Wikipedia

Nelson, New Zealand

(Redirected from Nelson Region)

Nelson (Māori: Whakatū) is a consolidated city and unitary authority on the eastern shores of Tasman Bay at the top of the South Island of New Zealand. It is the oldest city in the South Island and the second-oldest settled city in the country; it was established in 1841 and became a city by British royal charter in 1858.[3] It is the only consolidated city-region in the nation.

Nelson
Whakatū (Māori)
City and unitary region
View of Nelson from the "Centre of New Zealand" in November 2006
View of Nelson from the "Centre of New Zealand" in November 2006
Flag of Nelson
Flag
Coat of arms of Nelson
Coat of arms
Nickname(s): 
Top of the South, Sunny Nelson
Motto(s): 
Latin: Palmam qui meruit ferat
(Let him, who has earned it, bear the palm)
Northland RegionAuckland RegionWaikato RegionTaranakiBay of Plenty RegionGisborne DistrictHawke's BayManawatū-WhanganuiWellington RegionNelson, New ZealandTasman DistrictMarlborough DistrictCanterbury RegionOtagoSouthland RegionSouthland RegionWest Coast Region
Nelson region within New Zealand
Coordinates: 41°16′15″S 173°17′2″E / 41.27083°S 173.28389°E / -41.27083; 173.28389
CountryNew Zealand
IslandSouth Island
Unitary authorityNelson City
Settled by Europeans1841
Founded byArthur Wakefield
Named forHoratio Nelson
ElectoratesNelson
Te Tai Tonga
Suburbs
List
Government
 • BodyNelson City Council
 • MayorNick Smith
 • Deputy mayorRohan O'Neill-Stevens
 • MPsRachel Boyack (Labour)
Tākuta Ferris (Te Pāti Māori)
Area
 • Territorial
422.19 km2 (163.01 sq mi)
 • Urban
54.69 km2 (21.12 sq mi)
Population
 (June 2024)[1]
 • Territorial
55,200
 • Density130/km2 (340/sq mi)
 • Urban
51,300
 • Urban density940/km2 (2,400/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+12 (NZST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+13 (NZDT)
Postcode
7010, 7011, 7020
Area code03
HDI (2021)0.927[2]
very high · 7th
Southern suburbs of Nelson (right) and the nearby town of Richmond (left) seen from the air

Nelson City is bordered to the west and south-west by the Tasman District and to the north-east, east and south-east by the Marlborough District. The Nelson urban area has a population of 51,300,[1] making it New Zealand's 15th most populous urban area.

Nelson is well known for its thriving local arts and crafts scene; each year, the city hosts events popular with locals and tourists alike, such as the Nelson Arts Festival.[4]

Etymology

edit

Nelson was named in honour of Admiral Horatio Nelson, who defeated both the French and Spanish fleets at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805. Many roads and public areas around the city are named after people and ships associated with that battle. Inhabitants of the city are referred to as Nelsonians; Trafalgar Street is its main shopping axis.

Nelson's Māori name, Whakatū,[5] means 'construct', 'raise', or 'establish'.[6]

In an article to The Colonist newspaper on 16 July 1867, Francis Stevens described Nelson as "The Naples of the Southern Hemisphere".[7] Today, Nelson has the nicknames of "Sunny Nelson" due to its high sunshine hours per year or the "Top of the South" because of its geographic location.

In New Zealand Sign Language, the name is signed by putting the index and middle fingers together which are raised to the nose until the fingertips touch the nose, then move the hand forward so that the fingers point slightly forward away from oneself.[8]

History

edit
See also: History of the Nelson Region, New Zealand
 
Diocese of Nelson Christ Church Cathedral on Church Hill, central Nelson

Early settlement

edit

Settlement of Nelson began about 700 years ago by Māori.[9] There is evidence that the earliest settlements in New Zealand were around the Nelson-Marlborough regions. Some of the earliest recorded iwi in the Nelson district are Ngāti Hāwea, Ngāti Wairangi, Waitaha and Kāti Māmoe.[10] Waitaha people developed the land around the Waimea Gardens, are believed to have been the first people to quarry argillite in around Nelson. They also developed much of the Waimea Gardens complex – more than 400 hectares on the Waimea Plains near Nelson.[11] In the early 1600s, Ngāti Tūmatakōkiri displaced other te Tau Ihu Māori, becoming the dominant tribe in the area until the early 1800s.[10] Raids from northern tribes in the 1820s, led by Te Rauparaha and his Ngāti Toa, soon decimated the local population and quickly displaced them.

Today there are eight mutually recognised tribes of the northernwestern region: Ngāti Kuia, Ngāti Apa ki te Rā Tō, Rangitāne, Ngāti Toarangatira, Ngāti Koata, Ngāti Rārua, Ngāti Tama and Te Atiawa o Te Waka-a-Māui.[10]

Historic places

edit

There are three[dubious – discuss] main historic places located in Nelson. They are Broadgreen Historic House, Isel House, and Founders Heritage Park. The Broadgreen Historic House was originally built in 1855 for Mr and Mrs Edmund Buxton, additionally with their six daughters. The house was later sold to a Fred Langbein in 1901, who lived there with his family until 1965. In 1965, the house was bought by the Nelson City Council and is now used operated a museum for the general public.[citation needed]

Isel House is a local historical building located in Nelson. It was home to one of Nelson's first families, the Marsdens. Many of the rooms have been transformed into displays for the public to view. The restoration of Isel House is managed by Isel House Charitable trust under the supervision of Sally Papps, but the house and the park ground surrounding it are owned by the Nelson City Council.[12]

Founders Heritage Park is a local historical visit in Nelson. This interactive park shows visitors the history of Nelson. The park is set up as a village filled with buildings set in a historical time, including well established gardens. Throughout the park, there are stories to be learned about the history of this town.[13]

New Zealand Company

edit

Planning

edit

The New Zealand Company in London planned the settlement of Nelson. They intended to buy from the Māori some 200,000 acres (810 km2) of land, which they planned to divide into one thousand lots and sell to intending settlers. The company earmarked profits to finance the free passage of artisans and labourers, with their families, and for the construction of public works. However, by September 1841 only about one third of the lots had sold. Despite this, the colony pushed ahead, and land was surveyed by Frederick Tuckett.[14]

 
1845 Nelson from Church Hill looking east

Three ships, the Arrow, Whitby, and Will Watch, sailed from London commanded by Captain Arthur Wakefield. Arriving in New Zealand, they discovered that the new Governor of the colony, William Hobson, would not give them a free hand to secure vast areas of land from the Māori or indeed to decide where to site the colony. However, after some delay, Hobson allowed the company to investigate the Tasman Bay area at the north end of the South Island. The Company selected the site now occupied by Nelson City because it had the best harbour in the area. But it had a major drawback: it lacked suitable arable land; Nelson City stands right on the edge of a mountain range while the nearby Waimea Plains amount to only about 60,000 acres (240 km2), less than one third of the area required by the Company plans.

The Company secured land from the Māori, that was not clearly defined, for £800: it included Nelson, Waimea, Motueka, Riwaka and Whakapuaka. This allowed the settlement to begin, but the lack of definition would prove the source of much future conflict. The three colony ships sailed into Nelson Haven during the first week of November 1841. When the four first immigrant ships – Fifeshire, Mary-Ann, Lord Auckland and Lloyds – arrived three months later, they found the town already laid out with streets, some wooden houses, tents and rough sheds. The town was laid out on a grid plan.[15] Within 18 months, the company had sent out 18 ships with 1052 men, 872 women and 1384 children. However, fewer than ninety of the settlers had the capital to start as landowners.

