Phonurgia Nova ("New Science of Sound Production")[1] is a 1673 work by the Jesuit scholar Athanasius Kircher. It is notable for being the first book ever dedicated entirely to the science of acoustics,[2]: 21 and for containing the earliest description of an aeolian harp.[3] It was dedicated to the Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I and printed in Kempten by Rudoph Dreherr.[4][2]: 17
Purpose and argument
editKircher was prompted to write the work because Samuel Morland had published a claim to have invented the speaking trumpet. Kircher wished to defend his own priority in this invention, asserting that he had used a "tuba stentorophonica" for many years at the shrine of Saint Eustace at the it:Santuario della Mentorella to broadcast calls for the faithful to come to mass.[5]: 67 [6]: 107 As evidence he referred to his own work Musurgia Universalis, published in 1650.[1]
The work is divided in two books. The first, the Phonosophia anacamptica offered a detailed examination of the phenomenon of the echo. He expounded his theory that sound moved in waves, bouncing off surfaces like light off a mirror; indeed the first chapter opens with the maxim “Sonus lucis simia est” (“sound is like light”).[7] He also described the use of various designs of tube to pick up and amplify sound. As he developed his argument, Kircher described various devices of his own invention including speaking statues, musical instruments with internal mechanisms that generated unexpected harmonies, and the aeolian harp.[6]: 109 The second book, Phonosophia nova discussed the influence of music on the human mind, and the therapeutic use of music. Among other things he looked in detail at tarantism.[1]
Illustrations
editThe frontispiece of the work depicts, at the top, a choir and orchestra of angels gathered around a pyramid representing the Holy Trinity. Beneath them an allegorical figure of Fame flies across the heavens blowing her trumpet and carrying a banner proclaiming "Canit inclyta caeseris arma" ("She proclaims the Emperor's illustrious arms"). On the left sits Apollo surrounded by the nine Muses on Mount Parnassus and below then Pan leads a group celebrating a bacchanalia. On the right a group of tritons escort Poseidon across the sea, kettledrums and trumpets accompany a cavalry charge, and a huntsman blows his horn while chasing deer. In the centre the figure standing appears to be Fame once again, standing on a pedestal blowing a horn. She also holds a trumpet, into which putti are blowing from above, while beneath them a man speaks into a tube while facing the surface of the pedestal. An echo, denoted by a dotted line, carries the sound from the pedestal to the ear of a man reclining at the bottom of the illustration.[2]: 41–42
The original artwork for the portrait of Emperor Leopold I was by Franz Georg Hermann and the frontispiece was by Felix Cheurier. The engravings for both were undertaken by Georg Andreas Wolfgang the Elder.[2]: 57
External links
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c Tronchin, Lamberto (2008). The 'Phonurgia Nova' of Athanasius Kircher: The Marvellous sound world of 17th century. Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics. asa.scitation.org. Acoustical Society of America. p. 015002. doi:10.1121/1.2992053. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
- ^ a b c d Joscelyn Godwin (2015). Athanasius Kircher's Theatre of the World. Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-29174-0.
- ^ Eric J. Heller (2013). Why You Hear what You Hear: An Experiential Approach to Sound, Music, and Psychoacoustics. Princeton University Press. p. 277. ISBN 978-0-691-14859-5.
- ^ Kircher, Athanasius. "Phonurgia Nova sive Coniugium Mechanicophysicum artis et naturae Paranympha Phonosophia concinnatum". archive.org. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
- ^ Joscelyn Godwin (1979). Athanasius Kircher: A Renaissance Man and the Quest for Lost Knowledge. Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-81022-4.
- ^ a b Leigh Eric Schmidt (2000). Hearing Things: Religion, Illusion, and the American Enlightenment. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-00303-3.
- ^ Alessio Bortot (2018-07-06). "Phonurgia Nova: Geometrical Acoustics in the 17th Century". ICGG 2018 - Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Geometry and Graphics: 40th Anniversary - Milan, Italy, August 3-7, 2018. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-95588-9. Retrieved 11 April 2020.