Sir George Yeardley (1587 – November 13, 1627) was a planter and colonial governor of the colony of Virginia. He was also among the first slaveowners in Colonial America. A survivor of the Virginia Company of London's ill-fated 1609 Third Supply Mission, whose flagship, the Sea Venture, was shipwrecked on Bermuda for ten months, he is best remembered for presiding over the initial session of the first representative legislative body in Virginia in 1619. With representatives from throughout the settled portion of the colony the group became known as the House of Burgesses and continued to meet, becoming the Virginia General Assembly.
Sir George Yeardley | |
|---|---|
Engraving of the First Virginia Assembly, Governor Yeardley presiding (in center) | |
| Governor of Virginia | |
| In office November 1616 – November 1617 | |
| Appointed by | James I |
| Preceded by | Thomas Dale |
| Succeeded by | Samuel Argall |
| In office November 1618 – November 1621 | |
| Appointed by | James I |
| Preceded by | Samuel Argall |
| Succeeded by | Sir Francis Wyatt |
| In office March 4, 1626 – November 13, 1627 | |
| Appointed by | James I |
| Preceded by | Sir Francis Wyatt |
| Succeeded by | Francis West |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1587 St. Saviour's Parish, Southwark, Surrey |
| Died | November 13, 1627 (aged 39–40) |
| Resting place | Jamestown Church |
| Nationality | English |
| Spouse | Temperance Flowerdew |
| Children | 3 |
| Occupation | Ancient planter |
| Awards | Knight Bachelor (1618) |
| Signature | |
Early life
editYeardley was baptized on July 28, 1588, in St. Saviour's Parish, Southwark, Surrey. He was the son of Ralph Yeardley (1549–1604), a London merchant-tailor, and Rhoda Marston (died 1603). He chose not to follow his father into trade, but instead became a soldier and joined a company of English foot-soldiers to fight the Spanish in the Netherlands. As Captain of the Guard (bodyguard), he was selected to serve Sir Thomas Gates during his term as Governor of Virginia.
Shipwreck
editYeardley set sail from England on June 1, 1609, with the newly appointed Sir Thomas Gates aboard the Sea Venture, the flagship of the ill-fated Third Supply expedition to Jamestown. After eight weeks at sea, and seven days from expected landfall, the convoy ran into a tropical storm and the Sea Venture was shipwrecked in the Bermuda island chain. Fortunately, everyone survived. The castaways thrived on the uninhabited island. Despite numerous problems (including civil unrest among the former passengers resulting in Gates declaring martial law) two small ships were built within 10 months. The two ships, the 70–80 ton Deliverance and the 30 ton pinnace Patience, arrived at Jamestown on May 23, 1610.
Jamestown (1610-1615)
editThe shipwreck survivors found the colonists of Jamestown in desperate condition. Most of the settlers had died from sickness or starvation or had been killed by Indians. Sir Thomas Gates agreed with the Jamestown settlers to abandon the colony and return to England. He ordered Captain Yeardley to command his soldiers to guard the town preventing settlers from setting fire to the structures that were evacuated. Lord de la Warr soon arrived bringing supplies to save the struggling colony. Captain Yeardley was co-commander of the early Forts Henry and Charles at Kecoughtan--present-day Hampton, Virginia. In October 1610, Lord De La Warr ordered Captain Yeardley and Captain Edward Brewster to lead 150 men into the mountains in search of silver and gold mines.
Political career in the New World
editIn 1616 Yeardley was designated Deputy-Governor of Virginia. One of his first accomplishments was to come to an agreement with the Chickahominy Indians that secured food and peace for two years. He served from 1616 to 1617.
In November 18th, 1618, The Virginia Company of London issued its "Instructions to George Yeardley," which included the commissioning of a general assembly and the ancient planter/headright system. Part of the purpose was to encourage settlers to come to Virginia, which included building a college. These instructions come to be known as the Great Charter.[1]
On November 24th, Sir George was appointed to serve three years as governor of Virginia, and was knighted by James I during an audience at Newmarket.[2][3]
Before sailing to Virginia with the Great Charter, a great comet appeared over England.[4] It was considered a bad omen for the English, but (apocryphally) a sign of the birth of American freedom.
Yeardley was governor of Virginia when, in August 1619, the White Lion landed "20. and odd" Angolans kidnapped in Africa and exchanged them for provisions, thus introducing the trade in enslaved Africans into the English colonies on the North American mainland.
