Wikipedia

Smart (marque)

"Smart Car" redirects here. For cars with artificial intelligence, see Intelligent car. For other uses, see Smart car (disambiguation).

Smart (stylized in lowercase) is a German automotive marque established in 1994. Smart Automobile Co., Ltd. is a joint venture established by Mercedes-Benz AG and Zhejiang Geely Holding Group in 2019 and aimed at producing Smart-badged cars in China to be marketed globally. The venture is headquartered in Ningbo. Originally, the marque was known for producing microcars and subcompacts, primarily the Fortwo and Forfour, at Smartville in Hambach, Moselle, France and additionally at Renault's Revoz plant (Novo Mesto, Slovenia). It now produces small battery electric vehicles at a manufacturing plant in China, with distribution, marketing and aftersales activities in Europe handled by Smart Europe GmbH, which is headquartered in Stuttgart, Germany.

Smart Automobile Co., Ltd.
Company typeJoint venture
IndustryAutomotive
Founded
  • February 1994; 30 years ago (February 1994) (marque)
  • 2019; 5 years ago (2019) (joint venture)
Headquarters
Ningbo
,
China
Key people
Tong Xiangbei (CEO)
ProductsElectric vehicles
Owners
Subsidiaries
  • Smart Europe GmbH
  • Smart Automobile Sales Co., Ltd.
Chinese name
Simplified Chinese智马达汽车有限公司
Traditional Chinese智馬達汽車有限公司
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinZhìmǎdá Qìchē Yǒuxiàn Gōngsī
Websitesmart.com
Footnotes / references
[1][2][3][4]

The marque was founded in 1994 by Micro Compact Car AG (MCC), a joint venture between SMH and Daimler-Benz. MCC became a wholly owned subsidiary of Daimler-Benz in 1998, and was subsequently renamed MCC smart GmbH, then smart GmbH. smart GmbH was then absorbed by DaimlerChrysler (later Daimler AG) in 2006, making smart a marque within the Mercedes-Benz Cars division.[5]

The name Smart derives from the cooperation of the Swiss company Swatch with Mercedes-Benz: "Swatch Mercedes ART".[6]

History

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Origins

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Former Smart offices in Böblingen

The design concept for the marque's automobiles began at Mercedes-Benz in the early 1970s to late 1980s. After brief backing by Volkswagen, the first model was released by Daimler-Benz in October 1998. Several variants on the original design have been introduced, with the original being the "City Coupé" that would be renamed the "ForTwo".[7]

In late 1982, SMH (makers of the Swatch brand of watches) CEO Nicolas Hayek began developing an idea for a new car using the same type of manufacturing strategies and personalization features used to popularize Swatch watches. He believed that the automotive industry had ignored a sector of potential customers who wanted a small and stylish compact city car. This idea soon became known as the "Swatchmobile". Hayek's private company Hayek Engineering AG began designing the new car for SMH, with seating for two and a hybrid drivetrain.[8] The name Smart was coined by Manfred Gotta.

While design of the car was proceeding, Hayek feared existing manufacturers would feel threatened by the Swatchmobile. Thus, rather than directly competing, he preferred to cooperate with another company in the automotive industry. This would also relieve SMH of the cost burden in setting up a distribution network. Hayek approached several automotive manufacturers, and on 3 July 1991, he reached an agreement with Volkswagen to share development of the new project.[9]

By 1993, Ferdinand Piëch had become CEO of Volkswagen, and he immediately sought to terminate the project with SMH. Volkswagen had already been working on their own "three-litre car": a car which would consume three litres of fuel per 100 kilometres of driving (the eventual Volkswagen Lupo 3L). Volkswagen's own concept was believed to be a better business proposition, featuring four seats and more cargo room.[10]

Hayek had suspected that Piëch would seek to end the agreement with SMH upon his ascendancy to the CEO position; therefore, he discreetly began approaching other car companies with the Swatchmobile project. Rebuffed by BMW, Fiat, General Motors and Renault, he finally reached an informal agreement with Daimler-Benz AG, maker of Mercedes-Benz cars.[11]

