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Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery

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"Lord Rosebery" and "The Earl of Rosebery" redirect here. For other holders of the title, see Earl of Rosebery.

Archibald Philip Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery, 1st Earl of Midlothian, (7 May 1847 – 21 May 1929) was a British Liberal Party politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from March 1894 to June 1895. Between the death of his father, in 1851, and the death of his grandfather, the 4th Earl of Rosebery, in 1868, he was known by the courtesy title of Lord Dalmeny.

The Right Honourable
The Earl of Rosebery
KG KT PC FRS FBA
Lord Rosebery in 1909
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
In office
5 March 1894 – 22 June 1895
MonarchVictoria
Preceded byWilliam Ewart Gladstone
Succeeded byThe Marquess of Salisbury
Leader of the Opposition
In office
22 June 1895 – 6 October 1896
Prime MinisterThe Marquess of Salisbury
Preceded byThe Marquess of Salisbury
Succeeded bySir William Harcourt
Lord President of the Council
In office
10 March 1894 – 21 June 1895
Prime MinisterHimself
Preceded byThe Earl of Kimberley
Succeeded byThe Duke of Devonshire
Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs
In office
18 August 1892 – 10 March 1894
Prime MinisterWilliam Ewart Gladstone
Preceded byThe Marquess of Salisbury
Succeeded byThe Earl of Kimberley
In office
6 February 1886 – 3 August 1886
Prime MinisterWilliam Ewart Gladstone
Preceded byThe Marquess of Salisbury
Succeeded byThe Earl of Iddesleigh
Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal
In office
5 March 1885 – 9 June 1885
Prime MinisterWilliam Ewart Gladstone
Preceded byThe Lord Carlingford
Succeeded byThe Earl of Harrowby
First Commissioner of Works
In office
13 February 1885 – 9 June 1885
Prime MinisterWilliam Ewart Gladstone
Preceded byGeorge Shaw-Lefevre
Succeeded byDavid Plunket
Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department
In office
August 1881 – June 1883
Prime MinisterWilliam Ewart Gladstone
Preceded byLeonard Courtney
Succeeded byJ. T. Hibbert
Member of the House of Lords
Lord Temporal
Hereditary peerage
7 May 1868 – 21 May 1929
Preceded byThe 4th Earl of Rosebery
Succeeded byThe 6th Earl of Rosebery
Personal details
Born
Archibald Philip Primrose

(1847-05-07)7 May 1847
Mayfair, Middlesex, England
Died21 May 1929(1929-05-21) (aged 82)
Epsom, Surrey, England
Resting placeDalmeny Parish Church, Edinburgh, Scotland
Political partyLiberal
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1878; died 1890)​
Children
Parents
Alma materChrist Church, Oxford
Signature
Quartered arms of Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery, KG, KT, PC, FRS, FBA

Rosebery first came to national attention in 1879 by sponsoring the successful Midlothian campaign of William Ewart Gladstone. He briefly was in charge of Scottish affairs. His most successful performance in office came as chairman of the London County Council in 1889. He entered the cabinet in 1885 and served twice as foreign minister, paying special attention to French and German affairs. He succeeded Gladstone as prime minister and leader of the Liberal Party in 1894; the Liberals lost the 1895 election. He resigned the party leadership in 1896 and never again held political office.

Rosebery was widely known as a brilliant orator, an outstanding sportsman and marksman, a writer and historian, connoisseur and collector. All of these activities attracted him more than politics, which grew boring and unattractive. Furthermore, he drifted to the right of the Liberal party and became a bitter critic of its policies. Winston Churchill, observing that he never adapted to democratic electoral competition, quipped: "He would not stoop; he did not conquer."[1]

Rosebery was a Liberal Imperialist who favoured strong national defence and imperialism abroad and social reform at home, while being solidly anti-socialist. Historians judge him a failure as foreign minister[2] and as prime minister.[3][4]

Origins and early life

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Archibald Philip Primrose was born on 7 May 1847 in his parents' house in Charles Street, Mayfair, London.[5] His father was Archibald Primrose, Lord Dalmeny (1809–1851), son and heir apparent to Archibald Primrose, 4th Earl of Rosebery (1783–1868), whom he predeceased. Lord Dalmeny was a courtesy title used by the Earl's eldest son and heir apparent, during the Earl's lifetime, and was one of the Earl's lesser Scottish titles. Lord Dalmeny (died 1851) was MP for Stirling from 1832 to 1847 and served as First Lord of the Admiralty under Lord Melbourne.[6]

