Rhode Island Sound

Rhode Island Sound is a marine sound off the coast of the U.S. state of Rhode Island at the mouth of Narragansett Bay. It forms the eastern extension of Block Island Sound and opens out the Atlantic Ocean between Block Island and Martha's Vineyard.

Geography

Geographically, Rhode Island Sound is the eastward extension of Block Island Sound. Northeast of Rhode Island Sound is Buzzards Bay. The Rhode Island Sound is approximately 2,500 km² (970 sq mi) and has a maximum depth of 60 metres (200 ft). Average wave heights range from one to three metres (3.3 to 9.8 ft). Circulation and current strength are mostly impacted by the surrounding geology and not by wind strength. This causes the sea floor habitats in the Rhode Island Sound to be constantly changing.^[1]

Sedimentary processes

Studies conducted in 2006 by the Coastal Marine and Geology Program and the Long Island Sound Resource Center used digital terrain models to make topographical depictions of unknown glacial features and bedforms. Newfound glacial features include an ice-sculptured bedrock surface, residual stagnant-ice-contact deposits, a recessional moraine, and exposed glaciolacustrine sediments. Modern bedforms consist of fields of transverse sand waves, barchanoid waves, giant scour depressions, and pockmarks). Bedform asymmetry from multibeam bathymetric data indicate that net sediment transport is westward across the northern part of the study area near Fishers Island, and eastward across the southern part near Great Gull Island.^[2] Compared to the Block Island Sound, the Rhode Island Sound is more prone to stratification since water currents are less dynamic in this area.

Flora and fauna

Algal and kelp growth

Kelp population density is higher in the Rhode Island Sound compared to other temperate locations, particularly locations north of Rhode Island. However, even though annual kelp production is higher, the productivity of individual plants is lower due to lower biomass accumulation of fucoid algae. Studies conducted by Pilson, Asare, and Harlin between 1983 and 1985 illustrated that algal species such as Laminaria saccharina living in Rhode Island Sound waters have maximum nitrogen accumulation in their tissues, which directly correlates with maximum ambient inorganic nitrogen levels in tissues of other algal species as well. The cause of this is majorly impacted by large temporal fluctuations in the Rhode Island waters.^[3]

Invasive species

In 2008, research conducted by the University of Rhode Island, Graduate School of Oceanography, shows that there is an increase in the abundance of a tunicate species, Didemnum. The species has been spotted in the Rhode Island Sound area since 2000, but has been rapidly increasing in numbers ever since.^[4] Two certain species of jellyfish are currently having a population explosion within these waters. Mnemiopsis leidyi, commonly known as sea walnut comb jellies, and the Lion's mane jellyfish (Cyanea capillata), are disrupting habitats with their invasive behavior in the Rhode Island Sound waters.

References

^ Desbonnet, Alan. "The Ecology of Rhode Island Sound, Block Island Sound and the Inner Continental Shelf" (PDF). Sea Grant. Retrieved 27 September 2011.
^ Poppe, L. J.; DiGiacomo-Cohen, M. L.; Smith, S. M.; Stewart, H. F.; Forfinski, N. A. (1 March 2006). "Seafloor character and sedimentary processes in eastern Long Island Sound and western Block Island Sound". Geo-Marine Letters. 26 (2): 59–68. Bibcode:2006GML....26...59P. doi:10.1007/s00367-006-0016-4. hdl:1912/1708. S2CID 55530508.
^ Harlin, edited by Robert G. Sheath, Marilyn M. (1988). Freshwater and marine plants of Rhode Island. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt Pub. Co. ISBN 978-0-8403-4750-3. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Auker, L. A.; Oviatt, C. A. (July 2008). "Factors influencing the recruitment and abundance of Didemnum in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island". ICES Journal of Marine Science. 65 (5): 765–769. doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsm196.

41°26′00″N 71°12′58″W / 41.43333°N 71.21611°W / 41.43333; -71.21611

[Sea_Grant,_Rhode_Island-1] Desbonnet, Alan. "The Ecology of Rhode Island Sound, Block Island Sound and the Inner Continental Shelf" (PDF). Sea Grant. Retrieved 27 September 2011.

[2] Poppe, L. J.; DiGiacomo-Cohen, M. L.; Smith, S. M.; Stewart, H. F.; Forfinski, N. A. (1 March 2006). "Seafloor character and sedimentary processes in eastern Long Island Sound and western Block Island Sound". Geo-Marine Letters. 26 (2): 59–68. Bibcode:2006GML....26...59P. doi:10.1007/s00367-006-0016-4. hdl:1912/1708. S2CID 55530508.

[3] Harlin, edited by Robert G. Sheath, Marilyn M. (1988). Freshwater and marine plants of Rhode Island. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt Pub. Co. ISBN 978-0-8403-4750-3. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[4] Auker, L. A.; Oviatt, C. A. (July 2008). "Factors influencing the recruitment and abundance of Didemnum in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island". ICES Journal of Marine Science. 65 (5): 765–769. doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsm196.

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