain), according to Liam C. Kelley, is "largely based on a pure semantic association based on the benevolent feature associated to the 'father' (but, on the other hand, the image of the father may also be terrifying, strict, or even mean)." Because there is no elaborated Chinese character or any attempt to standardize the Sino-Vietnamese Chữ Nôm script to render vua, the title was rendered in different ways. Vua in Ancient Vietnamese (10th–15th centuries) is attested in the 14th-century Buddhist literature Việt Điện U Linh Tập as bùgài (布蓋) in Chinese or vua cái (great sovereign in Vietnamese),[3] in 15th-century Buddhist scripture Phật thuyết đại báo phụ mẫu ân trọng kinh as sībù (司布); in Middle Vietnamese (16th–17th centuries) as ꞗua or bua;[4] becoming vua in Early Modern Vietnamese (18-19th centuries) such as recorded by Alexis-Marie de Rochon's A Voyage to Madagascar and the East Indies.[5] Vua is not found in any Vietnamese dynastic records which all were written in the lingua franca Chữ Hán through.[citation needed]
According to Mark Alves, Vietnamese vua was seemingly a loan word borrowed from the Old Chinese form of title Wáng (王, king), *ɢʷaŋ, to Proto-Viet-Muong. Frédéric Pain, however, insists that vua is from a completely indigenous Vietic lexicon, derived from sesquisyllabic proto-Vietic *k.bɔ.[6] While the monarch was commonly referred vernacularly as vua, Vietnamese royal records and official ceremonial titles have used hoàng đế (emperor) or vương (king), which are Vietnamese renditions of Chinese royal titles Huángdì and Wáng, since the time of Đinh Bộ Lĩnh. They were employed to show the Vietnamese monarchs' credence, and the latter was used in tributary relations with the Chinese empires without being considered a Chinese subject.[6][7]
Buddhism exerted influence on a number of Vietnamese royal titles, such as when the late 12th-century devout Buddhist king Lý Cao Tông (r. 1176–1210) demanded his courtiers to refer him as phật (Buddha).[8] His great-grandfather and predecessor Lý Nhân Tông (r. 1072–1127), a great patronizer of the Buddhist sangha, in his stelae inscription erected in 1121, compared himself and his accomplishments with ancient rulers of the Indian subcontinent near the time of Gautama Buddha, particularly king Udayana and emperor Aśoka.[9]
Cham titles
editCham rulers of the former kingdom of Champa in present-day Central and Southern Vietnam used many titles, mostly derived from Hindu Sanskrit titles. There were prefix titles, among them, Jaya and Śrī, which Śrī (His glorious, His Majesty) was used more commonly before each ruler's name, and sometimes Śrī and Jaya were combined into Śrī Jaya[monarch name]. Royal titles were used to indicate the power and prestige of rulers: raja-di-raja (king of kings), maharajadhiraja (great king of kings), arddharaja (vice king/junior king).[10] After the fall of Vijaya Champa and the Simhavarmanid dynasty in 1471, all Sanskrit titles disappeared from Cham records, due to southern Panduranga rulers styled themselves as Po (native Cham title, which also means "King, His Majesty, Her Majesty"), and Islam gradually replaced Hinduism in post-1471 Champa.
Ancient period
editHồng Bàng period
editAccording to tradition there were eighteen of the Hùng kings of the Hồng Bàng period, known then as Văn Lang at that time, from around 2879 BC to around 258 BC. Following is the list of 18 lines of Hùng kings as recorded in the book Việt Nam sử lược by Trần Trọng Kim.[11]
| King | Given name | Reign, and line of descent |
|---|---|---|
| Kinh Dương Vương (涇陽王) | Lộc Tục (祿續) | 2879 – 2794 BC, Càn line (支乾) |
| Lạc Long Quân (貉龍君) | Sùng Lãm (崇纜) | 2793 – 2525 BC, Khảm line (支坎) |
| Hùng Lân vương (雄麟王), Hùng King III | Lân Lang | 2524 – 2253 BC, Cấn line (支艮) |
| Hùng Diệp Vương (雄曄王), Hùng King IV | Bửu Lang | 2252 – 1913 BC, Chấn line (支震) |
| Hùng Hy Vương, Hùng King V | Viên Lang | 1912 – 1713 BC, Tốn line (支巽) |
| Hùng Huy Vương (雄暉王), Hùng King VI | Pháp Hải Lang | 1712 – 1632 BC, Ly line (支離) |
| Hùng Chiêu Vương (雄昭王), Hùng King VII | Lang Liêu | 1631 – 1432 BC, Khôn line(支坤) |
| Hùng Vĩ Vương (雄暐王) Hùng King VIII | Thừa Vân Lang | 1431 – 1332 BC, Đoài line (支兌) |
| Hùng Định Vương( 雄定王), Hùng King IX | Quân Lang | 1331 – 1252 BC, Giáp line (支甲) |
| Hùng Hi Vương (雄曦王), Hùng King X | Hùng Hải Lang | 1251 – 1162 BC, Ất line (支乙) |
| Hùng Trinh Vương (雄楨王), Hùng King XI | Hưng Đức Lang | 1161 – 1055 BC, Bính line (支丙) |
