The 9K34 Strela-3 (Russian: 9К34 «Стрела-3», 'arrow', NATO reporting name: SA-14 Gremlin) is a man-portable air defense missile system (MANPADS) developed in the Soviet Union as a response to the poor performance of the earlier 9K32 Strela-2 (SA-7 Grail) system. The missile was largely based on the earlier Strela 2, and thus development proceeded rapidly. The new weapon was accepted into service in the Soviet Army in January 1974.
| 9K34 Strela-3 | |
|---|---|
A 9K34 Strela-3 (SA-14) missile and launch tube. | |
| Type | Man-portable air-defense systems (MANPADS) |
| Place of origin | Soviet Union |
| Service history | |
| In service | 1974–present |
| Used by | See Operators |
| Wars | |
| Production history | |
| Manufacturer | KBM, Kolomna |
| Specifications | |
| Mass |
|
| Length | 1.47 metres (4.8 ft) |
Operational range | 4,500 metres (14,800 ft) |
| Flight altitude | 1,800 metres (5,900 ft) vs. jets 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) vs. slow moving targets |
| Maximum speed | 470 metres per second (1,700 km/h; 1,100 mph) |
Description
editThe most significant change over the Strela 2 was the introduction of an all-new infra-red homing seeker head. The new seeker worked on FM modulation (con-scan) principle, which is less vulnerable to jamming and decoy flares than the earlier AM (spin-scan) seekers, which were easily fooled by flares and even the most primitive infrared jammers. The new seeker also introduced detector element cooling in the form of a pressurized nitrogen bottle attached to the launcher.
The effect of cooling was to expand the seeker's lead sulphide detector element's sensitivity range to longer wavelengths (slightly over 4 μm as opposed to 2.8 μm of uncooled PbS elements). In practice this made possible the tracking of cooler targets over longer ranges, and enabled forward-hemisphere engagement of jets under favourable circumstances. The seeker also had better tracking rate, enabling the missile to track maneuvering of fast and approaching targets.
A negative side effect from the aforementioned improvements was increased missile weight, which caused a slight decrease in the kinematic performance of the original Strela-2 (SA-7). [citation needed] Against relatively slow, low-altitude battlefield air threats the overall effectiveness was much improved.[citation needed]
Strela-3 missiles have been exported to over 30 countries.
The original Strela-3 missile was the 9M36. The follow-on to the Strela-3 was Igla.
The naval version of this missile has the NATO reporting name of SA-N-8.
Operational history
editIraq
editOn 22 November 2003 an Airbus A300 cargo plane was hit by a Strela-3 missile after takeoff from Baghdad International Airport, but managed to land safely despite losing hydraulic power.
On 6 May 2006, a British Westland Lynx AH.7 of the Royal Navy from 847 Squadron was shot down with a Strela-3 over Basra, killing five crewmen and crashing into a house.[1]
Georgia
editDuring the War in Abkhazia (1992–1993), a Russian Mi-8 helicopter was shot down by a Georgian Army SA-14 on December 14, 1992, resulting in the death of 3 crew and 58 passengers, most of them Russian refugees. A Georgian Air Force Su-25 was shot down over Nizhnaya Eshera on 4 July 1993 by SA-14,[2] and several other aircraft on both sides may have been shot down by SA-14s.[3]
Former Yugoslavia
editA British Sea Harrier FRS1 of 801 Naval Air Squadron, operating from aircraft carrier HMS Ark Royal on 16 April 1994, was shot down during its attack on two Republika Srpska T-55 tanks in Bosnia. The pilot, Lieutenant Nick Richardson, ejected and landed in territory controlled by friendly Bosnian Muslims.
DRC Congo
editA Zimbabwe Air Force Il-76 was shot down by Congolese rebels using an SA-14 on 11 October 1998 during the Second Congo War, resulting in the death of 40 troops and crew.[4]
Afghanistan
editSA-14s used by the Northern Alliance are credited with having shot down 8 Taliban MiG-21 and Su-22 fighters during the Taliban's 2000 offensive against Taloqan.[5]
Turkey
editA SA-14 (9K34 Strela-3) MANPADS was found during Operation Claw (2019-2020) in June 2019 in the Hakurk region of northern Iraq belonging to the PKK.[citation needed]
Operators
editCurrent
editEl Salvador[6]
Angola[7]
Azerbaijan[8]
Bosnia and Herzegovina[9]
Croatia[10]
Cuba[11]
Georgia[12]
Iran[13]
Jordan[14]
Nicaragua[6]
North Korea[15]
Peru[16]
Russia − Used by Ground Forces and Airborne units.[17]
Syria[18]
Turkmenistan[19]
Ukraine[20][21]
Non-state
editFormer
editArmenia[26]
Belarus[26]
Bulgaria − Produced under license.[26]
Czechoslovakia[27]
East Germany – Never acquired to military service.[28]
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia[20]
Finland[26]
Germany − Former East German stock, used for training only.[20]
Hungary[20]
India[20]
