STS-40, the eleventh launch of Space Shuttle Columbia, was a nine-day mission in June 1991. It carried the Spacelab module for Spacelab Life Sciences 1 (SLS-1), the fifth Spacelab mission and the first dedicated solely to biology. STS-40 was the first spaceflight that included three women crew members.[1]
Spacelab Module LM1 in Columbia's payload bay, serving as the Spacelab Life Sciences laboratory | |
| Names | Space Transportation System-40 |
|---|---|
| Mission type | Spacelab Life Sciences-1 (SLS-1) |
| Operator | NASA |
| COSPAR ID | 1991-040A |
| SATCAT no. | 21399 |
| Mission duration | 9 days, 2 hours, 14 minutes, 20 seconds |
| Distance travelled | 6,083,223 km (3,779,940 mi) |
| Orbits completed | 146 |
| Spacecraft properties | |
| Spacecraft | Space Shuttle Columbia |
| Launch mass | 114,290 kg (251,970 lb) |
| Landing mass | 102,283 kg (225,495 lb) |
| Payload mass | 12,374 kg (27,280 lb) |
| Crew | |
| Crew size | 7 |
| Members | |
| Start of mission | |
| Launch date | June 5, 1991, 13:24:51 UTC (9:24:51 am EDT) |
| Launch site | Kennedy, LC-39B |
| Contractor | Rockwell International |
| End of mission | |
| Landing date | June 14, 1991, 15:39:11 UTC (8:39:11 am PDT) |
| Landing site | Edwards, Runway 22 |
| Orbital parameters | |
| Reference system | Geocentric orbit |
| Regime | Low Earth orbit |
| Perigee altitude | 287 km (178 mi) |
| Apogee altitude | 296 km (184 mi) |
| Inclination | 39.02° |
| Period | 90.40 minutes |
| Instruments | |
| |
STS-40 mission patch Back row: O'Connor, Jernigan and Gutierrez Front row: Gaffney, Hughes-Fulford, Seddon and Bagian | |
Crew
edit| Position | Astronaut | |
|---|---|---|
| Commander | Bryan D. O'Connor Second and last spaceflight | |
| Pilot | Sidney M. Gutierrez First spaceflight | |
| Mission Specialist 1 | James P. Bagian Second and last spaceflight | |
| Mission Specialist 2 Flight Engineer |
Tamara E. Jernigan First spaceflight | |
| Mission Specialist 3 | Rhea Seddon Second spaceflight | |
| Payload Specialist 1 | F. Drew Gaffney Only spaceflight | |
| Payload Specialist 2 | Millie Hughes-Fulford Only spaceflight | |
| Position | Astronaut | |
|---|---|---|
| Payload Specialist 2 | Robert W. Phillips | |
Crew seat assignments
edit| Seat[2] | Launch | Landing | Seats 1–4 are on the flight deck. Seats 5–7 are on the mid-deck. |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | O'Connor | ||
| 2 | Gutierrez | ||
| 3 | Bagian | ||
| 4 | Jernigan | ||
| 5 | Seddon | ||
| 6 | Gaffney | ||
| 7 | Hughes-Fulford | ||
Mission highlights
editThis article needs additional citations for verification. (June 2024) |
| Attempt | Planned | Result | Turnaround | Reason | Decision point | Weather go (%) | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 22 May 1991, 12:00:00 am | Scrubbed | — | Technical | 20 May 1991, 12:00 am (T−11:00:00 hold) | Leaking in liquid hydrogen transducer.[3] | |
| 2 | 1 Jun 1991, 8:00:00 am | Scrubbed | 10 days 7 hours 60 minutes | Technical | 1 Jun 1991, 7:00 am (T−00:20:00 hold) | Calibration failure in IMU 2. | |
| 3 | 5 Jun 1991, 9:24:51 am | Success | 4 days 1 hour 25 minutes | Delayed by one hour and 24 minutes due to low cloud cover.[3] |
The launch was originally set for May 22, 1991. The mission was postponed less than 48 hours before launch when it became known that a leaking liquid hydrogen transducer in the orbiter's main propulsion system, which was removed and replaced during leak testing in 1990, had failed an analysis by a vendor.[4] Engineers feared that one or more of the nine liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen transducers protruding into fuel and oxidizer lines could break off and be ingested by the engine turbopumps, causing engine failure.
In addition, one of the orbiter's five general purpose computers failed completely, along with one of the multiplexer demultiplexers that controlled the orbiter's hydraulics ordinance and Orbital Maneuvering System / Reaction Control System functions in the aft compartment.
