Mae Sot (Thai: แม่สอด, pronounced [mɛ̂ː sɔ̀ːt]; Burmese: မဲဆောက်, [mɛ́ sʰaʊʔ]; Shan: မႄႈသၢႆ, [ɛ sʰaaj]; S'gaw Karen: မဲၢ်စီး) is a district in western Thailand that shares a border with Myanmar to the west, and has been described "an almost entirely Burmese town".[1] It is notable as a trade hub and for its substantial population of Burmese migrants and refugees.[2] The town is part of Tak province and is the main gateway between Thailand and Myanmar, and is located on the East-West Economic Corridor.[3] As a result, it has gained notoriety for its trade in gems and teak, as well as black market services such as human trafficking and drugs. Neighbouring districts are (from north clockwise): Mae Ramat, Mueang Tak, and Phop Phra. The Moei River serves as a natural border between Mae Sot and the Burmese town of Myawaddy.
Mae Sot
แม่สอด မဲဆောက် | |
|---|---|
District location in Tak province | |
| Coordinates: 16°42′47″N 98°34′29″E / 16.71306°N 98.57472°E | |
| Country | Thailand |
| Province | Tak |
| Area | |
• Total | 1,986.1 km2 (766.8 sq mi) |
| Population (2008) | |
• Total | 120,569 |
| • Density | 60.71/km2 (157.2/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+7 (ICT) |
| Postal code | 63110 |
| Geocode | 6306 |
Mae Sot lies 492 km north-northwest of Bangkok.
Gateway to Myanmar
editMae Sot is where the Asian Highway AH1 links Thailand and Myanmar. It is one of only three transnational roads and cross-border points across the Tenasserim Hills to Myanmar, along with Three Pagodas Pass and Phu Nam Ron. The Thai-Myanmar Friendship Bridge crossing the Moei River was constructed in 1997 completing the link between the two countries.[4]
As a gateway city, Mae Sot has its own domestic airport. Some airlines such as Phuket Air have cancelled their flights between Bangkok and Mae Sot.
Link to India
editIndia's foreign minister met with Myanmar's construction minister in Delhi on 22 February 2012, and spoke about opening a highway between Moreh, India, and the Myanmar-Thai border near Mae Sot.[5]
Economy
editTrade with Myanmar constitutes the largest portion of Mae Sot's economy. It has an established market for commodities such as wholesale gems and teak, as well as merchants selling bootlegged products.[6] Most of the town's industries are supported by Burmese migrants who work in sweatshops and factories throughout the region. The Thai-Myanmar Friendship Bridge is the primary gateway for trade with Myanmar. The border region, several kilometres west from central Mae Sot, includes the Rim Moei Market that deals in imported goods and woodwork. The town is a hub of black markets in smuggling, human trafficking, and narcotics.[citation needed]
Zinc mining contributed to the district's economy until halted due to environmental impacts in three tambons: Phra That Pha Daeng, Mae Tao, and Mae Ku.[7]
Tak Special Economic Zone
editIn early-2015 the government announced the creation of the Tak Special Economic Zone (SEZ). The SEZ, first proposed in 2004, is projected to occupy a total of 2,182 rai of forest land and public areas in tambon Tha Sai Luat. About 800 rai will be managed by the Industrial Estate Authority of Thailand and the rest by the treasury department. The government will create an industrial estate and invite companies to site factories there. Ninety-seven families who occupy land which the government intends to allocate to the SEZ—only a few of whom have land documents—will have to relocate. They are likely to be paid about 7,000-12,000 baht per rai in compensation.
There have been several attempts by previous governments to develop an SEZ in Tak as the province is a centre of border trade with Myanmar, which also connects to the Indian market. Mae Sot contributed 64 billion baht in exports in the 2015 fiscal year, a 14.8 percent increase from 2014. The SEZ will be powered by the proposed Hat Gyi Dam on the Salween River which is projected to supply about 1,500 megawatts to Thailand.[8]
Burmese refugees
editThe town has a substantial population of Burmese refugees and economic migrants. The exact number of Burmese in Mae Sot is unclear, but estimates say that over 100,000 exist in addition to the 106,000 already recorded in the official census.[citation needed] In recent years the ongoing refugee situation has prompted NGOs and international aid agencies to establish programmes in the town and surrounding area.