Rosebery's mother was Lady (Catherine Lucy) Wilhelmina Stanhope (1819–1901), a historian who later wrote under her second married name "the Duchess of Cleveland", a daughter of Philip Stanhope, 4th Earl Stanhope. Lord Dalmeny died on 23 January 1851, having predeceased his father, when the courtesy title passed to his son, the future Rosebery, as the new heir to the earldom.[7] In 1854 his mother remarried to Lord Harry Vane (later after 1864 known as Harry Powlett, 4th Duke of Cleveland).[8] The relationship between mother and son was very poor. His elder and favourite sister Lady Leconfield was the wife of Henry Wyndham, 2nd Baron Leconfield.[9]

Education and youth

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Dalmeny attended preparatory schools in Hertfordshire and Brighton, and then Eton College (1860–65[10]). At Eton, he formed a close attachment to his tutor William Johnson Cory: they visited Rome together in 1864, and maintained correspondence for years afterwards.[11] Dalmeny proceeded to Christ Church, Oxford, matriculating in January 1866.[12] During his time at Oxford he was a member of the Bullingdon Club.[13] He left Oxford in 1868:[14] Dalmeny bought a horse named Ladas, although a rule banned undergraduates from owning horses. When he was found out, he was offered a choice: to sell the horse or to give up his studies. He chose the latter, and subsequently was a prominent figure in British horseracing for 40 years.

The three Prime Ministers from 1880 to 1902, namely Gladstone, Salisbury and Rosebery, all attended both Eton and Christ Church. Rosebery toured the United States in 1873, 1874 and 1876. He was pressed to marry Marie Fox, the sixteen-year-old adopted daughter of Henry Fox, 4th Baron Holland. She declined him because she was unwilling to renounce Roman Catholicism.[15]

Succession to earldom

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When his grandfather died in 1868, Dalmeny became 5th Earl of Rosebery. The earldom did not of itself entitle Archibald Primrose to sit in the House of Lords, nor disqualify him from sitting in the House of Commons. The title is part of the old Peerage of Scotland, from which 16 members (Scottish representative peers) were elected to sit in the Lords for each session of Parliament. However, in 1828, Rosebery's grandfather had been created 1st Baron Rosebery in the Peerage of the United Kingdom, which did entitle Rosebery to sit in the Lords like all peers of the United Kingdom, and barred him from a career in the House of Commons.[citation needed]

Rosebery inherited his title from his grandfather in 1868, aged 21, together with an income of £30,000 a year (equivalent to £3.41 million in present-day terms[16]). He owned 40,000 acres (160 km2) in Scotland, and land in Norfolk, Hertfordshire, and Kent.[17]

Career

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Rosebery is reputed to have said that he had three aims in life: to win the Derby, to marry an heiress, and to become Prime Minister.[18] He managed all three.

Early political career

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At Eton, Rosebery notably attacked Charles I of England for his despotism, and went on to praise his Whig forebears – his ancestor, James Stanhope, 1st Earl Stanhope, was a minister to George I of Great Britain. Benjamin Disraeli often met with Rosebery in the 1870s to try to recruit him for his party, but this proved futile. Disraeli's major rival, William Ewart Gladstone, also pursued Rosebery, with considerable success.

As part of the Liberal plan to get Gladstone to be MP for Midlothian, Rosebery sponsored and largely ran the Midlothian Campaign of 1879. He based this on what he had observed in elections in the United States. Gladstone spoke from open-deck trains, and gathered mass support. In 1880, he was duly elected Member for Midlothian and returned to the premiership.[19][20]

Rosebery served as Foreign Secretary in Gladstone's brief third ministry in 1886. He served as the first chairman of the London County Council, set up by the Conservatives in 1889. Rosebery Avenue in Clerkenwell is named after him.[21][22] He served as President of the first day of the 1890 Co-operative Congress.[23]