A new general purpose computer and multiplexer demultiplexer were installed and tested. One liquid hydrogen and two liquid oxygen transducers were replaced upstream in the propellant flow system near the 43 cm (17 in) disconnect area, which is protected by internal screen. Three liquid oxygen transducers were replaced in the engine manifold area, while three liquid hydrogen transducers here were removed and the openings plugged. The launch was reset for 8:00 a.m. EDT, June 1, 1991, but postponed again after several attempts to calibrate inertial measurement unit 2 failed.[5] The unit was replaced and retested, and the launch was rescheduled for June 5, 1991.[6] The mission launched successfully on June 5, 1991, at 9:24:51 a.m. EDT and the mission had a launch weight of 114,290 kg (251,970 lb).[3] The launch was also captured on IMAX cameras, and used in the 2015 documentary film Journey to Space.
It was the fifth dedicated Spacelab mission, Spacelab Life Sciences-1, and first dedicated solely to life sciences, using the habitable module. The mission featured the most detailed and interrelated physiological measurements in space since the 1973–1974 Skylab missions. The subjects involved were humans, 30 rodents and thousands of tiny jellyfish. Primary SLS-1 experiments studied six body systems; of 18 investigations, ten involved humans, seven involved rodents, and one used jellyfish.
Six body systems investigated were cardiovascular/cardiopulmonary (heart, lungs and blood vessels); renal/endocrine (kidneys and hormone-secreting organs and glands); blood (blood plasma); immune system (white blood cells); musculoskeletal (muscles and bones); and neurovestibular (brains and nerves, eyes and inner ear). Other payloads included twelve Getaway Special (GAS) canisters installed on GAS bridge in cargo bay for experiments in materials science, plant biology and cosmic radiation (see G-616); Middeck Zero-Gravity Dynamics Experiment (MODE); and seven Orbiter Experiments (OEX).
Columbia landed on June 14, 1991, at 8:39:11 a.m. PDT, on Runway 22, at Edwards Air Force Base, California. It returned to KSC on June 21, 1991.[7]
Wake-up calls
editNASA began a tradition of playing music to astronauts during the Project Gemini, which was first used to wake up a flight crew during Apollo 15. Each track is specially chosen, often by the astronauts' families, and usually has a special meaning to an individual member of the crew, or is applicable to their daily activities. [8]: 4, 23
| Day | Song | Artist/Composer | Played For |
|---|---|---|---|
| Day 2 | "Great Balls of Fire" | Jerry Lee Lewis | |
| Day 3 | A "Military Medally"[a] | O'Connor, Gutierrez | |
| Day 4 | "Yakety Yak" | The Coasters | |
| Day 5 | Greetings from the crews' children "Somewhere Out There" from the movie "An American Tail" |
Linda Ronstadt, James Ingram | |
| Day 6 | "Cow Patty" | Tammy Jernigan | |
| Day 7 | "Shout - The Faber College Theme" from the movie "Animal House" | Otis Day and the Knights | |
| Day 8 | "Twistin' the Night Away" from the movie, "Animal House" | Sam Cooke | |
| Day 9 | "Chain Gang" | The Nylons | |
| Day 10 | "What a Wonderful World" | Louis Armstrong |
See also
edit- G-616 "The effects of Cosmic Radiation on Floppy Disks"
- List of human spaceflights
- List of Space Shuttle missions
- Outline of space science
- Space Shuttle
Notes
edit- ^ Consisting of Air Force and Marine Corps songs for O'Connor and Gutierrez, a Marine Corp Colonel and an Air Force Lt. Colonel respectively.
References
edit- ^ Jones, Caleb. "Space Shuttle Columbia / OV-102 | STS-40". Space Launch Now. Retrieved April 29, 2024.
- ^ "STS-40". Spacefacts. Retrieved February 26, 2014.
- ^ a b c Legler, Robert D.; Bennett, Floyd V. (September 1, 2011). "Space Shuttle Missions Summary" (PDF). Scientific and Technical Information (STI) Program Office. NASA. pp. 2–48. NASA/TM–2011–216142. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 21, 2020.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ Fricke, Robert W. (July 1, 1991). STS-40 Space Shuttle mission report (PDF) (Report). Retrieved October 29, 2024.
- ^ Dye, Lee (June 2, 1991). "Shuttle Delayed Again; Unit for Navigation Fails : Space: The problem is found shortly before blastoff. Scrubbing the launch comes at an awkward time as hearings on NASA start this week". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 29, 2024.
- ^ "STS-40 - NASA". Retrieved April 29, 2024.
- ^ Dumoulin, Jim (June 29, 2001). "STS-40". Kennedy Space Center Science, Technology and Engineering. NASA/KSC Information Technology Directorate. Archived from the original on January 29, 2022. Retrieved June 2, 2024.
- ^ Fries, Colin (March 13, 2015). "Chronology of Wakeup Calls" (PDF). NASA History Division. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 20, 2023. Retrieved January 22, 2024.