| Hùng Vũ Vương (雄武王), Hùng King XII | Đức Hiền Lang | 1054 – 969 BC, Đinh line (支丁) |
| Hùng Việt Vương (雄越王), Hùng King XIII | Tuấn Lang | 968 – 854 BC, Mậu line (支戊) |
| Hùng Anh Vương (雄英王), Hùng King XIV | Chân Nhân Lang | 853 – 755 BC, Kỷ line (支己) |
| Hùng Triệu Vương (雄朝王), Hùng King XV | Cảnh Chiêu Lang | 754 – 661 BC, Canh line (支庚) |
| Hùng Tạo Vương (雄造王), Hùng King XVI | Đức Quân Lang | 660 – 569 BC, Tân line (支辛) |
| Hùng Nghị Vương (雄毅王), Hùng King XVII | Bảo Quân Lang | 568 – 409 BC, Nhâm line (支壬) |
| Hùng Duệ Vương (雄睿王), Hùng King XVIII | Lý Văn Lang or Mai An Tiêm | 408 – 258 BC, Quý line (支癸) |
Thục dynasty (257–207 BC)
edit
| King | Image | Given name | Reign |
|---|---|---|---|
| An Dương Vương (安陽王) | Thục Phán (蜀泮) | 257–207 BC |
Triệu dynasty (204–111 BC)
editThere is still a debate about the status of the Triệu dynasty (Zhao dynasty): traditional Vietnamese historians considered the Triệu dynasty as a local Vietnamese dynasty while modern Vietnamese historians typically consider the Triệu dynasty as a Chinese dynasty.[12]
| Emperor or king | Image | Given name | Reign |
|---|---|---|---|
| Triệu Vũ Đế (趙武帝) |
Triệu Đà (趙佗) |
204–137 BC | |
| Triệu Văn Đế (趙文帝) |
Triệu Mạt (趙眜) |
137–125 BC | |
| Triệu Minh Vương (趙明王) |
no image | Triệu Anh Tề (趙嬰齊) |
125–113 BC |
| Triệu Ai Vương (趙哀王) |
Triệu Hưng (趙興) |
113–112 BC | |
| Triệu Thuật Dương Vương (趙術陽王) |
no image | Triệu Kiến Đức (趙建德) |
112–111 BC |
1st, 2nd, 3rd Chinese domination period (111 BC - 939 AD)
edit| Trưng Sisters | Lady Triệu | Mai Hắc Đế | |||||||||||||
| Triệu dynasty | Early Lý dynasty | Phùng Hưng | Autonomy | Independent time | |||||||||||
| 111 BCE | 40 | 43 | 246 | 249 | 544 | 602 | 722 | 766 | 789 | 906 | 938 | ||||
Trưng Sisters (40–43)
edit
| Queen | Full name | Reign |
|---|---|---|
| Trưng Nữ Vương (徵女王) | Trưng Trắc (徵側) | 40–43 |
Mai rebellions (713–723)
edit
| Emperor | Full name | Reign |
|---|---|---|
| Mai Hắc Đế (梅黑帝) | Mai Thúc Loan (梅叔鸞) | 713–723 |
| Mai Thiếu Đế (梅少帝) | Mai Thúc Huy (梅叔輝) | 722–723 |
| Mai Bạch Đầu Đế (梅白頭帝) | Mai Kỳ Sơn (梅奇山) | 723 -724 |
Phùng rebellions (766–791)
edit
| King | Full name | Reign |
|---|---|---|
| Bố Cái Đại Vương (布蓋大王) | Phùng Hưng (馮興) | 766–791 |
| Phùng An (馮安) | Phùng An (馮安) | 791–791 |
Early Lý dynasty (544–602)
edit
| Early Lý dynasty (544–602) | ||||
| 111 BC | 544 | 602 | 938 | |
| Emperor | Full name | Reign |
|---|---|---|
| Lý Nam Đế (李南帝) | Lý Bôn (李賁) | 544–548 |
| Triệu Việt Vương (趙越王) | Triệu Quang Phục (趙光復) | 548–571 |
| Đào Lang Vương (桃郎王) | Lý Thiên Bảo (李天寶) | 549–555 |
| Hậu Lý Nam Đế (後李南帝) | Lý Phật Tử (李佛子) | 571–603 |
Đào Lang Vương is not officially considered as emperor of Early Lý dynasty as he was a self-claimed emperor.
Autonomous period (866–938) & Independent period (938–1407)
edit| Ming domination | Nam–Bắc triều * Bắc Hà–Nam Hà | French Indochina | ||||||||||||||||||
| Chinese domination | Ngô | Đinh | Early Lê | Lý | Trần | Hồ | Later Trần | Lê | Mạc | Revival Lê | Tây Sơn | Nguyễn | Modern time | |||||||
| Trịnh lords | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Nguyễn lords | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 939 | 1009 | 1225 | 1400 | 1427 | 1527 | 1592 | 1788 | 1858 | 1945 | |||||||||||
Tĩnh Hải quân (866–938)
edit| Khúc Family (905–938) | |||
| 111 BC | 905 | 938 | |
| Jiedushi | Full name | Reign |
|---|---|---|
| Khúc Tiên Chủ (曲先主) | Khúc Thừa Dụ (曲承裕) | 905–907 |
| Khúc Trung Chủ (曲中主) | Khúc Hạo (曲顥) | 907–917 |
| Khúc Hậu Chủ (曲後主) | Khúc Thừa Mỹ (曲承美) | 917–930 |
| Dương Đình Nghệ (楊廷藝) | Dương Đình Nghệ (楊廷藝) | 930–937 |
| Kiều Công Tiễn (矯公羡) | Kiều Công Tiễn (矯公羡)[1] | 937–938 |
At this time, the Khúc leaders still held the title of Jiedushi, hence they are not official kings of Vietnam.
Ngô dynasty (939–965)
edit
| Ngô dynasty (939–965) | |||
| 939 | 965 | 1945 | |
| King | Image | Era name | Full name | Reign | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tiền Ngô Vương (前吳王) | none | Ngô Quyền (吳權) | 939–944 | |||
| Dương Bình Vương (楊平王)[2] | no image | none | Dương Tam Kha (楊三哥) | 944–950 | ||
| Hậu Ngô Vương (後吳王)[3] | no image | none | Ngô Xương Ngập (吳昌岌) and Ngô Xương Văn (吳昌文) |
951–954 950–965 | ||
Interregnum (965-968)
editWarring states period
editThe throne of Ngô dynasty was upsurged by Dương Tam Kha, the brother-in-law of Ngô Quyền and this led to anger among those who were loyal to Ngô dynasty. The local warlords decided to make the rebellions to claim the throne.