One of the most notable organizations is the Mae Tao Clinic, just outside the west of town. It was established by the Burmese/Karen Dr Cynthia Maung to offer free medical services to Burmese who do not qualify for treatment at the Mae Sot Hospital. The centre is funded independently and is supported by teams of volunteers.[9]
The Mae Sot region has around 70 migrant schools that started spontaneously to meet the needs of the 30,000 children who have crossed the border with their parents from Myanmar. The students are a mix of refugees and economic migrants. Of this number only 7,000 currently attend school. The schools range in size from 20 to over 650 students (Hsa Thoo Lei School). These schools receive no support from the Thai government and rely solely on their resourcefulness and international support.
Human rights abuses
editSerious human rights abuses have been reported here and in the province, whereby local Thai police collude with local business and mafia in trafficking Burmese slave labour, after decades of massive refugee camps accumulating on the Thai side of the border.[10]
Administration
editThe district (amphoe) Mae Sot is divided into 10 sub-districts (tambons), which are further subdivided into 86 villages (mubans). The city (thesaban nakhon) Mae Sot covers the whole tambon Mae Sot. Tha Sai Luat and Mae Ku are sub-district municipalities (thesaban tambon). There are a further nine tambon administrative organizations (TAO).
| No. | Name | Thai name | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Mae Sot | แม่สอด | 6. | Tha Sai Luat | ท่าสายลวด | |||
| 2. | Mae Ku | แม่กุ | 7. | Mae Pa | แม่ปะ | |||
| 3. | Phawo | พะวอ | 8. | Mahawan | มหาวัน | |||
| 4. | Mae Tao | แม่ตาว | 9. | Dan Mae La Mao | ด่านแม่ละเมา | |||
| 5. | Mae Kasa | แม่กาษา | 10. | Phra That Pha Daeng | พระธาตุผาแดง |
There are plans to create a new province centered in Mae Sot, covering the five border districts of Tak Province.[11][12] Additionally the town is planned to be converted into a metropolis, covering tambons Mae Sot, Mae Pa, and Tha Sai Luat.[13]
References
edit- ^ Head, Jonathan (2024-04-17). "Myanmar refugees take shelter in Thailand's Mae Sot". BBC. Retrieved 2024-05-21.
- ^ Head, Jonathan (2024-04-17). "Myanmar refugees take shelter in Thailand's Mae Sot". BBC. Retrieved 2024-05-21.
- ^ "Myanmar clashes stall completion of Southeast Asia economic corridor". Nikkei Asia. 18 May 2023. Retrieved 21 May 2024.
- ^ "Development of the Asian Highway". Japan-ESCAP Cooperation Fund. Archived from the original on June 10, 2008. Retrieved 2008-08-26.
- ^ "In India's Northeast, Peace and Foreign Ties Quietly Spread". The New York Times. 2012-03-13.
- ^ "No-man's land bootleggers 'open as usual' despite Myanmar clashes". France 24. 2024-04-12. Retrieved 2024-05-21.
- ^ Wipatayotin, Apinya (14 November 2018). "Cadmium-sickened villagers awarded B16m compensation". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 14 November 2018.
- ^ Wangkiat, Paritta (2015-10-26). "Border trade plans leave locals in flux". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
- ^ "Mae Tao Clinic". Mae Tao Clinic. 2007. Retrieved 2008-09-07.
- ^ "Porous border between poverty and hope fuels rich trade in migrant misery". The Guardian. 31 July 2007. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
- ^ "MaeSot in Thailand". MaeSot in Thailand. Archived from the original on June 7, 2011. Retrieved 2011-07-27.
- ^ อปท.5 อ.ชายแดนตาก ดันตั้ง "จว.77-มหานคร" เสนอ "3 พล.อ.-สนช." หลังดันมา 5 ปีแต่ไม่คืบ. Manager Online (in Thai). Retrieved 2009-04-26.
- ^ "Mae Sot Metropolis Plan". The Irrawaddy. Archived from the original on August 12, 2010. Retrieved 2009-04-26.
External links
editMae Sot travel guide from Wikivoyage
- Hoping for freedom in Mae Sot: an audio documentary.
- Tak Chamber (Thai)