Philometra is a genus of nematodes, which are parasites of marine and freshwater fishes.[1] The genus was erected by Oronzio Gabriele Costa in 1845.
| Philometra | |
|---|---|
| Philometra fasciati | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Nematoda |
| Class: | Secernentea |
| Order: | Camallanida |
| Family: | Philometridae |
| Genus: | Philometra Costa, 1845 |
| Species | |
|
See text | |
Species in this genus are worldwide. They parasitize the body cavities, tissues and ovaries of both marine and freshwater fishes. When still in the larval stages, these worms move to the body cavities or subcutaneous tissues in the host. This migration can cause damage to skeletal joints, result in internal bleeding, and inflame visceral organs. Emaciation and lowered growth rates may result from this.
Infestation produces nodules under the skin. When the worms are in the adult or juvenile stage, these nodules may be visible between the rays of the fins or may cause the scales to raise up. Larger nodules may be the result of gravid females which may rupture the skin surface. Once ruptured, the female[clarification needed] disintegrates. This allows the release of the live larvae into the water. This wound on the fish then heals, leaving almost no scarring.
Species of Philometra require two hosts to complete their life cycle. After the larval worms are released from the host fish, they are ingested by copepods which act as an intermediate host. Once inside the copepod, the larvae molt several times. Fish may then eat the infested copepod.
Known hosts
editSpecies of this genus are known to parasitize numerous species of fish, including:
Gallery
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Ovary of fish with visible Philometra females
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Philometra sp.
Taxonomy
editThe following species are recognized by the World Register of Marine Species:[2]
- Philometra gerrei Moravec & Manoharan, 2013
- Philometra globiceps (Rudolphi, 1819)
- Philometra lagocephali Moravec & Justine, 2008
- Philometra onchorhynchi Kuitinen-Ekbaum, 1933
- Philometra otolithi Moravec & Manoharan, 2013
- Philometra ovata (Zeder, 1803)
- Philometra priacanthi Moravec & Justine, 2009
- Philometra rischta Skrjabin, 1917
- Philometra rubra (Leidy, 1856)
- Philometra saltatrix Ramachandran, 1973
- Philometra sanguinea (Rudolphi, 1819)
- Philometra scombresoxis Nikolaeva & Naidenova, 1964
- Philometra sphyraenae Moravec & Manoharan, 2013
- Philometra tauridica Ivashkin, Naidenova, Kovaleva & Khromova, 1971
- Philometra translucida Walton, 1927
Nomina dubia
edit- Philometra brevicollis Moravec & Justine, 2011
- Philometra carolinensis Moravec, de Buron & Roumillat, 2006
- Philometra cephalus Ramachandran, 1975
- Philometra charlestonensis Moravec, de Buron, Baker & González-Solís, 2008
- Philometra cyanopodi Moravec & Justine, 2008
- Philometra cynoscionis Moravec, de Buron & Roumillat, 2006
- Philometra fasciati Moravec & Justine, 2008
- Philometra filiformis (Stossich, 1896)
- Philometra floridensis Moravec, Fajer-Avila & Bakenhaster, 2010
- Philometra genypteri Moravec, Chávez & Olivia, 2011
- Philometra gymnothoracis Moravec & Buron, 2009
- Philometra inimici Yamaguti, 1941
- Philometra isaki Quiazon, Yoshinaga & Ogawa, 2008
- Philometra jordanoi (López-Neyra, 1951)
- Philometra justinei Moravec, Ternengo & Levron, 2006