A relation from the Flowerdew family, John Pory, served as secretary to the colony from 1618 to 1622.[5] And when Flowerdew Hundred sent representatives to the first General Assembly in Jamestown in 1619, one was Ensign Edmund Rossingham, a son of Temperance Flowerdew's elder sister Mary Flowerdew and her husband Dionysis Rossingham.[6]
Yeardley led the first representative Virginia General Assembly, the legislative House of Burgesses, to meet on American soil. It convened at the church in Jamestown on July 30, 1619. One of the first acts of this representative body was to set the price of tobacco. Yeardley was appointed deputy-governor again in 1625. On September 11, 1626, Yeardley presided over the witchcraft inquiry of Joan Wright, the first legal witchcraft inquiry on record against an English settler in any British North American colony.[7][8]
He served a second time as governor from March 4, 1626/27 until his death on November 13, 1627.
Land ownership
editIn 1619, he patented 1,000 acres (4.0 km2) of land on Mulberry Island.[9] He owned another private plantation upriver on the south side of the James River opposite Tanks Weyanoke, named Flowerdew Hundred, and owned several enslaved persons.[10] It is often assumed that Yeardley named this plantation "Flowerdew Hundred" after his wife, as a kind of romantic tribute. However, the land appears to have been in use by Stanley Flowerdew, Yeardley's brother-in-law, before it was patented by Yeardley. Although George Yeardley acquired the thousand acres that he named Flowerdew Hundred in 1619, it seems very likely that some settlement had begun there before that date, for his brother-in-law Stanley Flowerdew took a shipment of tobacco to England in the same year, probably grown on the same property. With a population of about thirty, Flowerdew Hundred Plantation was economically successful with thousands of pounds of tobacco produced along with corn, fish and livestock. In 1621 Yeardley paid 120 pounds (possibly a hogshead of tobacco) to build the first windmill in British America. The windmill was an English post design and was transferred by deed in the property's 1624 sale to Abraham Piersey, a Cape Merchant of the London Company. The plantation survived the 1622 onslaught of Powhatan Indians, losing only six people.[11] so the plantation may have been associated with the Flowerdew name before Yeardley's patent. Note that Yeardley named his Mulberry Island plantation "Stanley Hundred",[12] undoubtedly after his Stanley in-laws.[13] In other words, both of Yeardley's plantations were named in honor of his wealthy in-laws. Clearly, the Yeardley-Flowerdew alliance was as much to do with power politics and social status as with romance.
Family
editOn 18 October 1618, George Yeardley (sometimes written as "Yardley" or "Yearlley"[14][15] ) married Temperance Flowerdew, daughter of Anthony Flowerdew of Hethersett, Norfolk, and wife Martha Stanley of Scottow, Norfolk. A month later he was appointed to serve three years as governor of Virginia, and was knighted by James I during an audience at Newmarket on 24 November.[16] This is the date commonly ascribed to the wedding; however, their children were born prior to 1618. While out-of-wedlock children occurred in early Jamestown, it would have been unthinkable for a woman of Temperance Flowerdew's station. It is likely that they got married between 1610 and 1615. Temperance Flowerdew had also sailed for Virginia in the 1609 expedition, aboard the Faulcon, arriving at Jamestown in August 1609.[3] She was one of the few survivors of the Starving Time.
The couple had three children: Elizabeth Yeardley was listed as age 6 in the February 1624 Jamestown Muster, so was born about 1618,[14] James City, Virginia, Died: ~1660-1666, Bruton Parish, York County, Virginia, Inherited 1/3 of Mother's Estate: Flowerdew Hundred Plantation; Some claim she married Major Joseph Croshaw. However, there has been no source ever found or produced to prove this conjecture. His record here does not include her as one of his several wives. Argoll Yeardley - Was listed as age 4 in the February 1624 Jamestown Muster, so was born about 1620. Francis Yeardley - Was listed as age 1 in the February 1624 Jamestown Muster, so was born about 1623.
Death and legacy
editYeardley died on November 13, 1627. He is buried in Third Jamestown Church at Jamestown, Virginia. His widow, Temperance Flowerdew married Governor Francis West. Their son, Argoll Yeardley would represent Lower Norfolk county in the House of Burgesses in 1653, shortly before his death. Argoll Yeardly had married Ann Custis, who brought her brothers John Custis II and William Custis to the colony, where they became planters, served in the House of Burgesses, and founded the Custis family of Virginia.
In pop culture
editJason Flemyng plays Sir George Yeardley in a British television show, Jamestown.