A deal was announced on 4 March 1994 at a press conference at Mercedes-Benz headquarters in Stuttgart, that the companies would join forces in founding Micro Compact Car AG (MCC). 49% of the initial capital of 50 million Swiss francs was provided by SMH and the remaining 51% by Daimler-Benz. The company consisted of two subsidiaries: MCC GmbH based in Renningen (a suburb of Stuttgart), which would design the car, and the then-unnamed manufacturing plant. SMH Auto SA, owned by Hayek, would design a hybrid electric drive system for the car, while Hayek Engineering would audit the design and manufacturing.[12]

The press conference also featured the debut of two concept cars: the "eco-sprinter" and "eco-speedster", styled by Mercedes-Benz's design studio in California.[13] The cars were similar to the eventual Smart City-Coupé. No mention was made of the fact that SMH had no input in the design of these concepts,[14] and they were badged as normal Mercedes-Benz vehicles.

By the end of April 1994, MCC had set up a head office in Biel/Bienne, Switzerland.[15]

Pre-launch (1994–1997)

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Three co-directors were immediately named to head the new company: designer and engineer Johann Tomforde and financial administrator Christoph Baubin from Daimler-Benz, and marketing manager Hans Jürg Schär, who spearheaded the original Swatch marketing campaigns in the mid-1980s. Tomforde had previously created concept sketches of an electric rear-engine, 2-seat, ultra-short economy car in 1972,[16][17] which formed the basis for the 1981 Mercedes-Benz NAFA concept.[18] Tomforde had been working on the Mercedes City Car (coincidentally abbreviated MCC) project at Daimler-Benz since 1990, which produced the eco-sprinter and eco-speedster concepts, as well as the Vision-A concept, which eventually became the Mercedes-Benz A-Class.[19]

One of the first controversies at MCC was the name of the car itself. Nicolas Hayek insisted it retain Swatch in some way: "Swatchmobile", or "Swatch Car". Daimler-Benz refused and pushed for a neutral name.[20] The final selection was Smart, an acronym that had been previously used internally by MCC for *S*watch *M*ercedes *Art*.

By May 1994, the co-directors had identified 74 potential sites for the assembly plant. The final site was announced on 20 December 1994: Hambach, France.[21] The purpose-built factory quickly gained the nickname "Smartville".

In 1995, Tomforde devised a modular system of assembly for the car, insisting that suppliers design and assemble and even install their own modules onto the final car at the new plant, using their own employees and thus reducing the cost overhead for the parent companies and divesting MCC of the financial and legal liabilities for those parts. It also provided a fiscal framework whereby MCC could share the development costs with the suppliers, rather than having to fund the entire project themselves.[22] MCC secured contracts with suppliers to design and supply almost all parts of the car: seats by Faurecia, interiors by VDO, chassis and door modules by Magna, door panels by Dynamit Nobel, and suspension by Krupp.[23]

Despite offloading a substantial amount of the development on the suppliers, MCC required more capital. Recapitalization by Daimler-Benz increased their share of ownership in the company to 81% by 1996, leaving SMH with only the remaining 19%.[24]

The assembly plant opened on 27 October 1997, with a ceremonial ribbon-cutting by then-French President Jacques Chirac and German Chancellor Helmut Kohl.[25] Introduction of the new Smart City-Coupé was planned for March 1998; however, dynamic instability of the prototypes prompted Daimler-Benz to announce postponing the launch until October 1998. Johann Tomforde was replaced as chief engineer by Gerhard Fritz.[26] Fritz lowered the centre of gravity, widened the track, stiffened the suspension, changed the steering, and added ballast weight to the front of the car in order to increase its stability in emergency avoidance manoeuvres (notably the Swedish "moose test").[27]

The car launched successfully in nine European countries in October 1998, but the final design did not fulfill Hayek's expectations. Hayek pushed for a hybrid drivetrain, but the final product used a relatively conventional gasoline engine. Shortly afterward, Daimler-Benz bought out SMH's remaining stake in the company.[28] MCC was now a wholly owned subsidiary of Daimler-Benz (which soon merged with Chrysler Corporation to become DaimlerChrysler). The office in Biel was shut down and operations were consolidated at the MCC GmbH design centre in Germany. On 1 January 1999, MCC GmbH changed its name to MCC smart GmbH,[29] and by 2000, it dropped the last vestiges of the association with SMH, becoming smart GmbH.[30]

Expansion (1998–2019)

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The model line was subsequently expanded to include the rear-engine, rear-drive Roadster and a four-door, four-seat supermini aptly named Forfour (the original City-Coupé was renamed Fortwo to fit the new naming scheme).