Cultural and religious immigrants

edit
 
St Paul's Lutheran Church, Upper Moutere

The early settlement of Nelson province included a proportion of German immigrants, who arrived on the ship Sankt Pauli and formed the nucleus of the villages of Sarau (Upper Moutere) and Neudorf. These were mostly Lutheran Protestants with a small number of Bavarian Catholics.[16]

In 1892, the New Zealand Church Mission Society (NZCMS) was formed in a Nelson church hall.[17]

Problems with land

edit

After a brief initial period of prosperity, the lack of land and of capital caught up with the settlement and it entered a prolonged period of relative depression. The labourers had to accept a cut in their wages. Organised immigration ceased (a state of affairs that continued until the 1850s). By the end of 1843, artisans and labourers began leaving Nelson; by 1846, some 25% of the immigrants had moved away.[citation needed]

The pressure to find more arable land became intense. To the south-east of Nelson lay the wide and fertile plains of the Wairau Valley. The New Zealand Company tried to claim that they had purchased the land. The Māori owners stated adamantly that the Wairau Valley had not formed part of the original land sale, and made it clear they would resist any attempts by the settlers to occupy the area. The Nelson settlers led by Arthur Wakefield and Henry Thompson attempted to do just that. This resulted in the Wairau Affray, where 22 settlers and 4 Māori died.[18] The subsequent Government inquiry exonerated the Māori and found that the Nelson settlers had no legitimate claim to any land outside Tasman Bay.[19] Public fears of a Māori attack on Nelson led to the formation of the Nelson Battalion of Militia in 1845.

City

edit
 
Church Steps (sometimes called the Cawthron Steps) from Trafalgar Street up to the 60's bell tower of Nelson's Christ Church Cathedral

Nelson township was managed by the Nelson Provincial Council through a Board of Works constituted by the Provincial Government under the Nelson Improvement Act 1856 until 1874. It was proclaimed a Bishop's See and city under letters patent by Queen Victoria on 27 September 1858,[20] the second New Zealand city proclaimed in this manner after Christchurch. Nelson only had some 5,000 residents at this time. Edmund Hobhouse[21] was the first Bishop. The Municipal Corporations Act 1876 stated that Nelson was constituted a city on 30 March 1874.

Coat of arms

edit

Nelson City has a coat of arms, obtained in 1958 from the College of Arms to mark the Centenary of Nelson as a City. The blazon of the arms is:

"Barry wavy Argent and Azure a Cross Flory Sable on a Chief also Azure a Mitre proper And for the Crest on a Wreath of the Colours Issuant from a Mural Crown proper a Lion rampant Gules holding between the fore paws a Sun in splendour or. The supporters on the dexter side a Huia Bird and on the sinister side a Kotuku both proper."

Motto "Palmam qui meruit ferat" (Let him, who has earned it, bear the palm). This motto is the same as that of Lord Nelson.

Nelson Province

edit
 
The Nelson Province as constituted in 1853

From 1853 until 1876, when provincial governments were abolished, Nelson was the capital of Nelson Province. The province itself was much larger than present-day Nelson City and included all of the present-day Buller, Kaikōura, Marlborough, Nelson, and Tasman, as well as the Grey District north of the Grey River and the Hurunui District north of the Hurunui River. The Marlborough Province split from Nelson Province in October 1859.

Nelson provincial anniversary

edit

Nelson Anniversary Day is a public holiday observed in the northern half of the South Island of New Zealand, being the area's provincial anniversary day. It is observed throughout the historic Nelson Province, even though the provinces of New Zealand were abolished in 1876. The modern area of observation includes all of Nelson City and includes all of the present-day Buller, Kaikōura, Marlborough, Tasman districts as well as the Grey District north of the Grey River / Māwheranui and the Hurunui District north of the Hurunui River. The holiday usually falls on the Monday closest to 1 February, the anniversary of the arrival of the first New Zealand Company boat, the Fifeshire on 1 February 1842.[22]

Anniversary celebrations in the early years featured a sailing regatta, horse racing, running races, shooting and ploughing matches. In 1892, the Nelson Jubilee Celebration featured an official week-long programme with church services, sports, concerts, a ball and a grand display of fireworks.

Time gun

edit

In 1858, the Nelson Provincial Council erected a time gun at the spot on Brittania Heights where, in 1841, Captain Wakefield erected his flagpole. The gun was fired each Saturday at noon to give the correct time. The gun is now preserved as a historical relic and the Songer Tree[23] marks the site on Signal Hill of the original flagpole.[24]

Geography

edit

The Nelson-Tasman area comprises two unitary authorities – Nelson City, administered by the Nelson City Council, and Tasman District, administered by the Tasman District Council, based in Richmond 15 kilometres (9 miles) to the southwest. It is between Marlborough, another unitary authority, to the east, and the West Coast Regional Council to the west.

For some while,[when?] there has been talk about amalgamating Nelson City and the Tasman District to streamline and render more financially economical the existing co-operation between the two councils,[25][26][27] exemplified by the jointly owned Port Nelson and the creation of Nelson Tasman Tourism, a jointly owned tourism promotion organisation.[28]

However, an official poll conducted in April 2012 showed nearly three-quarters of those who voted in Richmond were opposed to the proposal, with a narrow majority in favour.

Nelson has beaches and a sheltered harbour. The harbour entrance is protected by a Boulder Bank, a natural, 13 km (8 miles) bank of rocks transported south from Mackay Bluff via longshore drift. The bank creates a perfect natural harbour which enticed the first settlers, although the entrance was narrow. The wreck of the Fifeshire on Arrow Rock (now called Fifeshire Rock in memory of this disaster) in 1842 proved the difficulty of the passage.[29] A cut was later made in the bank in 1906 which allowed larger vessels access to the port.

The creation of Rocks Road around the waterfront area after the Tāhunanui slump[30] in 1892 increased the effects of the tide on Nelson city's beach, Tāhunanui, and removed sediment. This meant the popular beach and adjoining car park were being eroded (plus the sand dunes) so a project to replace these sands was put in place and has so far proved a success, with the sand rising a considerable amount and the dunes continuing to grow.

Waterways

edit

The Nelson territorial authority area is small (just 445 km2) and has four main waterways, the Whangamoa, Wakapuaka, Maitai and Roding Rivers. The Roding River, the southernmost in Nelson, arises in the hills between Mount Meares and Dun Mountain. From there it flows westward before entering the Tasman District where it eventually joins the Waimea River, which flows into Waimea Inlet near Rabbit Island. The Maitai River flows westward from the Dun Mountain area into the town centre of Nelson before entering the Nelson Haven then Tasman Bay via 'The Cut'. Major tributaries of the Maitai River are: York and Brook Streams plus Sharland, Packer, Groom, Glen, Neds, Sclanders, Beauchamp and Mill Creeks. The Wakapuaka River, which flows north from the Saddle Hill area to its mouth at Cable Bay in North Nelson, has two main tributaries, the Lud and Teal Rivers. Entering Tasman Bay near Kokorua in the north of Nelson, the Whangamoa River is the longest waterway in Nelson.

Smaller waterways in the south of Nelson include: Saxton Creek, Orchard Stream, Poorman Valley Stream, Arapiki Stream, Jenkins Creek and Maire Stream.

Central city

edit
 
Nelson i-SITE at Millers Acre Centre

The central city of Nelson, also referred to as the central business district (CBD), is bounded by Halifax Street to the north, Rutherford Street to the west, Collingwood Street to the east, and Selwyn Place to the south.[31] Other major streets within the CBD include Trafalgar Street, Bridge Street and Hardy Street.

Suburbs

edit

Suburbs within Nelson City's territorial area borders are grouped into four city districts:

The Nelson commuter belt extends to Richmond, Brightwater, Hope, Māpua and Wakefield in the Tasman District.[32]

National parks

edit

Nelson is surrounded by mountains on three sides and Tasman Bay / Te Tai-o-Aorere on the fourth, with its region acting as the gateway to the Abel Tasman, Kahurangi, and Nelson Lakes National Parks.

It is a centre for both ecotourism and adventure tourism and has a high reputation among caving enthusiasts due to several prominent cave systems around Takaka Hill and the Wharepapa / Arthur Range, including the Nettlebed Cave and some of the largest and deepest explored caverns in the Southern Hemisphere.