| Anarchy of the 12 Warlords (965–968) | |||
| 965 | 968 | 1945 | |
| Warlord | Lifespan | Real name | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ngô Sứ Quân (吳使君) | ?–968 | Ngô Xương Xí (吳昌熾) | + Grandson of Ngô Quyền and son of Ngô Xương Ngập and the legitimate heir of throne + Surrendered and pardoned in 968 End of Ngô dynasty |
| Ngô Lãm công (吳覽公) or Ngô An vương (吳安王) | ? - 979 | Ngô Nhật Khánh (吳日慶) | + Grandson of Ngô Quyền and son of Ngô Xương Văn + Surrendered and pardoned in 968 Deserted to Champa at the end of Đinh dynasty and died in 979 |
| Đỗ Cảnh Công (杜景公) | 912 - 967 | Đỗ Cảnh Thạc (杜景碩) | + Chinese ancestry from Jiangsu + General of Ngô Quyền and served in Battle of Bạch Đằng (938) + Injured by arrow-shooting and died in 967 |
| Phạm Phòng Át (范防遏) | 910 - 972 | Phạm Bạch Hổ ( 范白虎) | + General of Ngô Quyền and served in Battle of Bạch Đằng (938) + Surrendered and pardoned in 966 and promoted as general by Đinh Bộ Lĩnh |
| Long Kiều vương (隆橋王) | ?-967 | Kiều Công Hãn (矯公罕) | + Grandson of Kiều Công Tiễn and served in Battle of Bạch Đằng (938) + Defeated and fled to Ngô Xương Xí's side and killed in 967 . |
| Kiều Lệnh Công (隆令公) | ?-? | Kiều Thuận (矯順) | + Grandson of Kiều Công Tiễn and younger brother of Kiều Công Hãn + Defeated and killed . |
| Nguyễn Thái Bình (阮太平) | 906 - 967 | Nguyễn Khoan (阮寬) | + Chinese ancestry + Oldest brother of Nguyễn Thủ Tiệp & Nguyễn Siêu + Surrendered and pardoned in 967 then become the monk . |
| Nguyễn Lệnh công (阮令公) or Vũ Ninh vương (武宁王) | 908 - 967 | Nguyễn Thủ Tiệp ( 阮守捷) | + Chinese ancestry + Middle brother of Nguyễn Khoan & Nguyễn Siêu + Defeated and killed |
| Nguyễn Hữu Công (阮右公) | 924 - 967 | Nguyễn Siêu ( 阮超) | + Chinese ancestry + Youngest brother of Nguyễn Khoan & Nguyễn Thủ Tiệp + Defeated and killed |
| Lý Lãng công (李郞公) | ? - 968 | Lý Khuê (李奎) | + Defeated and killed |
| Trần Minh Công (陳明公) | 888 - 967 | Trần Lãm (陳覧) | + Chinese ancestry from Guangdong + Later alliance with Đinh Bộ Lĩnh and adopted him as his son + After he died, Đinh Bộ Lĩnh inherited the army of Lãm and fight the unification war with the other warlord |
| Lữ Tá công (呂佐公) | 927 - 968 | Lã Đường ( 呂唐) | + Defeated and killed |
State of Đại Cồ Việt (968–1054) & State of Đại Việt (1054–1400, 1427–1804)
editĐinh dynasty (968–980)
edit
| Đinh dynasty (968–980) | ||||
| 939 | 968 | 980 | 1945 | |
| Emperor | Image | Era name | Full name | Reign | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Đinh Tiên Hoàng (丁先皇) | Thái Bình (太平) | Đinh Bộ Lĩnh (Đinh Hoàn) (丁部領 / 丁環) |
968–979 | |||
| Đinh Phế Đế (丁廢帝) | Thái Bình (太平)[4] | Đinh Toàn (Đinh Tuệ) (丁璿 / 丁穗) |
979–980 | |||
Early Lê dynasty (980–1009)
edit
| Early Lê dynasty (980–1009) | ||||
| 939 | 980 | 1009 | 1945 | |
| Emperor | Image | Era name | Full name | Reign | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lê Đại Hành (黎大行) | Thiên Phúc (天福) Hưng Thống (興統) (989–993) Ứng Thiên (應天) (994–1005) |
Lê Hoàn (黎桓) | 980–1005 | |||
| Lê Trung Tông (黎中宗) | No image | none | Lê Long Việt (黎龍鉞) | 1005 (3 days) | ||
| Lê Ngoạ Triều (黎臥朝) | Cảnh Thụy (景瑞) (1008–1009) | Lê Long Đĩnh (黎龍鋌) | 1005–1009 | |||
Later Lý dynasty (1009–1225)
edit
| Later Lý dynasty (1009–1225) | ||||
| 939 | 1010 | 1225 | 1945 | |
| Emperor | image | Era name | Full name | Reign | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lý Thái Tổ (李太祖) | Thuận Thiên (順天) | Lý Công Uẩn (李公蘊) | 1010–1028 | |||
| Lý Thái Tông (李太宗) | Thiên Thành (天成) (1028–1033) Thông Thụy (通瑞) (1034–1038) Càn Phù Hữu Đạo (乾符有道) (1039–1041) Minh Đạo (明道) (1042–1043) Thiên Cảm Thánh Võ (天感聖武) (1044–1048) Sùng Hưng Đại Bảo (崇興大寶) (1049–1054) |
Lý Phật Mã (李佛瑪) | 1028–1054 | |||
| Lý Thánh Tông (李聖宗) | Long Thụy Thái Bình (龍瑞太平) (1054–1058) Chương Thánh Gia Khánh (彰聖嘉慶) (1059–1065) Long Chương Thiên Tự (龍彰天嗣) (1066–1067) Thiên Huống Bảo Tượng (天貺寶象) (1068–1069) Thần Võ (神武) (1069–1072) |
Lý Nhật Tôn (李日尊) | 1054–1072 | |||
| Lý Nhân Tông (李仁宗) | Thái Ninh (太寧) (1072–1075) Anh Võ Chiêu Thắng (英武昭勝) (1076–1084) Quảng Hữu (廣祐) (1085–1091) Hội Phong (會豐) (1092–1100) Long Phù (龍符) (1101–1109) Hội Tường Đại Khánh (會祥大慶) (1110–1119) Thiên Phù Duệ Võ (天符睿武) (1120–1126) Thiên Phù Khánh Thọ (天符慶壽) (1127) |
Lý Càn Đức (李乾德) | 1072–1127 | |||
| Lý Thần Tông (李神宗) | Thiên Thuận (天順) (1128–1132) Thiên Chương Bảo Tự (天彰寶嗣) (1133–1137) |
Lý Dương Hoán (李陽煥) | 1128–1138 | |||
| Lý Anh Tông (李英宗) | Thiệu Minh (紹明) (1138–1139) Đại Định (大定) (1140–1162) Chính Long Bảo Ứng (政隆寶應) (1163–1173) Thiên Cảm Chí Bảo (天感至寶) (1174–1175) |
