Quercus emoryi, the Emory oak, is a species of oak common in Arizona (including inside Saguaro National Park), New Mexico and western Texas (including inside Big Bend National Park), United States, and northern Mexico (Sonora, Chihuahua, Coahuila (including Parque Nacional Maderas del Carmen), Durango, Nuevo León, and San Luis Potosí).[3][4] It typically grows in dry hills at moderate altitudes.
| Emory oak | |
|---|---|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Fagales |
| Family: | Fagaceae |
| Genus: | Quercus |
| Subgenus: | Quercus subg. Quercus |
| Section: | Quercus sect. Lobatae |
| Species: | Q. emoryi
|
| Binomial name | |
| Quercus emoryi | |
| Natural range of Quercus emoryi | |
| Synonyms[2] | |
| |
Description
editQuercus emoryi is a wintergreen tree in the red oak group, retaining its leaves throughout the winter until new leaves are produced in spring. It is a large shrub or small tree from 5–17 metres (16–56 feet) tall. The leaves are 3–6 centimetres (1–2+1⁄2 inches) long, simple or wavy-toothed, leathery, dark green above, paler below. The acorns are 1.5–2 cm (5⁄8–3⁄4 in) long, blackish-brown, and mature in 6–8 months from pollination; the kernel is sweet, and is an important food for people and for certain other mammals.[5]
The seeds of this tree are called chich’il in Ndee, wi-yo:thi or toa in O’odham, bellotas in Spanish, and acorns in English.[6] The English and Latin botanical names for this tree come from the name of a United States Army surveyor, Lieutenant William Hemsley Emory, who surveyed the area that had become known as West-Texas in the 1840s.
Ecology
editThe Emory acorn is sweet and is an important food for livestock, deer, squirrels, cliff chipmunks (Tamnias dorsalis), and birds such as quail and wild turkeys.[5][7][8] Deer and livestock also browse the foliage.[9]
Uses
editNative American groups have eaten Emory acorns traditionally, ceremonially, and in contemporary cuisine. The acorns are most commonly ground into meal.[10][11][8]
Emory oak health and habitat have been challenged in 2020, including in Oak Flat, Arizona in the Tonto National Forest by the Resolution Copper mining company's large copper mine[citation needed].
According to the United States Department of Agriculture:
Emory oak acorns are a critically important resource for Western Apache Tribal Nation, both as a food source and due to its cultural and ceremonial uses. For decades, Apache elders watched in frustration as groves produced less acorn yield and declined in overall health. The ... Emory oak Collaborative Tribal Restoration Initiative is restor[ing] and protect[ing] Emory oak stands ... to ensure the long-term persistence of Emory oak. Habitat loss, fire suppression, livestock grazing, groundwater reductions, species competition and climate change have all impacted the Emory oak population. This program uses tribal traditional ecological knowledge to guide goals and activities.[12]
References
edit- ^ Beckman, E.; Jerome, D. (2017). "Quercus emoryi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T194126A111335378. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T194126A111335378.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
- ^ "Quercus emoryi Torr.". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew – via The Plant List. Note that this website has been superseded by World Flora Online
- ^ SEINet, Southwestern Biodiversity, Arizona chapter
- ^ "Quercus emoryi". County-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014.
- ^ a b Nixon, Kevin C. (1997). "Quercus emoryi". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 3. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
- ^ "Savoring Bellotas in Apache Acorn Stew" (blog post, September 30, 2019), in Savor the Southwest: Forage, Raise, Cook
- ^ Little, Elbert L. (1994) [1980]. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees: Western Region (Chanticleer Press ed.). Knopf. p. 397. ISBN 0394507614.
- ^ a b Peattie, Donald Culross (1953). A Natural History of Western Trees. New York: Bonanza Books. pp. 443–44.
- ^ Whitney, Stephen (1985). Western Forests (The Audubon Society Nature Guides). New York: Knopf. p. 383. ISBN 0-394-73127-1.
- ^ 'Going Green' Is Really 'Going Native': Western Apache Chef Nephi Craig, NPR's Code Switch, April 4, 2016, Hanna Choi
- ^ 'Gather': Food Sovereignty Stories (Film)
- ^ "Tribal restoration initiative seeks to protect, restore Emory oak", November 2, 2020