In 1892 he was appointed a Knight of the Order of the Garter. Rosebery's second period as Foreign Secretary, 1892–1894, predominantly involved quarrels with France over Uganda. To quote his hero Napoleon, Rosebery thought that "the Master of Egypt is the Master of India"; thus he pursued the policy of expansion in Africa. He helped Gladstone's Second Home Rule Bill in the House of Lords; nevertheless it was defeated overwhelmingly in the autumn of 1893.[24] The first bill had been defeated in the House of Commons in 1886.[25]

Prime Minister

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Further information: Rosebery ministry

Rosebery became a leader of the Liberal Imperialist faction of the Liberal Party and when Gladstone retired, in 1894, Rosebery succeeded him as Prime Minister, much to the disgust of Sir William Harcourt, the Chancellor of the Exchequer and leader of the more left-wing Liberals. Rosebery's selection was largely because Queen Victoria disliked most of the other leading Liberals. Rosebery was in the House of Lords, but Harcourt controlled the House of Commons, where he often undercut the prime minister.[26]

Rosebery's government was largely unsuccessful, as in the Armenian crisis of 1895–96. He spoke out for a strongly pro-Armenian and anti-Turkish policy.[27] Gladstone, a prime minister in retirement, called on Britain to intervene alone. The added pressure weakened Rosebery.[28]

His designs in foreign policy, such as an expansion of the fleet, were defeated by disagreements within the Liberal Party. He angered all the European powers.[29]

The Unionist-dominated House of Lords stopped the whole of the Liberals' domestic legislation. The strongest figure in the cabinet was Rosebery's rival, Harcourt. He and his son Lewis were perennial critics of Rosebery's policies. There were two future prime ministers in the Cabinet, Home Secretary H. H. Asquith, and Secretary of State for War Henry Campbell-Bannerman. Rosebery rapidly lost interest in running the government. In the last year of his premiership, he was increasingly haggard: he suffered insomnia due to the continual dissension in his Cabinet.[30]

On 21 June 1895, the government lost a vote in committee on army supply by just seven votes. While this might have been treated merely as a vote of no confidence in Secretary for War Campbell-Bannerman, Rosebery chose to treat it as a vote of censure on his government. On 22 June, he and his ministers tendered their resignations to the Queen, who invited the Unionist leader, Lord Salisbury, to form a government. The following month, the Unionists won a crushing victory in the 1895 general election, and held power for ten years (1895–1905) under Salisbury and Arthur Balfour. Rosebery remained the Liberal leader for another year, then permanently retired from politics.

Lord Rosebery's government, March 1894 – June 1895

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Changes

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  • May 1894: James Bryce succeeds A. J. Mundella at the Board of Trade. Lord Tweedmouth succeeds Bryce at the Duchy of Lancaster, remaining also Lord Privy Seal.[citation needed]

Later life

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Rosebery caricatured by Spy for Vanity Fair, 1901

Liberal Imperialists

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Rosebery resigned as leader of the Liberal Party on 6 October 1896, to be succeeded by William Harcourt and gradually moved further and further from the mainstream of the party. With the Liberals in opposition divided over the Boer War which started in 1899, Rosebery, although officially politically inactive, emerged as the head of the "Liberal Imperialists" faction of the party, opposed to Irish Home rule. He supported the war, and brought along many nonconformists likewise.[31][32] However the war was opposed by a younger faction of Liberals, including David Lloyd George and the party leader Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman.[33]

Rosebery's acolytes, including H. H. Asquith and Edward Grey, regularly implored him to return as party leader and even Campbell-Bannerman said he would serve under Rosebery, if he accepted fundamental Liberal party doctrine.[34] In a much trailed speech to the Chesterfield Liberal Association in December 1901, Rosebery was widely expected to announce his return but instead delivered what Harcourt's son and private secretary Lewis described as "an insult to the whole past of the Liberal party", by telling the party to "clean its slate".[35][36] In 1902 Rosebery was installed as president of the newly formed "Liberal League" which superseded the Liberal Imperialist League and counted amongst its vice presidents Asquith and Grey.[37]

He was Honorary Colonel of the 1st Midlothian Artillery Volunteers from January 1903 until his death in 1929.[38]

1905 onwards

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Rosebery's positions made it impossible to join the Liberal government that returned to power in 1905. Rosebery turned to writing, including biographies of Lord Chatham, Pitt the Younger, Napoleon, and Lord Randolph Churchill. Another one of his passionate interests was the collecting of rare books.