Nelson is known for its great lakes, hikes and walks surrounding the town, the most popular being the Abel Tasman Coast Track, Abel Tasman National Park, and Heaphy Track. These tracks are also known for recreational activities.[33] There are many huts and camping grounds in all three tracks for availability to stay in. There are places to fish, hunt and observe nature within the National Parks and Lakes.[34]

Climate

edit

Nelson has a temperate oceanic climate (Cfb), with cool winters and warm summers. Nelson has rainfall evenly distributed throughout the year and has fewer frosts due to the highly marine geography of New Zealand. Winter is the stormiest time, where gales and storms are more common. Nelson has one of the sunniest climates of all major New Zealand centres,[35] earning the nickname 'Sunny Nelson' with an annual average total of over 2400 hours of sunshine.[36] The highest recorded temperature in Nelson is 36.3 °C (97 °F), the lowest −6.6 °C (20 °F).

Climate data for Nelson (1991–2020 normals, 1862–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 33.3
(91.9) 		36.3
(97.3) 		29.4
(84.9) 		26.9
(80.4) 		22.9
(73.2) 		20.0
(68.0) 		19.5
(67.1) 		21.1
(70.0) 		24.3
(75.7) 		26.9
(80.4) 		28.9
(84.0) 		31.1
(88.0) 		36.3
(97.3)
Mean maximum °C (°F) 27.6
(81.7) 		27.6
(81.7) 		25.4
(77.7) 		22.3
(72.1) 		20.0
(68.0) 		17.1
(62.8) 		15.9
(60.6) 		17.4
(63.3) 		19.6
(67.3) 		21.9
(71.4) 		24.3
(75.7) 		25.7
(78.3) 		28.7
(83.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 22.5
(72.5) 		22.7
(72.9) 		21.2
(70.2) 		18.4
(65.1) 		16.0
(60.8) 		13.4
(56.1) 		12.7
(54.9) 		13.6
(56.5) 		15.2
(59.4) 		17.2
(63.0) 		19.0
(66.2) 		20.9
(69.6) 		17.7
(63.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) 18.1
(64.6) 		18.2
(64.8) 		16.4
(61.5) 		13.7
(56.7) 		11.2
(52.2) 		8.5
(47.3) 		7.6
(45.7) 		8.8
(47.8) 		10.7
(51.3) 		12.7
(54.9) 		14.5
(58.1) 		16.7
(62.1) 		13.1
(55.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 13.7
(56.7) 		13.7
(56.7) 		11.7
(53.1) 		9.0
(48.2) 		6.3
(43.3) 		3.5
(38.3) 		2.6
(36.7) 		4.0
(39.2) 		6.1
(43.0) 		8.2
(46.8) 		9.9
(49.8) 		12.5
(54.5) 		8.4
(47.1)
Mean minimum °C (°F) 8.2
(46.8) 		8.6
(47.5) 		6.1
(43.0) 		3.3
(37.9) 		0.5
(32.9) 		−1.8
(28.8) 		−2.2
(28.0) 		−1.2
(29.8) 		0.5
(32.9) 		2.3
(36.1) 		4.1
(39.4) 		6.7
(44.1) 		−2.6
(27.3)
Record low °C (°F) 2.8
(37.0) 		2.8
(37.0) 		−0.2
(31.6) 		−2.8
(27.0) 		−3.9
(25.0) 		−6.6
(20.1) 		−6.1
(21.0) 		−5.8
(21.6) 		−3.7
(25.3) 		−1.7
(28.9) 		−1.0
(30.2) 		1.2
(34.2) 		−6.6
(20.1)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 73.2
(2.88) 		62.8
(2.47) 		71.1
(2.80) 		84.9
(3.34) 		87.7
(3.45) 		99.5
(3.92) 		78.6
(3.09) 		83.8
(3.30) 		84.6
(3.33) 		89.0
(3.50) 		67.9
(2.67) 		93.0
(3.66) 		976.1
(38.41)
Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) 6.8 5.3 6.1 7.3 7.4 8.7 7.7 9.2 9.8 8.9 7.5 8.6 93.3
Average relative humidity (%) 73.6 77.4 81.1 83.2 87.9 89.8 90.0 86.9 78.7 76.2 71.3 72.5 80.7
Mean monthly sunshine hours 264.6 238.8 230.8 191.9 176.0 145.4 159.6 183.9 192.5 228.3 242.6 242.7 2,497.1
Source: NIWA Climate Data[37][38]

"Centre of New Zealand" monument

edit
 
The marker at the "Centre of New Zealand"

Nelson has a monument on Botanical Hill, near the centre of the city. The walk to this is called the "Centre of New Zealand walk". Despite the name, this monument does not mark the actual geographic centre of New Zealand.

Instead, the monument marks the "zero, zero" point to which the first geodetic surveys of New Zealand were referenced. These surveys were started in the 1870s by John Spence Browning, the Chief Surveyor for Nelson. From this 360-degree viewpoint, survey marks in neighbouring regions (including Wellington in the North Island) could be triangulated and the local surveys connected.[39]

In 1962, Dr Ian Reilly from the now defunct Department of Scientific and Industrial Research calculated the geographic centre of New Zealand (including Stewart Island and some smaller islands in addition to the North and South Island, but excluding the Chathams) to be in a forest in Spooners Range 35 mi (56 kilometres) southwest of Nelson at 41°30′S 172°50′E / 41.500°S 172.833°E / -41.500; 172.833 (Geographical Centre of New Zealand).[40]

Owing to the coarse nature of the underlying data (use of rectangular areas of 7.5 minutes of arc on each side), the centre calculated by Dr Reilly has quite large error margins. Recalculating the result with more modern and accurate data shows the geographic centre of New Zealand is approximately 60 km southwest of Nelson, in the Big Bush Conservation Area north of Saint Arnaud, New Zealand.[41]

Demographics

edit

Nelson covers 422.19 km2 (163.01 sq mi)[42] and had an estimated population of 55,200 as of June 2024,[1] with a population density of 131 people per km2.

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
199136,459—    
199640,278+2.01%
200141,568+0.63%
200642,888+0.63%
201346,437+1.14%
201850,880+1.84%
202352,584+0.66%
Source: [43][44][45]

Nelson City had a population of 52,584 in the 2023 New Zealand census, an increase of 1,704 people (3.3%) since the 2018 census, and an increase of 6,147 people (13.2%) since the 2013 census. There were 25,620 males, 26,712 females and 255 people of other genders in 20,967 dwellings.[46] 3.6% of people identified as LGBTIQ+. The median age was 44.0 years (compared with 38.1 years nationally). There were 8,712 people (16.6%) aged under 15 years, 8,226 (15.6%) aged 15 to 29, 24,285 (46.2%) aged 30 to 64, and 11,361 (21.6%) aged 65 or older.[43]

 
Population density in the 2023 census

People could identify as more than one ethnicity. The results were 84.7% European (Pākehā); 11.9% Māori; 2.8% Pasifika; 8.6% Asian; 1.4% Middle Eastern, Latin American and African New Zealanders (MELAA); and 2.7% other, which includes people giving their ethnicity as "New Zealander". English was spoken by 96.9%, Māori language by 2.9%, Samoan by 0.5% and other languages by 12.8%. No language could be spoken by 1.7% (e.g. too young to talk). New Zealand Sign Language was known by 0.6%. The percentage of people born overseas was 26.4, compared with 28.8% nationally.

Religious affiliations were 28.2% Christian, 1.1% Hindu, 0.5% Islam, 0.3% Māori religious beliefs, 1.2% Buddhist, 0.7% New Age, 0.1% Jewish, and 1.5% other religions. People who answered that they had no religion were 59.1%, and 7.5% of people did not answer the census question.

