Ismail bey Gasprinsky (also written as Gaspirali and Gasprinski; Crimean Tatar: اسماعیل بك غصپرینسکی, İsmail bey Gaspıralı; Russian: Исмаи́л Гаспри́нский Ismail Gasprinskii; 20 March [O.S. 8 March] 1851 – 24 September [O.S. 11 September] 1914) was a Crimean Tatar intellectual, educator, publisher and Pan-Turkist politician who inspired the Jadidist movement in Central Asia. He was one of the first Muslim intellectuals in the Russian Empire, who realized the need for education and cultural reform and modernization of the Turkic and Islamic communities. His last name comes from the town of Gaspra in Crimea.
Ismail Gasprinski | |
|---|---|
| Born | 20 March [O.S. 8 March] 1851 |
| Died | 24 September [O.S. 11 September] 1914 (aged 63) |
| Nationality | Crimean Tatar |
| Occupation(s) | intellectual, educator, publisher and politician |
Biography
editIsmail communicated his ideas mainly through the newspaper Terciman he founded in 1883,[1] which existed till 1918. In his publications he called for unity and solidarity among the Turkic peoples and advocated their modernization through Europeanization. Ismail believed that the only way for modernization was through education. He widely advocated for the introduction of an education reform,[1] and criticized the traditional education system in Muslim schools focusing much on religion and devised a new method of teaching children how to read effectively in their mother tongue and introduced curricular reforms.
He supported the creation of a common literary language[1] and therefore developed a "pan-Turkic" language, a simplified form of Turkish omitting words imported from Arabic and Persian, which was intended to be understood by "the boatman of the Bosphorus and by the camel driver of Kashgar."[2] The Tercümen had subscribers in the Caucasus, amongst Muslims in the Russian Empire, Egypt and Iran.[1]
In his 1881 book Russian Muslims he wrote:[3]
"Our ignorance is the main reason for our backward condition. We have no access at all to what has been discovered and to what is going on in Europe. We must be able to read in order to overcome our isolation; we must learn European ideas from European sources. We must introduce into our primary and secondary schools subjects that will permit our pupils to have such access".
Ismail also initiated a new journal for women, Alem-i Nisvan (Women's World), edited by his daughter Şefiqa, as well as a publication for children, Alem-i Subyan (World of Children). Ismail was one of the founders of Union of Muslims (İttifaq-i Müslimin), created in Saint Petersburg in January 1906 and uniting members of intelligentsia from various Muslim Turkic peoples of the Russian Empire.[4] He was also one of the main organizers of the first All-Russian Muslim congresses, aimed at introducing social and religious reforms among the Muslim peoples of Russia.[4]
He inspired the movement known as Jadidism.[5] In 1912, Gasprinski visited British India.[6]
Legacy
editIsmail Gasprinskyi street exists in Kyiv.
Awards
edit- Order of the Medjidie, 4th Class (Ottoman Empire)
- Order of the Lion and the Sun, 3rd and 4th Class (Persia)
- Order of the Noble Bukhara in Gold, 3rd Class (Bukhara Emirate)
- Medal of the Russian Technical Society of St. Petersburg in Bronze
See also
editSources
edit- Kirimli, H. (1993). The "Young Tatar" Movement in the Crimea, 1905-1909. Cahiers Du Monde Russe Et Soviétique, 34(4), 529-560.[7]
- Kuttner, Thomas (1975). "Russian Jadīdism and the Islamic world: Ismail Gasprinskii in Cairo, 1908. A call to the Arabs for the rejuvenation of the Islamic world". Cahiers du Monde Russe et Soviétique. 16 (3): 383–424. doi:10.3406/cmr.1975.1247.
References
edit- ^ a b c d Shissler, Ada Holland (2003). Between Two Empires: Ahmet Agaoglu and the New Turkey. London: I.B.Tauris. p. 130. ISBN 186064855X.
- ^ Shissler, Ada Holland (2003). Between Two Empires: Ahmet Agaoglu and the New Turkey. London: I.B.Tauris. pp. 43–45. ISBN 186064855X.
- ^ ""Ismail Bey Gasprinski" by Rizaeddin Fahreddin". Iccrimea.org. Archived from the original on 10 April 2017. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
- ^ a b Landau, Jacob M.; Landau, Gersten Professor of Political Science Jacob M.; Landau, Yaʻaqov M. (1995). Pan-Turkism: From Irredentism to Cooperation. Indiana University Press. pp. 11–12. ISBN 9780253328694.
- ^ "Gasprinski, Ismail Bey - Oxford Islamic Studies Online". Oxfordislamicstudies.com. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
- ^ DEVLET, NADİR (2004). "STUDIES IN THE POLITICS, HISTORY AND CULTURE OF TURKIC PEOPLES". India from Turkish/Turkic Perspective in the beginning of 20th Century. Istanbul: Yeditepe University. p. 186. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
- ^ Kirimli, Hakan (17 December 1993). "The "Young Tatar" Movement in the Crimea, 1905-1909". Cahiers du Monde Russe et Soviétique. 34 (4): 529–560. doi:10.3406/cmr.1993.2368. hdl:11693/48504. JSTOR 20170880.
External links
edit- Zaynabidin, Abdirashidov (July 2015). "Gasprinski (Gaspıralı), İsmail". Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
- Essays on life and activity of İsmail Gaspıralı Archived 2017-07-18 at the Wayback Machine Presented by the International Committee for Crimea, Washington, D.C.