The last years of his political life saw Rosebery become a purely negative critic of the Liberal governments of Campbell-Bannerman and Asquith. His crusade "for freedom as against bureaucracy, for freedom as against democratic tyranny, for freedom as against class legislation, and ... for freedom as against Socialism"[39] was a lonely one, conducted from the crossbenches in the Lords. He joined the die-hard unionist peers in attacking Lloyd George's redistributive People's Budget in 1909 but stopped short of voting against the measure for fear of bringing retribution upon the Lords. The crisis provoked by the Lords' rejection of the budget encouraged him to reintroduce his resolutions for Lords reform, but they were lost with the dissolution of parliament in December 1910.

After assaulting the "ill-judged, revolutionary and partisan" terms of the 1911 Parliament Bill,[40] which proposed to curb the Lords' veto, he voted with the government in what proved to be his last appearance in the House of Lords. This was effectively the end of his public life, though he made several public appearances to support the war effort after 1914 and sponsored a "bantam battalion" in 1915. Though Lloyd George offered him "a high post not involving departmental labour" to augment his 1916 coalition, Rosebery declined to serve.[41]

Personal life

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Marriage

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Hannah de Rothschild, portrait by Frederic Leighton, 1st Baron Leighton

On 20 March 1878, 31-year-old Rosebery married 27-year-old Hannah de Rothschild (1851–1890), only child and sole heiress of the Jewish banker Mayer Amschel de Rothschild, and the wealthiest British heiress of her day. Her father had died four years previously in 1874, and bequeathed to her the bulk of his estate. The wedding was held (registered) at the office of the Board of Guardians in Mount Street, London. Later the same day, the marriage was blessed at a Christian ceremony in Christ Church, Down Street, Piccadilly. The Prince of Wales and the Queen's cousin, the army commander Prince George, Duke of Cambridge, were among the guests who attended the ceremony.[42]

The marriage was a happy one. In January 1878, Rosebery had told a friend that he found Hannah "very simple, very unspoilt, very clever, very warm-hearted and very shy ... I never knew such a beautiful character." Hannah's death in 1890 from typhoid, compounded by Bright's disease, left him distraught.

More than a decade after his wife's death, in July 1901, it was speculated that Rosebery intended to marry the widowed Princess Helena, Duchess of Albany, widow of Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany, youngest son of Queen Victoria.[43] Princess Helena was also the sister of Queen Emma of the Netherlands. However, Rosebery never remarried.

Progeny

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By his wife Hannah de Rothschild, Rosebery had two sons and two daughters, with whom, according to Margot Asquith, he loved to play:

Sexuality

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Throughout his life, it was rumoured that Rosebery was homosexual or bisexual. He was a notorious misogynist, and liked to surround himself with younger men.[46]

As a student at Eton, beyond his close relationship with his tutor, William Johnson Cory, he likely had feelings for at least one fellow student, Frederick Vyner. He was devastated by Vyner's murder at the hands of Greek brigands in 1870, keeping the anniversary sacred for the rest of his life.[47]

Like Oscar Wilde, he was hounded by John Douglas, 9th Marquess of Queensberry for his association with Francis Douglas, Viscount Drumlanrig, Queensberry's first born son[48] – who had become his private secretary in 1892 when Rosebery became Foreign Secretary. A few months later he arranged for Drumlanrig, who was 26 at the time, to be made a junior member of the government with a seat in the House of Lords.[49]

During the preliminary hearing of the case against Wilde, a letter from Queensberry was produced referring to him as 'a damned cur and coward of the Rosebery type'.[50]

On 18 October 1894, sixteen months after his ennoblement, Drumlanrig died from injuries received during a shooting party. The inquest returned a verdict of "accidental death", but his death was rumoured potentially to be suicide or murder.[51] It was speculated at the time[52] that Drumlanrig may have had a romantic, if not sexual, relationship with Rosebery.