Of those at least 15 years old, 8,472 (19.3%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, 22,197 (50.6%) had a post-high school certificate or diploma, and 10,218 (23.3%) people exclusively held high school qualifications. The median income was $38,800, compared with $41,500 nationally. 3,906 people (8.9%) earned over $100,000 compared to 12.1% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 20,679 (47.1%) people were employed full-time, 6,825 (15.6%) were part-time, and 969 (2.2%) were unemployed.[43]

Individual wards
Name Area
(km2)		 Population Density
(per km2)		 Dwellings Median age Median
income
Central General Ward 390.88 25,851 66 10,329 43.2 years $39,300[47]
Stoke-Tāhunanui General Ward 31.32 26,736 854 10,638 44.8 years $38,200[48]
New Zealand 38.1 years $41,500

Urban area

edit

Nelson's urban area covers 54.69 km2 (21.12 sq mi)[42] and had an estimated population of 51,300 as of June 2024,[1] with a population density of 938 people per km2.

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
201344,271—    
201848,129+1.69%
202349,224+0.45%
Source: [49]

The urban area had a population of 49,224 in the 2023 New Zealand census, an increase of 1,095 people (2.3%) since the 2018 census, and an increase of 4,953 people (11.2%) since the 2013 census. There were 23,997 males, 24,984 females and 243 people of other genders in 19,701 dwellings.[50] 3.7% of people identified as LGBTIQ+. The median age was 43.5 years (compared with 38.1 years nationally). There were 8,181 people (16.6%) aged under 15 years, 7,830 (15.9%) aged 15 to 29, 22,782 (46.3%) aged 30 to 64, and 10,431 (21.2%) aged 65 or older.[49]

People could identify as more than one ethnicity. The results were 84.1% European (Pākehā); 12.2% Māori; 2.9% Pasifika; 9.0% Asian; 1.4% Middle Eastern, Latin American and African New Zealanders (MELAA); and 2.7% other, which includes people giving their ethnicity as "New Zealander". English was spoken by 96.8%, Māori language by 3.0%, Samoan by 0.6% and other languages by 13.0%. No language could be spoken by 1.7% (e.g. too young to talk). New Zealand Sign Language was known by 0.6%. The percentage of people born overseas was 26.5, compared with 28.8% nationally.

Religious affiliations were 28.2% Christian, 1.1% Hindu, 0.5% Islam, 0.3% Māori religious beliefs, 1.2% Buddhist, 0.7% New Age, 0.1% Jewish, and 1.5% other religions. People who answered that they had no religion were 59.0%, and 7.5% of people did not answer the census question.

Of those at least 15 years old, 7,899 (19.2%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, 20,718 (50.5%) had a post-high school certificate or diploma, and 9,657 (23.5%) people exclusively held high school qualifications. The median income was $38,900, compared with $41,500 nationally. 3,555 people (8.7%) earned over $100,000 compared to 12.1% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 19,488 (47.5%) people were employed full-time, 6,303 (15.4%) were part-time, and 933 (2.3%) were unemployed.[49]

Economy

edit

The Nelson economy (and that of the neighbouring Tasman District) is based on the 'big five' industries; seafood, horticulture, forestry, farming and tourism.[51] Port Nelson[52] is the biggest fishing port in Australasia. There are also a range of growth industries, including art and craft, aviation, engineering technology, and information technology. The region is sixth in terms of GDP growth in the 2007–10 period.[53]

The combined sub-national GDP of Nelson and Tasman District was estimated at $3.4 billion in 2010, 1.8% of New Zealand's national GDP.[53][54]

Nelson is home to various business agencies that serve the city and its surrounds,[55] including Nelson Tasman Tourism (NTT),[56] which aims to promote the region and help advertisers reach visitors from New Zealand and overseas,[57] and the Nelson Regional Economic Development Agency (EDA), which works to "coordinate, promote, facilitate, investigate, develop, implement, support and fund initiatives relating to economic development [and] employment growth ... within the Nelson region ..."[58][59]

Below is a list of some of the region's largest companies and employers:

In 2013, Nelson Mayor Aldo Miccio worked on a proposal that would see Australian call centres for companies such as Gen-i and Xero relocated to Nelson. The plan was in response to Australian companies moving call and contact centres out of Asia because their Australian customers preferred English-speaking centres. If the plan was successful, Mr Miccio expected 100 to 300 jobs paying NZ$50,000-plus in the first year to be created in Nelson.[62]

Government

edit

Local

edit
Further information: Mayor of Nelson, New Zealand
 
The Nelson City Council Building in 2012

As a unitary authority, the Nelson City Council has the combined responsibilities and functions of both a territorial (local) and regional council. This is different from most other local authorities in New Zealand. More often, a regional council is a separate organisation with several territorial authorities (city or district councils) within its borders. Other unitary authorities are the Auckland Council, Gisborne District Council, Marlborough District Council, Tasman District Council and the Chatham Islands Council.

The Nelson City Council currently holds its elections under the First Past the Post electoral system once every three years, with the most recent election held on 12 October 2019. Electors vote by indicating their choice for Mayor by placing a tick beside one of the names, and the person who receives the most votes becomes Mayor. Councillors are elected the same way, but voters could cast multiple votes, with the 12 candidates who each receive the most votes becoming Councillors. Voters in this system may vote for no more than 12 candidates. The elections are conducted by post over a three-week period to make it as convenient as possible for people to vote.

The other option permitted under the Local Electoral Act 2001, but not currently used in Nelson, is the Single Transferable Vote system. Multiple-member districts are used. Electors vote by ranking candidates in order of preference by placing a number beside candidates' names. The elector can mark a preference for one or up to the total number of candidates on the paper. The number of votes required for a candidate to be elected, the quota, depends on the number of positions to be filled and the number of valid votes. (Election of mayor may be held using the Instant-runoff vote method.)

Under the Local Electoral Act 2002, the Nelson City Council can resolve to change the electoral system to be used for the next two elections, and it must review this decision every six years. A referendum was held in 2003 to decide which electoral system would be used for the 2004 and 2007 Nelson City Council elections. The outcome was that the First Past the Post system was retained. The 2008 review retains that system for the 2010 and 2013 elections.[63]

On 12 October 2013, Rachel Reese was elected as Nelson's first woman mayor after receiving 1,500 votes more than incumbent mayor Aldo Miccio.[64]

As of 13 October 2022, the current council members for the 2022 to 2025 term are:

Mayor Nick Smith
Deputy Mayor Rohan O'Neill-Stevens
Councillors Matty Anderson
Matthew Benge
Trudie Brand
Mel Courtney
James Hodgson
Kahu Paki Paki
Pete Rainey
Campbell Rollo
Rachel Sanson
Tim Skinner
Aaron Stallard

National

edit

Nelson is covered by one general electorate: Nelson and one Māori electorate: Te Tai Tonga.

As of the 2023 general election, Nelson is held by Rachel Boyack of the Labour Party. The Māori electorate Te Tai Tonga, which covers the entire South Island and part of Wellington in the North Island, is currently held by Te Pāti Māori and represented by Tākuta Ferris.

Culture and the arts

edit
 
Suter Art Gallery, before its 2017 renovation

As the major regional centre, the city offers many lodgings, restaurants, and unique speciality shopping such as at the Jens Hansen Goldsmiths where "The One Ring" in The Lord of the Rings film trilogy was designed.[65]

The first rugby union match in New Zealand took place at the Botanic Reserve in Nelson on 14 May 1870, between the Nelson Suburbs FC and Nelson College, and an informative commemorative plaque was renovated at the western edge of the grassed area by Nelson City Council in 2006.[72]

Marae

edit

Whakatū Marae, in the suburb of Atawhai, is the marae (meeting ground) of Ngāti Kuia, Ngāti Kōata, Ngāti Rārua, Ngāti Tama ki Te Tau Ihu, Ngāti Toa Rangatira and Te Atiawa o Te Waka-a-Māui. It includes the Kākāti wharenui (meeting house).