Lý Thiên Tộ (李天祚) | 1138–1175 | |||
| Lý Cao Tông (李高宗) | Trinh Phù (貞符) (1176–1185) Thiên Tư Gia Thụy (天資嘉瑞) (1186–1201) Thiên Gia Bảo Hữu (天嘉寶祐) (1202–1204) Trị Bình Long Ứng (治平龍應) (1205–1210) |
Lý Long Trát (Lý Long Cán) (李龍翰) | 1176–1210 | |||
| Lý Thẩm (李忱) | no image | none | Lý Thẩm (李忱) | 1209–1209 | ||
| Lý Huệ Tông (李惠宗) | no image | Kiến Gia (建嘉) | Lý Sảm (李旵) | 1211–1224 | ||
| Lý Nguyên Vương (李元王) | no image | Càn Ninh (乾寧) | Lý Nguyên Vương (李元王) | 1214–1216 | ||
| Lý Chiêu Hoàng (李昭皇) | Thiên Chương Hữu Đạo (天彰有道)[5] | Lý Phật Kim (Nguyễn Thiên Hinh) (李佛金) | 1224–1225 | |||
Trần dynasty (1225–1400)
edit
| Trần dynasty (1225–1400) | ||||
| 939 | 1225 | 1400 | 1945 | |
| Emperor | Image | Era name | Full name | Reign | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Trần Thái Tông (陳太宗) | Kiến Trung (建中) (1225–1237) Thiên Ứng Chính Bình (天應政平) (1238–1350) Nguyên Phong (元豐) (1251–1258) |
Trần Cảnh (陳煚) | 1225–1258 | |||
| Trần Thánh Tông (陳聖宗) | Thiệu Long (紹隆) (1258–1272) Bảo Phù (寶符) (1273–1278) |
Trần Hoảng (陳晃) | 1258–1278 | |||
| Trần Nhân Tông (陳仁宗) | Thiệu Bảo (紹寶) (1279–1284) Trùng Hưng (重興) (1285–1293) |
Trầm Khâm (陳昑) | 1279–1293 | |||
| Trần Anh Tông (陳英宗) | Hưng Long (興隆) | Trần Thuyên (陳烇) | 1293–1314 | |||
| Trần Minh Tông (陳明宗) | Đại Khánh (大慶) (1314–1323) Khai Thái (開泰) (1324–1329) |
Trần Mạnh (陳奣) | 1314–1329 | |||
| Trần Hiến Tông (陳憲宗) | Khai Hữu (開祐) | Trần Vượng (陳旺) | 1329–1341 | |||
| Trần Dụ Tông (陳裕宗) | Thiệu Phong (紹豐) (1341–1357) Đại Trị (大治) (1358–1369) |
Trần Hạo (陳暭) | 1341–1369 | |||
| Hôn Đức Công (昏德公) | no image | Đại Định (大定) | Dương Nhật Lễ (楊日禮) | 1369–1370 | ||
| Trần Nghệ Tông (陳藝宗) | Thiệu Khánh (紹慶) | Trần Phủ (陳暊) | 1370–1372 | |||
| Trần Duệ Tông (陳睿宗) | Long Khánh (隆慶) | Trần Kính (陳曔) | 1372–1377 | |||
| Trần Phế Đế (陳廢帝) | no image | Xương Phù (昌符) | Trần Hiện (陳晛) | 1377–1388 | ||
| Trần Thuận Tông (陳順宗) | no image | Quang Thái (光泰) | Trần Ngung (陳顒) | 1388–1398 | ||
| Trần Thiếu Đế (陳少帝) | no image | Kiến Tân (建新) | Trần Án (陳 |
1398–1400 | ||
State of Đại Ngu (1400–1407)
editHồ dynasty (1400–1407)
edit
| Hồ dynasty (1400–1407) | ||||
| 939 | 1400 | 1407 | 1945 | |
| Emperor | Era name | Full name | Reign | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hồ Quý Ly (胡季犛) | Thánh Nguyên (聖元) | Hồ Quý Ly (胡季犛) | 1400 | ||
| Hồ Hán Thương (胡漢蒼) | Thiệu Thành (紹成) (1401–1402) Khai Đại (開大) (1403–1407) |
Hồ Hán Thương (胡漢蒼) | 1401–1407 | ||
Fourth Chinese domination period (1407–1428)
editLater Trần dynasty (1407–1414)
edit
| Later Trần dynasty (1407–1414) | ||||
| 939 | 1407 | 1413 | 1945 | |
| Emperor | Era name | Full name | Reign | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Giản Định Đế (簡定帝) | Hưng Khánh (興慶) | Trần Ngỗi (陳頠) | 1407–1409 | ||
| Trùng Quang Đế (重光帝) | Trùng Quang (重光) | Trần Quý Khoáng (陳季擴) | 1409–1414 | ||
| Thiên Khánh Đế (天慶帝) | Thiên Khánh (天慶) | Trần Cảo (陳暠) | 1426–1428 | ||
| |||||
Second independent period (1428–1802)
editLater Lê dynasty – Early period (1428–1527)
edit
| Later Lê dynasty – Early period (1428–1527) | ||||
| 939 | 1428 | 1527 | 1945 | |
| Emperor | Image | Era name | Full name | Reign | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lê Thái Tổ (黎太祖) | Thuận Thiên (順天) | Lê Lợi (黎利) | 1428–1433 | |||
| Lê Thái Tông (黎太宗) | Thiệu Bình (紹平) (1434–1440) Đại Bảo (大寶) (1440–1442) |
Lê Nguyên Long (黎元龍) | 1433–1442 | |||
| Lê Nhân Tông (黎仁宗) | Đại Hòa/Thái Hòa (大和 / 太和) (1443–1453) Diên Ninh (延寧) (1454–1459) |
Lê Bang Cơ (黎邦基) | 1442–1459 | |||
| Lệ Đức Hầu (厲德侯) | Thiên Hưng (天興) (1459–1460) | Lê Nghi Dân (黎宜民) | 1459–1460 | |||
| Lê Thánh Tông (黎聖宗) | Quang Thuận (光順) (1460–1469) Hồng Đức (洪德) (1470–1497) |
Lê Tư Thành (Lê Hạo) (黎思誠 / 黎灝) |
1460–1497 | |||
| Lê Hiến Tông (黎憲宗) | no image | Cảnh Thống (景統) | Lê Tranh (黎鏳) | 1497–1504 | ||
| Lê Túc Tông (黎肅宗) | no image | Thái Trinh (泰貞) | Lê Thuần (黎㵮) | 1504–1504 | ||
| Lê Uy Mục (黎威穆) | Đoan Khánh (端慶) | Lê Tuấn (黎濬) | 1505–1509 | |||
| Lê Tương Dực (黎襄翼) | no image | Hồng Thuận (洪順) | Lê Oanh (黎瀠) | 1510–1516 | ||
| Lê Quang Trị (黎光治) | no image | none | Lê Quang Trị (黎光治) | 1516–1516 | ||
| Lê Chiêu Tông (黎昭宗) | Quang Thiệu (光紹) | Lê Y (黎椅) | 1516–1522 | |||
| Lê Bảng (黎榜) | no image | Đại Đức (大德) | Lê Bảng (黎榜) | 1518–1519 | ||
| Lê Do (黎槱) | no image | Thiên Hiến (天宪) | Lê Do (黎槱) | 1519–1519 | ||
| Lê Cung Hoàng (黎恭皇) | Thống Nguyên (統元) | Lê Xuân (黎椿) | 1522–1527 | |||
| ||||||
Northern and Southern dynasty (1533–1592)