The suggestion was that Queensberry had threatened to expose the Prime Minister if his government did not vigorously prosecute Wilde for the latter's relationship with Drumlanrig's younger brother, Lord Alfred Douglas. Queensberry believed, as he put it in a letter, that "Snob Queers like Rosebery" had corrupted his sons, and he held Rosebery indirectly responsible for Drumlanrig's death.[53] He claimed to have evidence of Rosebery's transgressions but that was never confirmed.[54]

Using a minor defeat in Parliament that did not warrant such action, Rosebery resigned from the Premiership on 22 June 1895. This was a few months after the death of Drumlanrig and not quite a month after Wilde was convicted on 25 May, his life and reputation destroyed by a man who was also pursuing Rosebery for the same reason he was after Wilde. In August 1893, Queensberry had followed Rosebery to the spa town of Bad Homburg with the declared intention of giving him a horse-whipping, and had to be dissuaded by the Prince of Wales who was also staying there.[49]

In his recollections, Rosebery wrote: "I cannot forget 1895. To lie awake night after night, wide awake, hopeless of sleep, tormented of nerves, and to realise all that was going on, at which I was present, so to speak, like a disembodied spirit, to watch one's own corpse, as it were day after day, is an experience which no sane man would repeat."[50]

Sir Edmund Backhouse wrote in his unpublished memoirs that he had been one of Rosebery's lovers – although it has been suggested that many of Backhouse's claims were dubiously made.[55]

Robert Rhodes James, who wrote a biography of Rosebery in 1963 (when homosexuality was still illegal in Britain), makes no mention of homosexual relationships at all, while for Leo McKinstry, who was writing in 2005, the evidence that Rosebery was homosexual is circumstantial. Michael Bloch, in 2015, has, however, no doubt that Rosebery was at least romantically interested in men, making him one of the four figures presented in the first chapter of his book on homosexual and bisexual British politicians of the 20th century. In his view, any remaining evidence (of which he gives a long list) can only be circumstantial in any case, considering Rosebery's paranoid taste for secrecy.[56]

Death and burial

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Durdans, Woodcote End, Epsom, Surrey, England was the place of Rosebery's demise in 1929, shown in 2011. Its gardens are smaller than when engraved by John Hassell in 1816.

The last year of the war was clouded by two personal tragedies: his son Neil's death in Palestine in November 1917 and Rosebery's own stroke a few days before the armistice. He regained his mental powers, but his movement, hearing, and sight remained impaired for the rest of his life. His sister Constance described his last years as a "life of weariness, of total inactivity, and at the last of almost blindness". John Buchan remembered him in his last month of life, "crushed by bodily weakness" and "sunk in sad and silent meditations".[57]

Rosebery died at his Epsom, Surrey home of The Durdans on 21 May 1929, to the accompaniment, as he had requested, of a gramophone recording of the "Eton Boating Song". Survived by three of his four children, he was buried in the small church at Dalmeny. By the time of his death, he was the last Victorian-era British Prime Minister alive.

Sporting interests

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Horse racing

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As a result of his marriage to Hannah de Rothschild, Rosebery acquired the Mentmore Towers estate and Mentmore stud near Leighton Buzzard which had been built by Mayer Amschel de Rothschild. Rosebery built another stable and stud near Mentmore Towers at Crafton, Buckinghamshire, called Crafton Stud.

Rosebery won several of the five English Classic Races. His most famous horses were Ladas who won the 1894 Derby, Sir Visto who won it in 1895 (Rosebery was Prime Minister on both occasions), and Cicero in 1905.

Football

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Rosebery became the first president of the London Scottish Rugby Football Club in 1878, also developed a keen interest in association football and was an early patron of the sport in Scotland. In 1882 he donated a trophy, the Rosebery Charity Cup, to be competed for by clubs under the jurisdiction of the East of Scotland Football Association. The competition lasted over sixty years and raised thousands of pounds for charities in the Edinburgh area.

Rosebery also became Honorary President of the national Scottish Football Association, with the representative Scotland national team and Honorary President of Heart of Midlothian. The national team occasionally forsook their traditional dark blue shirts for his traditional racing colours of primrose and pink. This occurred nine times during Rosebery's lifetime, most notably for the 1900 British Home Championship match against England, which the Scots won 4–1. These colours were used for the away kit of the Scotland national team in 2014[58][59] and were Heart of Midlothian's away colours for season 2016/17.

Literary interests

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He was a keen collector of fine books and amassed an excellent library. It was sold on 29 October 2009 at Sotheby's, New Bond Street. Rosebery unveiled the statue of Robert Burns in Dumfries on 6 April 1882.[60]

Landholdings

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Dalmeny House was the ancestral seat of the Earls of Rosebery and the setting for Lord and Lady Rosebery's political houseparties.
 