In October 2020, the Government committed $240,739 from the Provincial Growth Fund to restore the marae, creating an estimated 9 jobs.[73]

Events and festivals

edit

Several major events take place:

  • Nelson Jazz & Blues Festival[74] – January
  • Nelson Kite Festival[75] – January
  • Nelson Yacht Regatta[76] – January
  • Baydreams-Nelson – January [77]
  • Taste Tasman – January [78]
  • Evolve Festival – January [79]
  • Adam Chamber Music Festival[80] – biennial – January / February
  • International Kai Festival – February [81]
  • Weet-bix Kids TRYathlon – March [82]
  • Evolve Festival[83] – February
  • Marchfest[84] – March
  • Taste Nelson festival[85] – March
  • Te Ramaroa Light Festival – biennial in June/July
  • Winter Music Festival[86] – July
  • Nelson Arts Festival – October
  • NZ Cider Festival – November[87]
  • Nelson A&P Show – November[88]

World of Wearable Art Awards

edit

The annual World of Wearable Art Awards was founded in Nelson in 1987 by Suzie Moncrieff. The first show was held at the restored William Higgins cob cottage in Spring Grove, near Brightwater.[89][90] The show moved to Wellington in 2005 when it became too big to hold in Nelson.[89] A local museum showcased winning designs alongside their collection of classic cars until the venture was forced to close because of the COVID-19 pandemic. The classic car museum re-opened in 2020.[91][92][93]

Architecture

edit
 
Rutherford Hotel

The tallest building in Nelson is the 40 m (130 feet) tall Rutherford Hotel located on the west edge of Trafalgar Square. Unlike many towns and cities in New Zealand, Nelson has retained many Victorian buildings in its historic centre and the South Street area has been designated as having heritage value.[94]

Surviving historic buildings

edit
 
Amber House, a weatherboard colonial characteristic of much of New Zealand's residential architecture

Museums

edit

The Nelson region houses several museums.

Parks and zoo

edit
 
Founders Heritage Park

Nelson has a large number and variety of public parks and reserves maintained at public expense by Nelson City Council.[98] Major reserves include Grampians Reserve, close to the suburb of Braemar, and the botanical Reserve in the east of Nelson, close to The Wood.

Natureland Zoological Park is a small zoological facility close to Tāhunanui Beach. The facility is popular with children, where they can closely approach wallabies, monkeys, meerkats, llamas and alpacas, Kune Kune pigs, otters, and peacocks. There are also turtles, tropical fish and a walk through aviary.[99] Although the zoo nearly closed in 2008, the Orana Wildlife Trust took over its running instead.[100] It looked like[to whom?] a bright future ahead for Natureland and its staff, but since the repeated earthquakes in Christchurch in 2011 and the damage to Orana Park, Orana Wildlife Trust are uncertain of the future of Natureland.[101] Orana Wildlife trust have since pulled out of Natureland, which is now run independently.

Sister cities

edit

Nelson has sister city relationships with:[102]

Sport

edit

Major sports teams

edit
Club Sport Founded League Venue
Nelson Cricket Association Cricket 1858 Hawke Cup Saxton Oval
Nelson Giants Basketball 1982 National Basketball League Trafalgar Centre
Nelson Suburbs FC Football 1962 Mainland Premier League
Chatham Cup 		Saxton Field
Tasman Mako Rugby 2006 Mitre 10 Cup Trafalgar Park
Tasman Titans Rugby league 1995 Rugby League Cup
Tasman United Football 2015 ISPS Handa Premiership Trafalgar Park

Major venues

edit
Image Venue
  Saxton Oval
The Trafalgar Centre
  Trafalgar Park
  Theatre Royal

Infrastructure and services

edit

Healthcare

edit

The main hospital in Nelson is the Nelson Hospital. It is the seat of the Nelson Marlborough District Health Board.

The Manuka Street Hospital is a private institution.

Law enforcement

edit

The Nelson Central Police Station, located in St John Street, is the headquarters for the Tasman Police District.[103] The Tasman Police District has the lowest crime rate within New Zealand.[104]


Several gangs have established themselves in Nelson. They include the now disbanded Lost Breed and the Red Devils a support club for the Hells Angels. The Rebels Motorcycle Club also has a presence in the wider Nelson-Tasman area.[105]

Electricity

edit

The Nelson City Municipal Electricity Department (MED) established the city's public electricity supply in 1923, with electricity generated by a coal-fired power station at Wakefield Quay. The city was connected to the newly commissioned Cobb hydroelectric power station in 1944 and to the rest of the South Island grid in 1958. The grid connection saw the Wakefield Quay power station was relegated to standby duty before being decommissioned in 1964.[106][107]

Today, Nelson Electricity operates the local distribution network in the former MED area, which covers the CBD and inner suburbs, while Network Tasman operates the local distribution network in the outer suburbs (including Stoke, Tāhunanui and Atawhai) and rural areas.[106][108]

Transport

edit

Air transport

edit

Nelson Airport is located southwest of the city, at Annesbrook. The airport operates a single terminal and 1,347-metre (4,419-foot) runway, and in 2018 was the fifth-busiest airport in New Zealand by passenger numbers.[109] There are more than a million passenger movements through the airport terminal annually and the airport averages 90 aircraft movements every day, with a plane taking off or landing every 4.5 minutes during scheduled hours.

It is primarily used for domestic flights, with regular flights to and from Auckland, Christchurch, Hamilton, Kapiti Coast, Palmerston North and Wellington. Nelson Airport is home to the former airline Air Nelson, which operated and maintained New Zealand's largest domestic airline fleet and was also the headquarters of Origin Pacific Airways until its collapse in 2006. Sounds Air offers flights from Nelson to Wellington.

In 2006, the airport received restricted international airport status to facilitate small private jets.

In February 2018, the approach road to the airport was flooded when the adjoining Jenkins Creek burst its banks during a storm that brought king tides and strong winds. The airport was closed for about one hour.[110] In 2022, the NZ SeaRise programme identified Nelson airport as one area of particular vulnerability to sea level rise, with a projected subsidence of 5 millimetres (0.20 in) per year.[111] The airport's Chief Executive said that the proposed runway extension would be planned around the latest sea level rise forecast, and that the airport was "here to stay", despite the concerns over the threats posed by sea level rise.[111]

Maritime transport

edit

Port Nelson is the maritime gateway for the Nelson, Tasman and Marlborough regions and a vital hub for economic activity. The following shipping companies call at Port Nelson:

In the mid-1994, a group of local businessmen, fronted by local politician Owen Jennings proposed building a deep-water port featuring a one-kilometre-long wharf extending from the Boulder Bank into Tasman Bay, where giant ships could berth and manoeuvre with ease. Known as Port Kakariki, the $97 million project was to become the hub to ship West Coast coal to Asia, as well as handling logs, which would be barged across Tasman Bay from Mapua.[112]

In January 2010, the Western Blue Highway, a Nelson to New Plymouth ferry service, was proposed by Port Taranaki. However, to date, neither the Interislander nor Bluebridge have shown any interest in the route.[113]

Anchor Shipping and Foundry Company

edit
See also: TSS Arahura

The 'Anchor Shipping and Foundry Company' was formed 31 March 1901 from the earlier companies of Nathaniel Edwards & Co (1857–1880) and the Anchor Steam Shipping Company (1880–1901). The Anchor Company never departed from its original aim of providing services to the people of Nelson and the West Coast of the South Island and was never a large company; it only owned 37 ships during its history. At its peak around 1930, there were 16 vessels in the fleet. The company operated three nightly return trips per week ferry service between Nelson and Wellington and a daily freight service was maintained between the two ports in conjunction with the Pearl Kasper Shipping Company, while another service carried general cargo on a Nelson-Onehunga route. In 1974, the Anchor Company was sold and merged into the Union Company.[114]

Public transport

edit
 
The sign that welcomes visitors to Nelson

Nelson Motor Service Company ran the first motor bus in Nelson in 1906[115] and took over the Palace horse buses in 1907.[116]

Ebus

edit

Ebus provides public transport services between Nelson, Richmond, Motueka and Wakefield as well as on two local routes connecting Atawhai, Nelson Hospital, The Brook and the Airport.[117]

Route
numbers		 Start via End Notes
1 Nelson Hospital, Bishopdale, Stoke Richmond    
2 Nelson Tāhunanui, Annesbrook, Stoke Richmond    
3 Atawhai The Wood, Nelson, Toi Toi Hospital    
4 Airport Washington Valley, Nelson, NMIT The Brook    
5 Nelson Richmond, Māpua, Tasman Village Motueka    
6 Nelson Richmond, Hope, Brightwater Wakefield    

The Late Late Bus is a weekend night transport service between Nelson and Richmond. NBus Cards were replaced by Bee Cards on 3 August 2020.[118]

InterCity provides daily bus services connecting Nelson with towns and cities around the South Island.