editNorthern dynasty – Mạc dynasty (1527–1592)
edit
| Mạc dynasty (1527–1592) | ||||
| 939 | 1527 | 1592 | 1945 | |
| Emperor | Era name | Full name | Reign | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mạc Thái Tổ (莫太祖) | Minh Đức (明德) | Mạc Đăng Dung (莫登庸) | 1527–1529 | ||
| Mạc Thái Tông (莫太宗) | Đại Chính (大正) | Mạc Đăng Doanh (莫登瀛) | 1530–1540 | ||
| Mạc Hiến Tông (莫憲宗) | Quãng Hòa (廣和) | Mạc Phúc Hải (莫福海) | 1541–1546 | ||
| Mạc Chính Trung (莫正中) | none | Mạc Chính Trung (莫正中) | 1546–1547 | ||
| Mạc Tuyên Tông (莫宣宗) | Vĩnh Định (永定) (1547) Cảnh Lịch (景曆) (1548–1553) Quang Bảo (光宝) (1554–1561) |
Mạc Phúc Nguyên (莫福源) | 1546–1561 | ||
| Mạc Mậu Hợp (莫茂洽) | Thuần Phúc (淳福) (1562–1565) Sùng Khang (崇康) (1566–1577) Diên Thành (延成) (1578–1585) Đoan Thái (端泰) (1586–1587) Hưng Trị (興治) (1588–1590) Hồng Ninh (洪寧) (1591–1592) |
Mạc Mậu Hợp (莫茂洽) | 1562–1592 | ||
| Mạc Toàn (莫全) | Vũ An (武安) (1592–1592) | Mạc Toàn (莫全) | 1592 | ||
|
Mạc Chính Trung claimed himself as emperor of Mạc dynasty, however Mạc dynasty never considered him as official emperor. After internal fighting with his brothers, he fled to the Ming dynasty of China. After Mạc Toàn, Mạc family was defeated by Later Lê forces and fled to Cao Bằng. Mac family continued to rule there until 1677:
| |||||
Southern dynasty – Revival Lê dynasty – Warlord period (1533–1789)
edit
| Later Lê dynasty – Warlord period (1533–1788) | ||||
| 939 | 1533 | 1789 | 1945 | |
| Emperor | Era name | Full name | Reign | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lê Trang Tông (黎莊宗) | Nguyên Hòa (元和) | Lê Ninh (黎寧) | 1533–1548 | ||
| Lê Trung Tông (黎中宗) | Thuận Bình (順平) | Lê Huyên (黎暄) | 1548–1556 | ||
| Lê Anh Tông (黎英宗) | Thiên Hữu (天祐) (1557) Chính Trị (正治) (1558–1571) Hồng Phúc (洪福) (1572–1573) |
Lê Duy Bang (黎維邦) | 1556–1573 | ||
| Lê Thế Tông (黎世宗) | Gia Thái (嘉泰) (1573–1577) Quang Hưng (光興) (1578–1599) |
Lê Duy Đàm (黎維潭) | 1573–1599 | ||
| Restoration – Conflict between the Trịnh and Nguyễn lords During this time, emperors of the Lê dynasty only ruled in name, it was the Trịnh Lords in Northern Vietnam and Nguyễn lords in Southern Vietnam who held the real power. | |||||
| Lê Kính Tông (黎敬宗) | Thận Đức (慎德) (1600) Hoằng Định (弘定) (1601–1619) |
Lê Duy Tân (黎維新) | 1600–1619 | ||
| Lê Thần Tông (黎神宗) (first reign) | Vĩnh Tộ (永祚) (1620–1628) Đức Long (德隆) (1629–1643) Dương Hòa (陽和) (1635–1643) |
Lê Duy Kỳ (黎維祺) | 1619–1643 | ||
| Lê Chân Tông (黎真宗) | Phúc Thái (福泰) | Lê Duy Hựu (黎維祐) | 1643–1649 | ||
| Lê Thần Tông (黎神宗) (second reign) | Khánh Đức (慶德) (1649–1652) Thịnh Đức (盛德) (1653–1657) Vĩnh Thọ (永壽) (1658–1661) Vạn Khánh (萬慶) (1662) |
Lê Duy Kỳ (黎維祺) | 1649–1662 | ||
| Lê Huyền Tông (黎玄宗) | Cảnh Trị (景治) | Lê Duy Vũ (黎維禑) | 1663–1671 | ||
| Lê Gia Tông (黎嘉宗) | Dương Đức (陽德) (1672–1773) Đức Nguyên (德元) (1674–1675) |
Lê Duy Cối (黎維禬) | 1672–1675 | ||
| Lê Hy Tông (黎熙宗) | Vĩnh Trị (永治) (1678–1680) Chính Hòa (正和) (1680–1705) |
Lê Duy Hợp (黎維祫) | 1676–1704 | ||
| Lê Dụ Tông (黎裕宗) | Vĩnh Thịnh (永盛) (1706–1719) Bảo Thái (保泰) (1720–1729) |
Lê Duy Đường (黎維禟) | 1705–1728 | ||
| Lê Duy Phường (黎維祊) | Vĩnh Khánh (永慶) | Lê Duy Phường (黎維祊) | 1729–1732 | ||
| Lê Thuần Tông (黎純宗) | Long Đức (龍德) | Lê Duy Tường (黎維祥) | 1732–1735 | ||
| Lê Ý Tông (黎懿宗) | Vĩnh Hữu (永佑) | Lê Duy Thận (黎維祳) | 1735–1740 | ||
| Lê Hiển Tông (黎顯宗) | Cảnh Hưng (景興) | Lê Duy Diêu (黎維祧) | 1740–1786 | ||
| Lê Chiêu Thống (黎昭統) | Chiêu Thống (昭統) | Lê Duy Khiêm (Lê Duy Kỳ) (黎維 |
1787–1789 | ||
Tonkin – Trịnh lords (1545–1787)
edit
| Trịnh Lords (1545–1787) | ||||
| 939 | 1545 | 1787 | 1945 | |
| Lord | Given name | Reign | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Trịnh Kiểm (鄭檢) | Trịnh Kiểm (鄭檢) | 1545–1570 | ||
| Bình An Vương (平安王) | Trịnh Tùng (鄭松) | 1570–1623 | ||
| Thanh Đô Vương (清都王) | Trịnh Tráng (鄭梉) | 1623–1657 | ||
| Tây Định Vương (西定王) | Trịnh Tạc (鄭柞) | 1657–1682 | ||
| Định Nam Vương (定南王) | Trịnh Căn (鄭根) | 1682–1709 | ||
| An Đô Vương (安都王) | Trịnh Cương (鄭棡) | 1709–1729 | ||
| Uy Nam Vương (威南王) | Trịnh Giang (鄭杠) | 1729–1740 | ||
| Minh Đô Vương (明都王) | Trịnh Doanh (鄭楹) | 1740–1767 | ||
| Tĩnh Đô Vương (靖都王) | Trịnh Sâm (鄭森) | 1767–1782 | ||
| Điện Đô Vương (奠都王) | Trịnh Cán (鄭檊) | 1782 (2 months) | ||
| Đoan Nam Vương (端南王) | Trịnh Khải (鄭楷) | 1782–1786 | ||
| Án Đô Vương (晏都王) | Trịnh Bồng (鄭槰) | 1786–1787 | ||
Trịnh Kiểm never declared himself as Lord during his rule, his titles were posthumously given by his descendants. Hence he is not considered as an official Trịnh Lord.