Mentmore Towers
 
Villa Delahente now Villa Rosebery

Rosebery was the owner of twelve houses. By marriage, he acquired:

With his fortune, he bought:

As Earl of Rosebery, he was laird of:

He rented:

Legacy and evaluations

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Rosebery's position in British politics was puzzling to contemporaries and historians due to the enigmatic nature of his private and public lives. He had an air of privileged detachment, which persisted throughout his brief stint in the political limelight and his significant years in the background. Although he was an orator and statesman in the mold of his original leader, Gladstone, his fifteen-month term as Liberal Prime Minister in 1894-5 was an unhappy spectacle. Lord Rosebery's failure to live up to his potential disappointed Liberals of all kinds. Journalists and biographers have criticized his lack of character and sense of failure, possibly influenced by his Scottish Calvinist upbringing. Despite his love for luxury and pleasure, his motives for leaving and returning to politics may not have been solely self-indulgent. He was known for his passion for racehorses, even ending his studies at Oxford to pursue them.[62]

Place-name tributes

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The Oatlands area in the South Side of Glasgow was laid out in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, contemporary with Rosebery's most prominent period. The area is much changed since it was originally laid out, but several of the original street names had an association with him or areas around his estate to the northwest of Edinburgh: Rosebery Street, Dalmeny Street, Queensferry Street, Granton Street and Cramond Street.[63]

In London, Rosebery Avenue, running between Holborn and Clerkenwell, was named after him, in recognition of his service as the London County Council's first chairman.[64]

Rosebery, New South Wales, a suburb of Sydney, is named after him. A major street, Dalmeny Avenue, runs through the area. Rosebery, Tasmania is also named after him, via the name of a mining company. Dalmeny, New South Wales, a suburb on the New South Wales South Coast, is named after him. Roseberry Avenue in the suburb of South Perth, Western Australia, is also named after him. The former township of Rosebery in South Australia (now part of Collinswood) was named for him, as was modern-day Rosebery Lane in Collinswood.[65] Rosebery in the north west of Victoria, some 15 km south of Hopetoun is also named after him.

Rosebery House, Epsom College, in Epsom, is named after him. Rosebery School sits on an area of land given to the borough by Lord Rosebery.

In October 1895 Lord Rosebery opened the new Liberal Club on Westborough, in Scarborough, only months after resigning as Prime Minister. The building now houses a Wetherspoons, which is named in his honour.