Taxis and shuttle vans

edit

Taxi companies in Nelson include the following:[119]

  • Nelson Bays Cabs
  • Nelson City Taxis
  • Sun City Taxis

Rail transport

edit

Nelson is one of only five major urban areas in New Zealand without a rail connection – the others being Taupō, Rotorua, Gisborne and Queenstown.[citation needed] The Nelson Section was an isolated, 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) gauge, government-owned railway line between Nelson and Glenhope. It operated for 79 years between 1876 and 1955.

In 1886, a route was proposed from Nelson to the junction of the Midland Railway Company at Buller via Richmond, Waimea West, Upper Moutere, Motueka, the Motueka Valley, Tadmor and Glenhope.[120]

The only sign of rail activity in Nelson today is a short heritage operation run by the Nelson Railway Society from Founders Heritage Park using their own line between Wakefield Grove and Grove. The society has proposed future extensions of their line, possibly into or near the city centre. There have been several proposals to connect Nelson to the South Island rail network, but none have come to fruition.

Horse tramway

edit

The Dun Mountain Railway was a horse-drawn tramway serving a mine.

Road transport

edit

The Nelson urban area is served by State Highway 6, which runs in a north to southwest direction. The highway travels through the city and nearby town of Richmond, continuing southwest across the plains of the Wairoa and Motueka Rivers. Plans to construct a motorway linking North Nelson to Brightwater in the south have so far been unsuccessful. A number of studies have been undertaken since 2007 including the 2007 North Nelson to Brightwater Study,[121] the Southern Link Road Project[122] and the Arterial Traffic Study.[123] On 28 June 2013, the Nelson Mayor Aldo Miccio and Nelson MP Nick Smith jointly wrote to Transport Minister Gerry Brownlee seeking for the Southern Link to be given Road of National Significance (RoNS) status.[124]

Other significant road projects proposed over the years include a cross-city tunnel from Tāhunanui Drive to Haven Road; or from Annesbrook (or Tāhunanui) to Emano Street in Victory Square; or from Tāhunanui to Washington Valley.[112]

The passenger and freight company Newmans Coach Lines was formed in Nelson in 1879, and merged with Transport Nelson in 1972.[125]

Education

edit
Main article: List of schools in Nelson, New Zealand

Secondary schools

edit

Tertiary institutions

edit

Nelson hosts two tertiary education institutions, the main one being Nelson Marlborough Institute of Technology. The institute has two main campuses, one in Nelson and the other in Blenheim, in the neighbouring Marlborough region. The institute has been providing tertiary education in the Nelson-Marlborough region for the last 100 years.[126]

Nelson also has a University of Canterbury College of Education campus, which currently has an intake two out of every three years for the primary sector.

Media

edit

Broadcasting

edit

The city is served by all major national radio and television stations, with terrestrial television (Freeview) and FM radio. Local radio stations include The Hits (formerly Radio Nelson), More FM (formerly Fifeshire FM), The Breeze, ZM (formerly The Planet 97FM) and community station Fresh FM. The city has one local television station, Mainland Television.

Print

edit

The Nelson Examiner was the first newspaper published in the South Island. It was established by Charles Elliott (1811–1876) in 1842, within a few weeks of New Zealand Company settlers arriving in Nelson.[127] Other early newspapers were The Colonist and the Nelson Evening Mail. Today, the Nelson Mail publishes four days a week and is owned by Stuff Ltd. The Nelson Mail also publishes the weekly community papers The Nelson Leader and The Tasman Leader. The city's largest circulating newspaper is the locally owned Nelson Weekly, which is published every Wednesday.

WildTomato was a glossy monthly lifestyle magazine, focused on the Nelson and Marlborough regions – the Top of the South Island of New Zealand. The regional magazine was launched by Murray Farquhar as a 16-page local magazine in Nelson in July 2006, but was put into liquidation in March 2021.[128]

Notable people

edit
Main category: People from Nelson, New Zealand

Panoramas

edit
 
A panorama of Nelson City from the Centre of New Zealand monument
 
The Boulder Bank is an unusual natural formation in Nelson.