Cochinchina – Nguyễn lords (1558–1777)
edit
| Nguyễn Lords (1558–1777) | ||||
| 939 | 1558 | 1802 | 1945 | |
| Lord | Full name | Reign | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chúa Tiên (主僊) | Nguyễn Hoàng (阮潢) | 1558–1613 | ||
| Chúa Sãi (主仕) | Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên (阮福源) | 1613–1635 | ||
| Chúa Thượng (主上) | Nguyễn Phúc Lan (阮福瀾) | 1635–1648 | ||
| Chúa Hiền (主賢) | Nguyễn Phúc Tần (阮福瀕) | 1648–1687 | ||
| Chúa Nghĩa (主義) | Nguyễn Phúc Thái (阮福溙) | 1687–1691 | ||
| Chúa Minh (主明) | Nguyễn Phúc Chu (阮福淍) | 1691–1725 | ||
| Chúa Ninh (主寧) | Nguyễn Phúc Trú (阮福澍) | 1725–1738 | ||
| Võ Vương (武王) | Nguyễn Phúc Khoát (阮福濶) | 1738–1765 | ||
| Định Vương (定王) | Nguyễn Phúc Thuần (阮福淳) | 1765–1777 | ||
| Tân Chính Vương (新政王) | Nguyễn Phúc Dương (阮福暘) | 1776–1777 | ||
Nguyễn Phúc Dương was established by Tây Sơn leaders (Nguyễn Nhạc, Nguyễn Huệ and Nguyễn Lữ) as a puppet Nguyễn Lord for their political purpose during Tây Sơn uprising. Hence he is sometimes not considered as an official Nguyễn lord.
Tây Sơn dynasty (1778–1802)
edit
| Tây Sơn dynasty (1778–1802) | ||||
| 939 | 1778 | 1802 | 1945 | |
| Emperor | Era name | Full name | Reign | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thái Đức (泰德) | Thái Đức (泰德) | Nguyễn Nhạc (阮岳) | 1778–1788 | ||
| Quang Trung (光中) | Quang Trung (光中) | Nguyễn Huệ (阮惠) | 1788–1792 | ||
| Cảnh Thịnh (景盛) | Cảnh Thịnh (景盛) Bảo Hưng (寶興) |
Nguyễn Quang Toản (阮光纘) | 1792–1802 | ||
Nguyễn Nhạc dropped his emperor title in 1788 after his younger brother – Nguyễn Huệ – declared himself as Emperor.
Empire of Dai Nam (1802–1883), Annam and Tonkin Protectorates (1883–1945), and Empire of Vietnam (1945)
editNguyễn dynasty (1802–1945)
edit
| Nguyễn dynasty (1802–1945) | |||
| 939 | 1802 | 1945 | |
| Emperor | Image | Temple name | Full name | Reign | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gia Long (嘉隆) | Thế Tổ (世祖) | Nguyễn Phúc Ánh (阮福暎) | 1802–1820 | |||
| Minh Mạng (明命) | Thánh Tổ (聖祖) | Nguyễn Phúc Đảm (阮福膽) | 1820–1841 | |||
| Thiệu Trị (紹治) | Hiến Tổ (憲祖) | Nguyễn Phúc Miên Tông (阮福綿宗) | 1841–1847 | |||
| Tự Đức (嗣德) | Dực Tông (翼宗) | Nguyễn Phúc Hồng Nhậm (阮福洪任) | 1847–1883 | |||
| Dục Đức (育德) | Cung Tông (恭宗) | Nguyễn Phúc Ưng Ái (Nguyễn Phúc Ưng Chân) (阮福膺𩡤 / 阮福膺禛) |
1883 (3 days) | |||
| Hiệp Hòa (協和) | none | Nguyễn Phúc Hồng Dật (阮福洪佚) | 1883 (6 months) | |||
| Kiến Phúc (建福) | Giản Tông (簡宗) | Nguyễn Phúc Ưng Đăng (阮福膺登) | 1883–1884 | |||
| Hàm Nghi (咸宜) | none | Nguyễn Phúc Minh (阮福明) | 1884–1885 | |||
| Đồng Khánh (同慶) | Cảnh Tông (景宗) | Nguyễn Phúc Ưng Kỷ (阮福膺祺) | 1885–1889 | |||
| Thành Thái (成泰) | none | Nguyễn Phúc Bửu Lân (阮福寶嶙) | 1889–1907 | |||
| Duy Tân (維新) | none | Nguyễn Phúc Vĩnh San (阮福永珊) | 1907–1916 | |||
| Khải Định (啓定) | Hoằng Tông (弘宗) | Nguyễn Phúc Bửu Đảo (阮福寶嶹) | 1916–1925 | |||
| Bảo Đại (保大) | none | Nguyễn Phúc Vĩnh Thụy (阮福永瑞) | 1926–1945 | |||
Non-Vietnamese nations
editChampa (192–1832)
edit
| Dynasty | King | Real name | Reign |
| I Dynasty | Sri Mara | Ch'ű-lien[17]: 44 | 192–? |
| ? | |||
| ? | |||
| Fan Hsiung[17]: 44 | fl. 270 | ||
| Fan Yi[17]: 44 | c. 284–336 | ||
| II Dynasty | Fan Wen[17]: 44–45 | 336–349 | |
| Fan Fo[17]: 47 | 349–? | ||
| Bhadravarman I[17]: 48 | Fan Hu Ta[17]: 56 | 380–413[17]: 56 | |
| Gangaraja[17]: 57 | Fan Ti Chen[17]: 56 | ||
| Manorathavarman[17]: 57 | |||
| Fan Diwen | died c. 420 | ||
| III Dynasty | Fan Yang Mai I | Fan Yangmai | c. 420–421[17]: 57 |
| Fan Yang Mai II[17]: 57 | Fan Duo | c. 431 – c. 455 | |
| Fan Shencheng[17]: 57 | c. 455 – c. 484 | ||
| Fan Danggenchun[17]: 58 | c. 484 – c. 492 | ||
| Fan Zhunong | c. 492 – c. 498[17]: 59 | ||
| Fan Wenkuan [17]: 59 or Fan Wenzan |
c. 502 – c. 510 | ||
| Devavarman[17]: 59 | Fan Tiankai | c. 510 – c. 526 | |
| Vijayavarman[17]: 59 | c. 526/9 | ||
| IV Dynasty | Rudravarman I[17]: 70 | c. 529 ? | |
| Sambhuvarman[17]: 70 | Fan Fanzhi | 572 – 629 | |
| Kandarpadharma[17]: 71 | Fan Touli | 629 – | |
| Prabhasadharma | Fan Zhenlong | – 645[17]: 71 | |
| Bhadresvaravarman[17]: 71 | 645–? | ||
| Daughter of Kandarpadharma (FEMALE)[17]: 71 | ?–653 | ||
| Vikrantavarman I | Zhuge Di | 653–c. 686[17]: 72 | |
| Naravahanavarman | c. 686 – c. ? | ||
| Vikrantavarman II[17]: 72 | c. 687 – c. 731 | ||
| Rudravarman II[17]: 94 | c. 731/58 | ||
| V Dynasty (of Panduranga) | Prithindravarman[17]: 95 | ? 758–? | |
| Satyavarman[17]: 95 | c. 770/87 | ||
| Indravarman I[17]: 103 | c. 787/803 | ||
| Harivarman I[17]: 103 | c. 803/17 > ? | ||
| Vikrantavarman III[17]: 104 | ? -c. 854 | ||
| VI Dynasty (of Bhrigu) | Indravarman II[17]: 123 | c. 854/98 | |