Ancestry

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See also

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References

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Citations

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  1. ^ Lawrence, Jon (2009). Electing Our Masters : The Hustings in British Politics from Hogarth to Blair. Oxford UP. p. 1. ISBN 9780191567766.
  2. ^ Martel, Gordon (1986). Imperial Diplomacy: Rosebery and the Failure of Foreign Policy. McGill-Queen's UP. ISBN 9780773504424.
  3. ^ Peter Stansky, Ambitions and Strategies: The Struggle for the Leadership of the Liberal Party in the 1890s (1964).
  4. ^ Robert Rhodes James, Rosebery: a biography of Archibald Philip, fifth earl of Rosebery (1963).
  5. ^ James, Robert Rhodes (1963). Rosebery (paperback 1995 ed.). London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 9. ISBN 978-1857992199.
  6. ^ Rhodes James (paperback), p. 4.
  7. ^ Rhodes James (paperback), pp. 10–11.
  8. ^ Rhodes James (paperback), pp. 11–12.
  9. ^ Footprints in Time. John Colville. 1976. Chapter 2, Lord Roseberys lamb.
  10. ^ "Primrose, Rt. Hon. Archibald Philip (5th Earl of Rosebery)". The Eton Register. Vol. Part III: 1862–1868.
  11. ^ Jeyes, Samuel Henry (1906). The Earl of Rosebery. p. 5. Retrieved 30 June 2019.
  12. ^ Foster, Joseph (1888–1892). "Primrose, Archibald Philip, Baron Dalmeny" . Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715–1886. Oxford: Parker and Co – via Wikisource.
  13. ^ Freeman, Nicholas (2011). 1895: Drama, Disaster and Disgrace in Late Victorian Britain. Edinburgh University Press. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-7486-4056-0. Retrieved 17 April 2024.
  14. ^ Chisholm, Hugh (1911). "Rosebery, Archibald Philip Primrose, 5th Earl of" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 23 (11th ed.).
  15. ^ Rhodes James, Robert (1964). Rosebery: a biography of Archibald Philip, fifth earl of Rosebery. Macmillan Publishers.
  16. ^ UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 7 May 2024.
  17. ^ Young p. 18.
  18. ^ "Cap and Jacket". Observer. Vol. XV, no. 801. 5 May 1894. Archived from the original on 27 April 2016. Retrieved 1 April 2016 – via Papers Past.
  19. ^ David Brooks, "Gladstone and Midlothian: The Background to the First Campaign", Scottish Historical Review (1985) 64#1 pp. 42–67.
  20. ^ Robert Kelley, "Midlothian: A Study in Politics and Ideas", Victorian Studies (1960) 4#2, pp. 119–40.
  21. ^ Dick, David (1998). Who Was Who in Durban Street Names. Clerkington Pub. Co. pp. 150–151. ISBN 978-0620200349. ROSEBERY Avenue, off High Ridge Road, is named after Archibald Philip Primrose, 5"1 Earl of Rosebery who (...)
  22. ^ Turcotte, Bobbi (26 August 1982). "Former English PM's name, title still in use". Ottawa Citizen: 2. Retrieved 30 May 2016. But Primrose Avenue is named after Archibald Philip Primrose, fifth Earl of Roserbery (1847–1929), who was primse minister of England in 1894–95.
  23. ^ "Congress Presidents 1869–2002" (PDF). February 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 May 2008. Retrieved 10 May 2008.
  24. ^ McKinstry, Leo (2006). Rosebery – Statesman in turmoil (paperback ed.). Great Britain: John Murray. pp. 265–6. ISBN 978-0719565861.
  25. ^ McKinstry (paperback), p. 159.
  26. ^ David W. Gutzke, "Rosebery and Campbell-Bannerman: the Conflict over Leadership Reconsidered." Historical Research 54.130 (1981): 241–250.
  27. ^ Haniamp, M. Sukru (1995). The Young Turks in Opposition. Oxford UP. pp. 61–62. ISBN 9780195358025.
  28. ^ R. C. K. Ensor. England: 1870 – 1914 (1936), pp. 238–39.
  29. ^ Gordon Martel (1986). Imperial Diplomacy: Rosebery and the Failure of Foreign Policy. McGill-Queen's UP. ISBN 9780773504424.
  30. ^ Gutzke, "Rosebery and Campbell-Bannerman: the Conflict over Leadership Reconsidered." .
  31. ^ Élie Halévy, Imperialism and the Rise of Labour, 1895–1905 (1951) pp. 99–110.
  32. ^ John S. Galbraith, "The pamphlet campaign on the Boer war." Journal of Modern History (1952): 111–126.
  33. ^ Wilson, John (1973). CB – A life of Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman (1st ed.). London: Constable and Company Limited. pp. 301–2. ISBN 978-0094589506.
  34. ^ Wilson, p. 381.
  35. ^ Rhodes James (paperback), p. 433.
  36. ^ Jenkins, Roy (1964). Asquith (1994 paperback ed.). London: Pan Macmillan Publishers Limited. p. 130. ISBN 978-0333618196.
  37. ^ Wilson, p. 387.
  38. ^ "No. 27513". The London Gazette. 6 January 1903. p. 113.
  39. ^ The Times, 16 February 1910.
  40. ^ R. R. James, Rosebery: a biography of Archibald Philip, fifth earl of Rosebery (1963), p. 469.
  41. ^ R. O. A. Crewe-Milnes, Lord Rosebery, (1931), vol. 2. p. 51.
  42. ^ "Marriage of the Earl of Rosebery and Miss Hannah de Rothschild". Morning Post. 21 March 1878. Retrieved 1 September 2024 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  43. ^ Lord Rosebery to marry a Princess?, New York Times, 11 July 1901.
  44. ^ Englefield, Dermot; Seaton, Janet; White, Isobel: Facts about the British prime ministers. A compilation of biographical and historical information. London: Mansell, 1995.
  45. ^ Law, Cheryl (2000). Women, A Modern Political Dictionary. I B Tauris. pp. 49. ISBN 1-86064-502-X.
  46. ^ Bloch, Michael (2015). Closet Queens. Little, Brown. ISBN 978-1408704127.
  47. ^ Bloch, Michael (2015). Closet Queens. Little, Brown. p. 21. ISBN 978-1408704127.
  48. ^ Murray, Douglas Bosie: A Biography of Lord Alfred Douglas ISBN 0-340-76770-7
  49. ^ a b Bloch, Michael (2015). Closet Queens. Little, Brown. p. 26. ISBN 978-1408704127.
  50. ^ a b Bloch, Michael (2015). Closet Queens. Little, Brown. p. 29. ISBN 978-1408704127.
  51. ^ The Complete Peerage, Volume XIII – Peerage Creations 1901–1938. St Catherine's Press. 1949. p. 187.
  52. ^ McKenna, Neil: "The Secret Life of Oscar Wilde" (2003).
  53. ^ ^ Lord Queensberry to Alfred Montgomery, 1 November 1894. Quoted in Murray, Douglas (2000). Bosie: A Biography of Lord Alfred Douglas. Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 978-0-340-76770-2.
  54. ^ Bloch, Michael (2015). Closet Queens. Little, Brown. p. 61. ISBN 978-1408704127.
  55. ^ Robert Bickers, 'Backhouse, Sir Edmund Trelawny, second baronet (1873–1944)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004
  56. ^ Bloch, Michael (2015). Closet Queens. Little, Brown. pp. 27–28. ISBN 978-1408704127.
  57. ^ Rhodes James, p. 485.
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Bibliography