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ a b c d "Aotearoa Data Explorer". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 26 October 2024.
  2. ^ "Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Archived from the original on 18 February 2023. Retrieved 18 February 2023.
  3. ^ "Nelson City | NZHistory, New Zealand history online". nzhistory.govt.nz. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
  4. ^ "Nelson Arts Festival". Archived from the original on 31 March 2015. Retrieved 22 April 2015.
  5. ^ "NZ government Māori Language Commission". Retrieved 25 August 2007.[dead link‍]
  6. ^ "whakatū". Te Aka Māori Dictionary. 2023. Archived from the original on 17 November 2021. Retrieved 15 January 2023.
  7. ^ "Papers Past – Colonist – 16 July 1867 – NELSON, COBDEN, AND WESTPORT RAILWAY". Paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. Archived from the original on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 30 November 2019.
  8. ^ "Nelson – NZSL Online". nzsl.vuw.ac.nz. Archived from the original on 16 May 2018. Retrieved 16 May 2018.
  9. ^ Lowe, David J. (2008). "Polynesian settlement of New Zealand and the impacts of volcanism on early Maori society: an update" (PDF). University of Waikato. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 May 2010. Retrieved 29 April 2010.
  10. ^ a b c Walrond, Carl (7 September 2010). "Nelson region – Māori history". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Archived from the original on 18 September 2021. Retrieved 18 September 2021.
  11. ^ Mitchell, Hillary (10 February 2015). "Te Tau Ihu". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Archived from the original on 28 August 2016. Retrieved 15 September 2016.
  12. ^ "Historic places – Nelson City Council". www.nelson.govt.nz. Archived from the original on 2 March 2023. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
  13. ^ "Kia Ora & Greetings". Founders Park, Nelson New Zealand. Archived from the original on 2 March 2023. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
  14. ^ Somerville, Ross. "Frederick Tuckett". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
  15. ^ Schrader, Ben (26 March 2015) [11 March 2010]. "City planning – Early settlement planning". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Archived from the original on 23 September 2023. Retrieved 23 September 2023. The New Zealand Company settlements – including Wellington, New Plymouth and Nelson – were highly planned...All towns were laid out on a rectilinear or grid plan.
  16. ^ "German Settlement in Tasman Nelson New Zealand". Theprow.org.nz. Archived from the original on 17 April 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
  17. ^ "NZCMS". Archived from the original on 14 October 2008. Retrieved 18 July 2008.
  18. ^ "The Wairau incident – The Wairau incident | NZHistory, New Zealand history online". nzhistory.govt.nz. Archived from the original on 16 January 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
  19. ^ Hunt, Leigh (22 June 1844). "WAIRU MASSACRE". Nelson Examiner. Archived from the original on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
  20. ^ "Civic symbols". Nelson City Council. Archived from the original on 20 January 2011.
  21. ^ "Nelson's Landmark Cathedral". Prow. Archived from the original on 30 December 2010. Retrieved 14 December 2010.
  22. ^ "Nelson Anniversary Day". Theprow.org.nz. Archived from the original on 16 August 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
  23. ^ "A unique record of the Notable Trees of New Zealand". Register.notabletrees.org.nz. Archived from the original on 23 March 2014. Retrieved 23 March 2014.
  24. ^ Jeff Newport: A Short History of the Nelson Province. Page 18.
  25. ^ "News". Tasman District Council. Archived from the original on 23 May 2010. Retrieved 16 March 2007.
  26. ^ Moorjani, Anita. "Tasman District Libraries". Taslib.govt.nz. Archived from the original on 12 March 2012.
  27. ^ "Tasman District Council". Tdc.govt.nz. Archived from the original on 23 May 2010. Retrieved 16 March 2007.
  28. ^ "Nelson City Council – About Nelson – Making Nelson the destination". Archived from the original on 18 February 2009. Retrieved 6 February 2016.
  29. ^ "Nelson – the early years". Nzine.co.nz. 3 December 1932. Archived from the original on 18 December 2018. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
  30. ^ Denton, Paul C; Johnston, Mike R; Soils & Foundations Ltd, Nelson (12 May 2002). "Housing Development on a Large, Active Landslide: The Tahunanui Slump Story, Nelson, New Zealand". Geo-Logic Ltd. Archived from the original on 23 January 2016.
  31. ^ "Where is Nelson?". Nelson City Council. 27 April 2011. Archived from the original on 10 February 2013. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
  32. ^ "Functional urban areas – methodology and classification | Stats NZ". www.stats.govt.nz. Archived from the original on 22 April 2023. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
  33. ^ "Recreation & Leisure in Nelson – Tasman". www.live-work.immigration.govt.nz. 14 July 2022. Archived from the original on 30 March 2023. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
  34. ^ "Haere mai". www.doc.govt.nz. Archived from the original on 2 March 2023. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
  35. ^ "Nelson sets sunshine record for rival Blenheim to envy « Science in the News « News « Royal Society of New Zealand". Archived from the original on 3 February 2014. Retrieved 7 April 2012.
  36. ^ "Mean Monthly Sunshine". NIWA. 28 February 2007. Archived from the original on 1 April 2013. Retrieved 17 April 2013.
  37. ^ "Climate data and activities". NIWA. Archived from the original on 20 May 2024. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
  38. ^ "CliFlo -The National Climate Database (Agent numbers: 4241, 4244, 4271)". NIWA. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
  39. ^ "Nelson City Council – Centre of New Zealand Walk". Archived from the original on 22 August 2019. Retrieved 23 August 2019.
  40. ^ "Clipping from Nelson Mail, 27 June 1962 edition, sourced from GNS library". Archived from the original on 22 August 2019. Retrieved 12 March 2019.
  41. ^ "Centre of NZ debate fires Up". 24 April 2019. Archived from the original on 1 October 2019. Retrieved 1 October 2019.
  42. ^ a b "ArcGIS Web Application". statsnz.maps.arcgis.com. Archived from the original on 14 February 2021. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
  43. ^ a b c "Totals by topic for individuals, (RC, TALB, UR, SA3, SA2, Ward, Health), 2013, 2018, and 2023 Censuses". Stats NZ – Tatauranga Aotearoa – Aotearoa Data Explorer. Nelson City (052). Retrieved 3 October 2024.
  44. ^ "Statistical area 1 dataset for 2018 Census". Statistics New Zealand. March 2020. Nelson City (052). 2018 Census place summary: Nelson City
  45. ^ "2001 Census: Regional summary". archive.stats.govt.nz. Archived from the original on 29 September 2020. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
  46. ^ "Totals by topic for dwellings, (RC, TALB, UR, SA3, SA2, Ward, Health), 2013, 2018, and 2023 Censuses". Stats NZ – Tatauranga Aotearoa – Aotearoa Data Explorer. Retrieved 3 October 2024.
  47. ^ "Totals by topic for individuals, (RC, TALB, UR, SA3, SA2, Ward, Health), 2013, 2018, and 2023 Censuses". Stats NZ – Tatauranga Aotearoa – Aotearoa Data Explorer. Central General Ward. Retrieved 3 October 2024.
  48. ^ "Totals by topic for individuals, (RC, TALB, UR, SA3, SA2, Ward, Health), 2013, 2018, and 2023 Censuses". Stats NZ – Tatauranga Aotearoa – Aotearoa Data Explorer. Stoke-Tāhunanui General Ward. Retrieved 3 October 2024.
  49. ^ a b c "Totals by topic for individuals, (RC, TALB, UR, SA3, SA2, Ward, Health), 2013, 2018, and 2023 Censuses". Stats NZ – Tatauranga Aotearoa – Aotearoa Data Explorer. Nelson (2024). Retrieved 3 October 2024.
  50. ^ "Totals by topic for dwellings, (RC, TALB, UR, SA3, SA2, Ward, Health), 2013, 2018, and 2023 Censuses". Stats NZ – Tatauranga Aotearoa – Aotearoa Data Explorer. Retrieved 3 October 2024.
  51. ^ Nelson Regional Economic Development Agency (24 July 2014). "Nelson Regional Economic Development Strategy (REDS): Regional Prosperity" (PDF). Nelson Regional Economic Development Agency. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 January 2015.
  52. ^ "Port Nelson". Port Nelson. Archived from the original on 15 March 2015. Retrieved 22 April 2015.
  53. ^ a b "Diversity puts region on sound footing". Stuff. 2 July 2013. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 7 July 2013.
  54. ^ "Regional Gross Domestic Product". Statistics New Zealand. 2007. Archived from the original on 20 May 2010. Retrieved 18 February 2010.
  55. ^ "Business". Tasman. Tasman District Council. 2011. Archived from the original on 11 March 2011. Retrieved 6 March 2011.
  56. ^ "Nelson NZ". Nelson Tasman Tourism. NTT. 2011. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 6 March 2011.
  57. ^ "Advertise with us". Nelson Tasman Tourism. NTT. 2011. Archived from the original on 21 August 2010. Retrieved 6 March 2011.
  58. ^ "Nelson Regional Economic Development Agency". Business: EDA. Tasman District Council. 2011. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 6 March 2011.
  59. ^ "home page". EDA. Nelson Regional Economic Development Agency. 2011. Archived from the original on 3 July 2011. Retrieved 6 March 2011.
  60. ^ "Fish Oils | Omega 3 | Shark Liver Oil". Seadragon. Archived from the original on 4 December 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  61. ^ "The New Zealand King Salmon Company Limited – the New Zealand King Salmon Company". Archived from the original on 2 January 2014. Retrieved 26 October 2013.
  62. ^ Basham, Laura (23 March 2013). "Nelson's future: a centre for calls?". Nelson Mail. Fairfax. Archived from the original on 25 March 2013. Retrieved 23 March 2013.
  63. ^ "Nelson City Council Governance Statement 2010 – 2013" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 February 2013. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