| Jaya Sinhavarman I[17]: 123 | c. 898/903 | ||
| Jaya Saktivarman[17]: 123 | |||
| Bhadravarman II[17]: 123 | fl. 910 | ||
| Indravarman III[17]: 123 | c. 918–959 | ||
| Jaya Indravarman I[17]: 124 | 959– < 965 | ||
| Paramesvaravarman I[17]: 124 | Bo-mei-mei-shui Yang Bu-yin-cha (波美美稅楊布印茶)[18] | < 965–982 | |
| Indravarman IV[17]: 125 | 982–986's | ||
| Liu Ji-zong[17]: 125 | Lưu Kế Tông (劉継宗)[19][20][18] | c. 986–989 | |
| VII Dynasty | Harivarman II[17]: 125 | Yang Tuo Pai (楊陀排)[19][20][18][21] | c. 989–997 |
| Yang Bo Zhan, of Fan[17]: 125 | Yang Bozhan (楊波占)[19][20][18][22] | ? | |
| Yang Pu Ku Vijaya[17]: 139 | Yan Pu Ku Vijaya Sri (楊甫恭毘施離)[19][20][18] | c. 998–1007 | |
| Harivarman III[17]: 139 | Yang Pu Ju-bi-cha-she-li (楊普俱毘茶室離)[19][20][18] | fl. 1010 | |
| Paramesvaravarman II[17]: 139 | Yang Pu Ju-bi-cha-she-li (楊普俱毘茶室離)[19][20][18] | fl. 1018 | |
| Vikrantavarman IV[17]: 139 | Yang Bu Ju-shi-li (楊卜俱室離)[19][20][18] | ?–?1030 | |
| Jaya Simhavarman II[17]: 139 | ?1030–?1044 | ||
| VIII Dynasty (of the South) | Jaya Paramesvaravarman I[17]: 140 | Ku Sri Paramesvarmadeva Yang Pu (倶舍波微收羅婆麻提楊卜)[19][20][18] | 1044–1060 |
| Bhadravarman III[17]: 140 | ?–1061 | ||
| Rudravarman III[17]: 140 | 1061–1074 | ||
| IX Dynasty | Harivarman IV[17]: 154 | 1074–1080 | |
| Jaya Indravarman II[17]: 154 | 1080–1081, 1086–1114 | ||
| Paramabhodhisatva[17]: 154 | – | 1081–1086 | |
| Harivarman V[17]: 164 | Yang Bu Ma-die (楊卜麻 曡)[18] | 1114–1139 | |
| X Dynasty | Jaya Indravarman III[17]: 164 | 1139/45 | |
| XI Dynasty | Rudravarman IV (Khmer vassal) | 1145–1147[17]: 164 | |
| Jaya Harivarman I[17]: 164 | 1147–1167 | ||
| Jaya Harivarman II[17]: 165 | 1167 | ||
| Jaya Indravarman IV[17]: 165–166 | 1167–1190, died 1192 | ||
| XII Dynasty | Suryajayavarmadeva (Khmer vassal in Vijaya)[17]: 171 | 1190–1191 | |
| Suryavarmadeva (Khmer vassal in Pandurang)[17]: 170–171 | 1190–1203 | ||
| Jaya Indravarman V (in Vijaya)[17]: 171 | 1191 | ||
| Champa under Cambodian rules | 1203–1220 | ||
| Jaya Paramesvaravarman II[17]: 171 | 1220–c.1252 | ||
| Jaya Indravarman VI[17]: 182 | c.1252–1257 | ||
| Indravarman V[17]: 192 | 1257–1288 | ||
| Jaya Sinhavarman III | 1288–1307 | ||
| Jaya Sinhavarman IV | 1307–1312 | ||
| Chế Nang (Vietnamese Vassal) | 1312–1318 | ||
| XIII Dynasty | Chế A Nan | 1318–1342 | |
| Trà Hoa Bồ Đề | 1342–1360 | ||
| Chế Bồng Nga (Red king-strongest king) | 1360–1390 | ||
| XIV Dynasty | Jaya Simhavarman VI | 1390–1400 | |
| Indravarman VI | 1400–1441 | ||
| Virabhadravarman | 1441–? | ||
| Maija Vijaya | 1441–1446 | ||
| Moho Kouei-Lai | 1446–1449 | ||
| Moho Kouei-Yeou | 1449–1458 | ||
| XV Dynasty | Moho P'an-Lo-Yue | 1458–1460 | |
| Tra-Toan | 1460–1471 | ||
| Dynasty of the South | Po Ro Me | 1627–1651 | |
| Po Niga | 1652–1660 | ||
| Po Saut | 1660–1692 | ||
| Dynasty of Po Saktiraidaputih, vassal Cham rulers under the Nguyễn lords | Po Saktirai da putih | 1695–1728 | |
| Po Ganvuh da putih | 1728–1730 | ||
| Po Thuttirai | 1731–1732 | ||
| vacant | 1732–1735 | ||
| Po Rattirai | 1735–1763 | ||
| Po Tathun da moh-rai | 1763–1765 | ||
| Po Tithuntirai da paguh | 1765–1780 | ||
| Po Tithuntirai da parang | 1780–1781 | ||
| vacant | 1781–1783 | ||
| Chei Krei Brei | 1783–1786 | ||
| Po Tithun da parang | 1786–1793 | ||
| Po Lathun da paguh | 1793–1799 | ||
| Po Chong Chan | 1799–1822 |
Funan (68–550)
edit| King | Reign |
| Soma (fem.) | latter 1st century |
| Kaundinya I (Hun-t'ien) | latter 1st century |
| ? | |
| ? | |
| Hun P’an-h’uang | second half of 2nd century |
| P’an-P’an | early 3rd century |
| Fan Shih-Man | c. 205–225 |
| Fan Chin-Sheng | c. 225 |
| Fan Chan | c. 225 – c. 240 |
| Fan Hsun | c. 240–287 |
| Fan Ch’ang | c. 245 |
| Fan Hsiung | 270 ?–285 |
| ? | |
| ? | |
| Chandan (Chu Chan-t’an) | 357[17]: 46 |
| ? | |
| ? | |
| Kaundinya II (Chiao Chen-ju) | ?–434 |
| Sresthavarman ? or Sri Indravarman (Che-li-pa-mo or Shih-li-t’o-pa-mo) | 434–438[17]: 56 |
| ? | |
| ? | |
| Kaundinya Jayavarman (She-yeh-pa-mo) | 484–514 |
| Rudravarman | 514–539, died 550 |
| Sarvabhauma ? (Liu-t’o-pa-mo) | ? |
| ? | c. 550–627 |
Chenla (550–802)
edit| Order | King | Reign |
| 1 | Bhavavarman I | around 550–600 |
| 2 | Mahendravarman | around 600–616 |
| 3 | Isanavarman I | 616–635 |
| 4 | Bhavavarman II | 639–657 |
| 5 | Candravarman? | ? |
| 6 | Jayavarman I | around 657–690 |
| 7 | Queen Jayadevi | 690–713 |
| 8 | Sambhuvarman | 713–716 |
| 9 | Pushkaraksha | 716–730 |
| 10 | Sambhuvarman | around 730–760 |
| 11 | Rajendravarman I | around 760–780 |
| 12 | Mahipativarman | around 780–788 |
Ngưu Hống (11th century – 1433)