edit
  • Bloch, Michael. Closet Queens: Some 20th Century British Politicians (Little, Brown, 2015) ISBN 1408704129 Chapter 1: Archie, Regie, Loulou and Bill
  • Hamer, D. A. Liberal politics in the age of Gladstone and Rosebery: a study in leadership and policy (Clarendon Press, 1972).
  • Jacobson, Peter D. "Rosebery and Liberal Imperialism, 1899 – 1903". Journal of British Studies 13.1 1973, pp. 83–107. JSTOR 175371.
  • Leonard, Dick. Nineteenth-Century British Premiers: Pitt to Rosebery (Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, 2008)
  • McKinstry, Leo. Rosebery: Statesman in Turmoil (2005) ISBN 0-7195-5879-4. online
  • Martel, Gordon. Imperial Diplomacy: Rosebery and the failure of foreign policy (McGill-Queen's University Press, 1986) online
  • Raymond, E. T. The Life of Lord Rosebery (1923) online
  • Raymond, John. "The First Phase" History Today (Feb 1959) 9#2 pp 75–82; covers 1847 to 1880.
    • Raymond, John. "Office and Eclipse" History Today (Mar 1959) 9#3 pp 176–184. on Rosebery 1880 to 1895.
  • Rhodes James, R. Rosebery (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1963), a major scholarly biography. online
edit
 
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Political offices
Preceded by Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department
1881–1883 		Succeeded by
Preceded by First Commissioner of Works
1885 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Lord Privy Seal
1885 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Foreign Secretary
1886 		Succeeded by
New office Chairman of the London County Council
1889–1890 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Chairman of the London County Council
1892 		Succeeded by
John Hutton
Preceded by Foreign Secretary
1892–1894 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
5 March 1894 – 22 June 1895 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Leader of the House of Lords
1894–1895
Lord President of the Council
1894–1895 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Leader of the Opposition
1895–1896 		Succeeded by
Party political offices
Preceded by Leader of the British Liberal Party
1894–1896 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Leader of the Liberals in the House of Lords
1894–1896 		Succeeded by
Honorary titles
Preceded by Lord Lieutenant of Linlithgowshire
(West Lothian after 1921)
1873–1929 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Lord Lieutenant of Midlothian
1884–1929 		Succeeded by
Academic offices
Preceded by Rector of the University of Aberdeen
1878–1881 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Rector of the University of Edinburgh
1880–1883 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Rector of the University of Glasgow
1899–1902 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Chancellor of the University of London
1902–1929 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Chancellor of the University of Glasgow
1908–1929 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Rector of the University of St Andrews
1910–1913 		Succeeded by
Peerage of Scotland
Preceded by Earl of Rosebery
1868–1929 		Succeeded by
Peerage of the United Kingdom
New creation Earl of Midlothian
1911–1929 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Baron Rosebery
1868–1929
Member of the House of Lords
(1868–1929)
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