Archaeological
editOn July 24, 2018, archaeologists from Jamestown Rediscovery and the Smithsonian Institution announced the discovery of a prominent burial around 400 years ago in an important spot within the church. Ground-penetrating radar confirmed the presence of a skeleton of the right age and build for Yeardley who died in 1627, aged about 40. The gender, age estimate, the way the body was laid out and its prominent location within the church, support its identity as Yeardley.[17] Another church was built on top but the position indicates a high status burial. Although the head is missing, 10 teeth have been found and tests are being carried out by the FBI and archaeologist and geneticist Turi King, who helped identify the remains of Richard III in 2012. King will assist in tracking down Yeardley relatives to compare DNA found in the remains.[18] The results could take several months but should be available in time for 2019's 400th Anniversary of Sir George Yeardley's Great Reforms and the first General Assembly which introduced them.[10][18]
References
edit- ^ "https://www.gutenberg.org/files/36181/36181-h/36181-h.htm#pg_8
- ^ R. C. D. Baldwin, ‘Yeardley, Sir George (bap. 1588, d. 1627)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Sept 2004
- ^ a b "Search the Jamestown 1624/5 Muster Records". www.virtualjamestown.org. Retrieved 26 December 2018.
- ^ Doran, Joseph Ingersoll (1914). Sir George Yeardley and His Voyage of 1609-1610 to Virginia in the Sea Adventure and Deliverance Governor of Virginia 1619-1621, 1626-1627: Notes of an Oral Address Before the Council of the Society, April 6th, 1914.
- ^ Charlotte Fell-Smith, ‘Pory, John (bap. 1572, d. 1636?)’, rev. David R. Ransome, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004.
- ^ "Concerning George Yardley and Temperance Flowerdew", James P. C. Southall, William and Mary Quarterly, Jul 1947
- ^ "Joan Wright, Surry's Witch". Surry County, VA Historical Society. 22 January 2019. Retrieved 2022-10-31.
- ^ Virginia. Council cn; Virginia. General Court cn; McIlwaine, H. R. (Henry Read); Virginia State Library cn (1924). Minutes of the Council and General court of colonial Virginia, 1622-1632, 1670-1676, with notes and excerpts from original Council and General court records, into 1683, now lost. University of Pittsburgh Library System. Richmond, Va. [The Colonial Press, Everett Waddey Co.]
- ^ "Framework for the Future 2030 - Brief History of Newport News". Archived from the original on 2015-04-04. Retrieved 2008-10-22.
- ^ a b "Unearthing the Briton who shaped early America". BBC News. 24 July 2018. Retrieved 26 December 2018.
- ^ "Flowerdew Hundred: the archaeology of a Virginia Plantation' by James Deetz, p. 19
- ^ "On February 9, 1627–28, Lady Yeardley acknowledged a sale of the land under the name "Stanley Hundred" to Thomas Flint..." The Cradle of the Republic, Lyon G. Tyler, p.238
- ^ Martha Stanley, Yeardley's mother-in-law, was daughter and heiress of John Stanley, a prominent Norfolk landowner
- ^ a b Neill, Edward D.; Butler, Nath. (July 1885). "Virginia Carolorum: The Colony during the Days of Charles the First and Second". The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. 9 (2): 134–166. JSTOR 20084699. Retrieved July 23, 2024.
- ^ Neill, Edward D.; Butler, Nath (1885). "Virginia Carolorum: The Colony during the Days of Charles the First and Second". The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. 9 (2): 134–166. JSTOR 20084699.
- ^ R. C. D. Baldwin, ‘Yeardley, Sir George (bap. 1588, d. 1627)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Sept 2004
- ^ "1608 Church – Historic Jamestowne". Retrieved 26 December 2018.
- ^ a b "Archaeologists have found the remains of one of Jamestown's early settlers. Now they have to prove he is who they think he is". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2018-12-26.
Sources
edit- Deetz, James,Flowerdew Hundred: the Archaeology of a Virginia Plantation 1619-186. (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1993).
- Hatch, Charles E., The First Seventeen Years: Virginia, 1607–1624 (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1957).
- Dorman, J.F., ed., Adventures of Purse and Person, Virginia 1607-1624/5 (Alexandria: Order of First Families of Virginia, 1987).
- Hume, Ivor Noël, The Virginia Adventure. New York, Alfred A. Knopf. 1994).
- Kolb, Avery, "The Tempest",
- American Heritage: Four Hundred Years of American Seafaring, April/May 1983.
- "Wreck and Redemption", The Web of Time: Pages from the American Past, Issue Two, Fall 1998.
- "Francis Yeardley's Narrative of Excursions into Carolina, 1654," in Narratives of early Carolina, 1650–1708, ed. A.S. Salley, (New York, C. Scribner's Sons, 1911), 21–29
- . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
- "Yeardley, Sir George". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/30204. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)