edit| Order | King | Reign |
| 1 | Tạo Lò | ?–? |
| 2 | Lạng Chượng | around 1000–1067 |
| 3 | Lò Lẹt | 1292–1329 |
| 4 | Con Mường | 1329–1341 |
| 5 | Ta Cằm | 1341–1392 |
| 6 | Ta Ngần | 1392–1418 |
| 7 | Phạ Nhù | 1418–1420 |
| 8 | Mứn Hằm | 1420–1441 |
See also
editReferences
editCitations
edit- ^ a b Woodside 1988, p. 10.
- ^ a b IFLAI 2013, p. 259.
- ^ DeFrancis, John (2019), Colonialism and language policy in Viet Nam, Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG, p. 22, ISBN 978-90-279-7643-7
- ^ Baron, Samuel; Borri, Christoforo; Dror, Olga; Taylor, Keith W. (2018). Views of Seventeenth-Century Vietnam: Christoforo Borri on Cochinchina and Samuel Baron on Tonkin. Cornell University Press. pp. 182, 240, explain in pp. 20–21. ISBN 978-1-501-72090-1.
- ^ Rochon, Alexis-Marie de (1792). A voyage to Madagascar and the East Indies. p. 302.
- ^ a b Pain, Frederic (2020). ""Giao Chỉ" ("Jiāozhǐ") as a diffusion center of Chinese diachronic changes: syllabic weight contrast and phonologisation of its phonetic correlates". Tsing Hua Journal of Chinese Studies. 40 (3): 1–57. p. 15
- ^ Yu Insun Lê Văn Hữu and Ngô Sĩ Liên. A Comparison of Their Perception of Vietnamese History, pp. 45-71 in Reid & Tran 2006 (p. 67).
- ^ Sponberg, Alan; Hardacre, Helen (1988). Maitreya, the Future Buddha. Contributed by Reischauer Institute Professor of Japanese Religions and Society & American Academy of Religion, National Endowment for the Humanities, Princeton University. Cambridge University Press. p. 158. ISBN 978-0-52134-344-2.
- ^ Whitmore, John K. (2015), "Building a Buddhist monarchy in Dai Viet: Temples and texts under Ly Nhan Tong (1072-1127)", in Lammerts, Dietrich Christian (ed.), Buddhist Dynamics in Premodern and Early Modern Southeast Asia, ISEAS Publishing, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, pp. 283–306, ISBN 978-9-814-51906-9 p. 295
- ^ Schweyer, Anne-Valérie (2005). "Po Nagar de Nha Trang, seconde partie : Le dossier épigraphique". Aséanie. 15: 87–120. doi:10.3406/asean.2005.1847.
- ^ Trần Trọng Kim 1971, p. 17
- ^ Yoshikai Masato, "Ancient Nam Viet in historical descriptions", Southeast Asia: a historical encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor, Volume 2, ABC-CLIO, 2004, p. 934.
- ^ Ngô Sĩ Liên 1993, p. 54
- ^ Ngô Sĩ Liên 1993, p. 55
- ^ Ngô Sĩ Liên 1993, p. 62
- ^ "Shrine's demise angers residents". Vietnamnet.vn. 2009-04-14. Archived from the original on 2009-04-19. Retrieved 2009-12-03.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq Coedès, George (1968). Walter F. Vella (ed.). The Indianized States of Southeast Asia. trans. Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-0368-1.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j http://www.ari.nus.edu.sg/wps/wps05_053.pdf, retrieved 16 Aug 2017
- ^ a b c d e f g h Tran Ky Phuong, Bruce Lockhart (2011). The Cham of Vietnam: History, Society and Art. NUS Press. ISBN 997169459X, 9789971694593.
- ^ a b c d e f g h http://www7.plala.or.jp/seareview/newpage2History%20of%20Champa.html, retrieved 16 Aug 2017
- ^ http://contents.nahf.or.kr/item/item.do?levelId=jo.k_0020_0489_0010, retrieved 12 Nov 2017
- ^ http://www.ari.nus.edu.sg/wps/wps05_053.pdf, retrieved 13 Nov 2017
Sources
edit- Ngô Sĩ Liên (1993), Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư (in Vietnamese) (Nội các quan bản ed.), Hanoi: Social Science Publishing House
- National Bureau for Historical Record (1998), Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục (in Vietnamese), Hanoi: Education Publishing House
- Trần Trọng Kim (1971), Việt Nam sử lược (in Vietnamese), Saigon: Center for School Materials
- G. Coedès (1968), The Indianized States of Southeast Asia, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press
- Chapuis, Oscar (1995), A history of Vietnam: from Hong Bang to Tự Đức, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 0-313-29622-7
- International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions, ed. (2013). Names of Persons: National Usages for Entry in Catalogues. Harvard Univ Asia Center. ISBN 978-3-110-97455-3.
- Chapuis, Oscar (2000), The last emperors of Vietnam: from Tự Đức to Bảo Đại, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 0-313-31170-6
- Woodside, Alexander (1988). Vietnam and the Chinese Model: A Comparative Study of Vietnamese and Chinese Government in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century. Harvard University Asia Center. ISBN 978-0-674-93721-5.
- Reid, Anthony; Tran, Nhung Tuyet (2006). Viet Nam: Borderless Histories. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-1-316-44504-4.