Iraq[20]
Kazakhstan[20]
Kyrgyzstan[20]
Moldova[20]
Poland[20]
South Africa[20]
Soviet Union[29]
Tajikistan[20]
United Arab Emirates – Used by the Abu Dhabi Royal Guard.[20]
Uzbekistan[20]
Vietnam[20]
Non-state former
editFarabundo Martí National Liberation Front[30]
Jamiat-e Islami[22]
Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam[22]
Revolutionary United Front[22]
UNITA[22] – Captured from MPLA and Cuban forces in late 1987.[30]
Comparison chart
edit| System | 9K32M Strela-2M (missile: 9M32M) | 9K34 Strela-3 (missile: 9M36)[31] | FIM-43C Redeye[32] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Service entry | 1968 | 1974 | 1968 |
| Mass, full system, ready to shoot | 15 kg | 16 kg | 13.3 kg |
| Weight, missile | 9.8 kg | 10.3 kg | 8.3 kg |
| Length | 1.44 m | 1.47 m | 1.40 m |
| Warhead | 1.15 kg (0.37 kg HMX) directed-energy blast fragmentation | 1.17 kg (0.39 kg HMX) directed-energy blast fragmentation, including a 20g secondary charge to set off remaining rocket propellant | 1.06 kg M222 (0.36 kg HTA-3) blast fragmentation |
| Seeker type | AM-modulated (spin scan), uncooled PbS detector element (1–2.8 μm sensitivity range). Tail-chase only. | FM-modulated (con scan), nitrogen-cooled PbS detector element (2–4.3 μm sensitivity range). Limited forward hemisphere (all-aspect) capability | AM-modulated, gas-cooled PbS detector element. Tail-chase only. |
| Maximum range | 4,200 m | 4,500 m | 4,500 m |
| Speed | 430 m/s | 470 m/s | 580 m/s |
| Target's maximum speed, approaching/receding | 150/260 m/s | 310/260 m/s | –/225 m/s |
| Engagement altitude | 0.05–2.3 km | 0.03–3.0 km | 0.05–2.7 km |
See also
editCitations
edit- ^ "RAF Pursues Common DAS Demonstrator".
- ^ "2005". Archived from the original on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2013-04-20.
- ^ Cooper, Tom. "Georgia and Abkhazia, 1992-1993: the War of Datchas". ACIG.org. Archived from the original on 3 March 2008. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
- ^ Cooper, Tom. "Zaire/DR Congo, 1980-2001". ACIG.org. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
- ^ Cooper, Tom. "Afghanistan, 1979-2001; Part 2". ACIG.org. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
- ^ a b IISS 2024, p. 443.
- ^ IISS 2024, p. 471.
- ^ IISS 2024, p. 180.
- ^ IISS 2024, p. 76.
- ^ IISS 2024, p. 80.
- ^ IISS 2024, p. 428.
- ^ IISS 2024, p. 185.
- ^ IISS 2024, p. 353.
- ^ IISS 2024, p. 364.
- ^ IISS 2024, p. 284.
- ^ IISS 2024, p. 447.
- ^ IISS 2024, pp. 193, 201.
- ^ IISS 2024, p. 386.
- ^ IISS 2024, p. 209.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o O'Halloran & Foss 2002, p. 26.
- ^ "Additional air defense systems are being sent to Ukraine, US official says". 16 March 2022.
- ^ a b c d e "Guided light weapons reportedly held by non-state armed groups 1998-2013" (PDF). Small Arms Survey. March 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 18, 2014.
- ^ IISS 2024, p. 394.
- ^ IISS 2016, p. 492.
- ^ "SA-14 (9K34 Strela-3) MANPADS was found today in Hakurk belonging to the PKK. Additionally, multiple caves, shelters, ammunition and IED's have been found and destroyed in the last couple of days". twitter.com. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
- ^ a b c d e O'Halloran & Foss 2002, p. 25.
- ^ Cullen & Foss 1992, pp. 41.
- ^ "samolotypolskie.pl - 9K34 (9M36) "Strzała-3"". www.samolotypolskie.pl.
- ^ International Institute for Strategic Studies (1989). The Military Balance, 1989-1990. London: Brassey's. p. 34. ISBN 978-0080375694.
- ^ a b Cullen & Foss 1992, pp. 40−41.
- ^ Istorija sozdanija i razvitija vooruzhenija i vojennoi theniki PVO suhoputnyh voisk Rossii
- ^ "General Dynamics FIM-43 Redeye". www.designation-systems.net.
General and cited references
edit- Cullen, Tony; Foss, Christopher F, eds. (1992). Jane's Land-based Air Defence 1992-93 (PDF) (5th ed.). Jane's Information Group. ISBN 978-0-7106-0979-3. Retrieved 30 April 2024.
- "Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles, FIM-43". Archived from the original on 17 April 2008. Retrieved 2008-04-23.
- International Institute for Strategic Studies (2016). The Military Balance 2016. Vol. 116. Routledge. ISBN 9781857438352.
- International Institute for Strategic Studies (2024). The Military Balance 2024. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-040-05115-3.
- O'Halloran, James C.; Foss, Christopher F., eds. (2002). Jane's Land-Based Air Defense 2002-2003 (15th ed.). Janes Information Group. ISBN 978-0-7106-2437-6.
- Petukhov, Sergei I.; Shestov I.V. (1998). Istorija sozdanija i razvitija vooruzhenija i vojennoi tehniki PVO suhoputnyh voisk Rossii, 1.-2 [History of design and development of missile systems and military systems of AAW of Russian Land Forces]. VPK Publishing.
External links
editMedia related to Strela-3 at Wikimedia Commons