  64. ^ Tracy Neal (12 October 2013). "Rachel Reese wins Nelson mayoralty – nelson-mail". Stuff. Archived from the original on 14 October 2013. Retrieved 12 October 2013.
  65. ^ "The Real Movie Ring". Jens Hansen Contemporary Gold and Silversmith. 12 March 2013. Archived from the original on 23 November 2013. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
  66. ^ "Nelson Tasman Tourism – Visitor Information". Nelsonnz.com. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
  67. ^ "Nelson Market". Nelson Market. Archived from the original on 22 January 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
  68. ^ "Theatre Royal". New Zealand Heritage List/Rārangi Kōrero. Heritage New Zealand. Retrieved 11 March 2017.
  69. ^ "The Suter Gallery". Archived from the original on 3 September 2007. Retrieved 25 August 2007.
  70. ^ "Nelson Arts Festival". Archived from the original on 8 August 2007. Retrieved 25 August 2007.
  71. ^ "NZ of the Year Awards, Kiwibank New Zealander of the Year, Coca-Cola Amatil Young New Zealander of the Year, Ryman Healthcare S > Community of the Year". Archived from the original on 30 April 2012. Retrieved 5 March 2010.
  72. ^ "New Zealand's First Game of Rugby". theprow.org. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 26 October 2016.
  73. ^ "Marae Announcements" (Excel). growregions.govt.nz. Provincial Growth Fund. 9 October 2020. Archived from the original on 15 October 2020. Retrieved 12 October 2020.
  74. ^ "Nelson Jazz Fest". Nelson Jazz Fest. Archived from the original on 25 June 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
  75. ^ "22nd Annual Nelson Kite Festival – It's On". Itson.co.nz. 20 January 2013. Archived from the original on 3 January 2013.
  76. ^ "Home". Nelson Regatta. 23 January 2013. Archived from the original on 8 February 2013. Retrieved 15 December 2012.
  77. ^ "Home | Bay Dreams 2023". www.baydreams.co.nz. Archived from the original on 2 March 2023. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
  78. ^ "Taste Tasman | Beer, Cider & Food Festival". Taste Tasman. Retrieved 2 March 2023.[permanent dead link‍]
  79. ^ "Evolve Festival Nelson – Be uplifted this summer #Evolve2Solve". Evolve Festival. Archived from the original on 2 March 2023. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
  80. ^ "Adam Chamber Music Festival 2013, chamber music Nelson, New Zealand". Music.org.nz. Archived from the original on 1 July 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
  81. ^ "International Kai Festival – back for 2023!". Our Nelson. Archived from the original on 2 March 2023. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
  82. ^ "Nelson Weet-Bix Kids TRYathlon". Sanitarium Weet-Bix Kids TRYathlon. Archived from the original on 2 March 2023. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
  83. ^ "Evolve Festival of Opportunities | Evolve Festival is a celebration for health and wellbeing in the heart of Nelson City". Evolvefestival.co.nz. 24 February 2013. Archived from the original on 15 August 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
  84. ^ "Nelson's Craft Beer & Musical Festival". Marchfest.com. 19 March 2016. Archived from the original on 19 September 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
  85. ^ "McCashin's Taste Nelson". tastenelson. 2 March 2013. Archived from the original on 2 March 2001. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
  86. ^ "Home". Nelson Winter Festival. 22 July 2012. Archived from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
  87. ^ "NZ Cider Festival | Nelson, New Zealand". NZ Cider Festival. Archived from the original on 2 March 2023. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
  88. ^ "Nelson A&P Association | Richmond Showgrounds | Home". www.richmondpark.nz. Archived from the original on 2 March 2023. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
  89. ^ a b Rothwell, Kimberley (8 July 2013). "Suzie Moncrieff has the WoW factor". Stuff. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
  90. ^ "The cob house – Spring Grove". New Zealand Electronic Text Collection. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
  91. ^ Newman, Tim (18 June 2020). "Nelson's classic car museum on the road to recovery with plan to reopen in larger space". Stuff. Archived from the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
  92. ^ Anderson, Charles. "WOW vows to stay in Nelson". Nelson Weekly. Archived from the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
  93. ^ Newman, Tim (28 August 2020). "Nelson's Classic Car museum back up and running". Stuff. Archived from the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
  94. ^ "South Street heritage district – Nelson City Council". Archived from the original on 10 February 2013. Retrieved 31 March 2011.
  95. ^ "Fairfield House". New Zealand Heritage List/Rārangi Kōrero. Heritage New Zealand. Retrieved 21 June 2012.
  96. ^ "Our History". Nelson Centre of Musical Arts. 21 August 2017. Archived from the original on 2 September 2018. Retrieved 3 September 2018.
  97. ^ Newman, Tim (28 August 2020). "Nelson's Classic Car museum back up and running". Stuff. Archived from the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
  98. ^ "Reserves and Parks". Nelson City Council. Archived from the original on 19 February 2010. Retrieved 7 February 2010.
  99. ^ "Natureland Zoo, Nelson, New Zealand". Natureland.co.nz. Archived from the original on 6 September 2007. Retrieved 24 August 2007.
  100. ^ "They bought a zoo – Natureland". Stuff. 25 September 2013. Archived from the original on 3 September 2018. Retrieved 3 September 2018.
  101. ^ Tracy Neal (30 June 2011). "Future of Natureland again in doubt". Stuff. Archived from the original on 13 November 2011. Retrieved 7 November 2011.
  102. ^ "Sister and Friendly Cities". Nelson City Council. Archived from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
  103. ^ "Tasman Police District | New Zealand Police". Police.govt.nz. Archived from the original on 10 August 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
  104. ^ "NEW ZEALAND CRIME STATISTICS 2012/2013" (PDF). Police.govt.nz. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
  105. ^ Sally Kidson (8 June 2013). "Gang's arrival in Nelson Part of Growing Trend". Stuff. Archived from the original on 6 October 2013. Retrieved 5 October 2013.
  106. ^ a b "About Nelson Electricity Ltd". Nelson Electricity Ltd, New Zealand. Archived from the original on 27 January 2021. Retrieved 23 February 2021.
  107. ^ "Nelson's power struggle". www.theprow.org.nz. Archived from the original on 21 February 2021. Retrieved 23 February 2021.
  108. ^ "Company Profile". www.networktasman.co.nz. Archived from the original on 8 February 2021. Retrieved 23 February 2021.
  109. ^ DeRuyter, Martin (16 September 2018). "Nelson Airport profits grow as expansion nears first stage of completion". Nelson Mail. Archived from the original on 3 May 2019. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
  110. ^ Jones, Katy (8 February 2018). "Airport plans unchanged after terminal shut due to storm surge". Stuff. Archived from the original on 19 May 2022. Retrieved 19 May 2022.
  111. ^ a b Bradnock, Erin (19 May 2022). "Nelson Airport 'reassessing' future with new sea-level rise data". RNZ. Archived from the original on 19 May 2022. Retrieved 19 May 2022.
  112. ^ a b "Pie in the (blue) sky ideas". The Nelson Mail. Stuff. 31 July 2010. Archived from the original on 18 May 2017. Retrieved 21 August 2016.
  113. ^ "Western Blue Highway Transport Study" (PDF). Nzta.govt.nz. January 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
  114. ^ "New Zealand Coastal Shipping – Anchor Shipping". Nzcoastalshipping.com. Archived from the original on 15 November 2013. Retrieved 3 January 2014.
  115. ^ "COLONIST". paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. 23 November 1906. Archived from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 15 January 2023.
  116. ^ "LOCAL AND GENERAL NEWS. NELSON EVENING MAIL". paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. 13 July 1907. Archived from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 15 January 2023.
  117. ^ "Routes & Timetables". Nelson City Council. Archived from the original on 13 August 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
  118. ^ "Bee Card: Nelson's new electronic bus card is here". Our Nelson. Archived from the original on 28 April 2021. Retrieved 21 August 2020.
  119. ^ "Nelson Airport – Welcome to New Zealand's fourth busiest commercial airport". Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 26 October 2013.
  120. ^ "The Motueka-Tadmoii Railway Route". Papers Past. 11 November 1886. Archived from the original on 1 October 2016. Retrieved 21 August 2016.
  121. ^ "Tahunanui Nelson New Zealand : North Nelson to Brightwater Corridor Study". Archived from the original on 6 October 2013. Retrieved 16 August 2013.
  122. ^ "Southern Link Road, Nelson" (PDF). Tonkin.co.nz. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
  123. ^ "Arterial Traffic Study". Nelson City Council. Archived from the original on 6 October 2013. Retrieved 5 October 2013.
  124. ^ Adam Roberts (28 June 2013). "Bid beefs up proposal for Victory road". Stuff. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 26 October 2013.
  125. ^ Stephens, Joy. "Newman Brothers". www.theprow.org.nz. Archived from the original on 22 October 2022. Retrieved 22 October 2022.
  126. ^ "Development of tertiary education". Prow. Archived from the original on 30 December 2010. Retrieved 29 December 2010.
  127. ^ "Nelson Examiner and New Zealand Chronicle". Papers Past. National Library of New Zealand Te Puna Mātauranga Aotearoa. Archived from the original on 30 April 2016. Retrieved 30 November 2019.
  128. ^ NZ Companies Office – LIQUIDATOR’S FIRST REPORT

Bibliography

  • A Complete Guide To Heraldry by A.C. Fox-Davies, 1909.
edit
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nelson, New Zealand.
 
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Nelson (New Zealand)".
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nelson,_New_Zealand&oldid=1259522041"