- Philometra katsuwoni Petter & Baudin-Laurencin, 1986
- Philometra lateolabracis (Yamaguti, 1935)
- Philometra lethrini Moravec & Justine, 2008
- Philometra macroandri (Shchepkina, 1978)
- Philometra madai Quiazon, Yoshinaga & Ogawa, 2008
- Philometra managatuwo Yamaguti, 1941
- Philometra margolisi Moravec, et al., 1995
- Philometra mexicana Moravec & Salgado-Maldonado, 2007
- Philometra mira Moravec & Justine, 2011
- Philometra nemipteri Luo, 2001
- Philometra neolateolabracis Rajyalakshmi, Hanumantha Rao & Shyamasundari, 1985
- Philometra neptomeni Mateo, 1972
- Philometra obladae Moravec, Gaglio, Panebianco & Giannetto, 2008
- Philometra obturans (Prennant, 1886)
- Philometra ocularis Moravec, Ogawa, Suzuki, Miyazaki & Donai, 2002
- Philometra overstreeti Moravec & de Buron, 2006
- Philometra pellucida (Jägerskiöld, 1893)
- Philometra rajani Mukherjee, 1963
- Philometra sciaenae Yamaguti, 1941
- Philometra scomberomori (Yamaguti, 1935)
- Philometra sebastisci Yamaguti, 1941
- Philometra serranellicabrillae Janiszewska, 1949
- Philometra strongylurae Moravec & Ali, 2005
- Philometra tenuicauda Moravec & Justine, 2009
- Philometra terapontis Moravec, Gopalakrishnan, Rajkumar, Saravanakumar & Kaliyamoorthy, 2011
- Philometra tylosuri Moravec & Ali, 2005
References
edit- ^ "Philometra" (PDF). Alaska Department of Fish and Game.
- ^ Gibson, David (2020). Deprez T (ed.). "Philometra Costa, 1845". NeMys. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 6 February 2015.
Further reading
edit- Moravec, František; Buron, Isaure de (2013). "A synthesis of our current knowledge of philometrid nematodes, a group of increasingly important fish parasites". Folia Parasitologica. 60 (2): 81–101. doi:10.14411/fp.2013.010. ISSN 0015-5683. PMID 23724728.
- Moravec, František; Chávez, Rosa A.; Oliva, Marcelo E. (2010). "A new gonad-infecting species of Philometra (Nematoda: Philometridae) from the red cusk-eel Genypterus chilensis (Osteichthyes: Ophidiidae) off Chile". Parasitology Research. 108 (1): 227–232. doi:10.1007/s00436-010-2054-0. hdl:10533/128205. ISSN 0932-0113. PMID 20852887. S2CID 5789541.
- Moravec, František; Ali, Atheer (2013). "Philometra johnii sp. nov. (Nematoda, Philometridae), a new gonad-infecting philometrid from the sin croaker Johnius dussumieri (Cuvier) (Perciformes, Sciaenidae) from marine waters of Iraq". Acta Parasitologica. 58 (3): 263–268. doi:10.2478/s11686-013-0139-5. ISSN 1896-1851. PMID 23990421. S2CID 15992780.
- Moravec, František; Barton, Diane P. (2015). "Two gonad-infecting species of Philometra (Nematoda: Philometridae) from marine fishes off the northern coast of Australia". Parasite. 22: 4. doi:10.1051/parasite/2015008. ISSN 1776-1042. PMC 4318486. PMID 25654578.
- Moravec, František; Justine, Jean-Lou (2015). "New records of species of Philometra (Nematoda: Philometridae) from marine fishes off New Caledonia, including P. cephalopholidis sp. n. from Cephalopholis sonnerati (Serranidae)". Parasitology Research. 114 (9): 3223–3228. doi:10.1007/s00436-015-4538-4. ISSN 0932-0113. PMID 25982574. S2CID 18037114.
- Moravec, František; Chaabane, Amira; Justine, Jean-Lou; Neifar, Lassad (2016). "Two gonad-infecting species of Philometra (Nematoda: Philometridae) from groupers (Serranidae) off Tunisia, with a key to Philometra species infecting serranid gonads". Parasite. 23: 8. doi:10.1051/parasite/2016008. ISSN 1776-1042. PMC 4783587. PMID 26956219.