The expansion did not increase profits at the company; Smart GmbH lost nearly four billion euros from 2003 to 2006.[31] Plans were enacted to increase the company's profitability and integrate its operations with Daimler (at the time DaimlerChrysler).

In 2005, Daimler decided against purchasing a 50% share in the Dutch NedCar plant used to manufacture the ForFour, ending its production. A planned SUV called Formore was terminated as the assembly plant in Brazil was being fitted with machines, and production of the Roadster was discontinued. In 2006, after dwindling sales and heavy financial losses, Smart GmbH was liquidated and its operations were absorbed by DaimlerChrysler directly.

Until April 2019, Smart operated under the Mercedes-Benz Cars division of Daimler AG, offering the Fortwo coupé, Fortwo convertible and Forfour hatchback.[32]

Geely partnership

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Smart Concept #1

In 2019, Daimler announced the establishment of a joint venture partnership with Chinese automaker Geely.[33] The deal, worth a total of ¥5.4b RMB (about $830m USD),[34] involves a new production plant to be built in China, which will start production on a new generation of Smart-branded vehicles. In 2021, the first concept of this partnership, called Concept #1, was unveiled at the Munich Motor Show. The concept vehicle is built on Geely's SEA platform and features design details of existing Smart models, including a panoramic glass roof, frameless suicide-style rear doors, and a large 12.8-inch (33 cm) touchscreen infotainment system.[35]

Models

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Apart from the original Smart Fortwo, a sporty Smart Roadster, a limited production of 2000 erstwhile concept Smart Crossblade and a supermini Smart Forfour were also offered. These have now been discontinued. There were also plans to introduce the French made cross-over based on the body of the ForFour and the AWD hardware of the Mercedes C-class with the name of Formore but industrialization of this was cancelled at the 11th hour (even as tooling was being installed in the assembly plant) due to unfavourable exchange rate swings and spending cutbacks driven by losses elsewhere within Smart.

Current

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Production Model Picture
2022–present Smart #1  
2023–present Smart #3  

Former

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Production Model Picture
1998–2000 Smart City-Coupé (C450) & City-Cabrio* (*from 2000) (A450)  
2002 Smart Crossblade  
2001–2007 Smart City-Coupé (C450) & City-Cabrio (renamed Fortwo in 2002) (A450)  
2001–2004 Smart K (Japan only)  
2003–2005 Smart Roadster Coupé (R452)

Smart Roadster Cabrio (C452)

 
2004–2006 Smart Forfour (W454)  
2007–2015 Smart Fortwo (C451)

Smart Fortwo Cabrio (A451)

 
2008–2016

(2008–2011 in limited trials[36])

Smart Fortwo Electric Drive (formerly known as EV) (C453)

Smart Fortwo Cabrio Electric Drive (A453)

 
2014–2019 Smart Fortwo (C453)

Smart Fortwo Cabrio (A453)

 
2014–2019 Smart Forfour (W453)  
2017–2022 Smart EQ Forfour  
2017–2024 Smart EQ Fortwo

Smart EQ Fortwo Cabrio

 

Future

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Concept vehicles

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Marketing

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Asia

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Japan

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First generation Smart models equipped with engine sizes smaller than 660 cc (40 cu in) fit into the Kei car category of cars in Japan, and are eligible for a range of lower taxes. Recent models with a larger engine do not meet the Kei qualifications. An official version of the Smart Fortwo called the Smart K has been released to fit the Kei car category. English musician Steve Appleton is featured in a Smart TV commercial, running in Japan during 2010.

China

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Smart showroom in Shenzhen

Smart was shown in April 2008, at the Beijing Auto Show. The Smart Fortwo started the pre-sales in October 2008 and the Smart vending machine road show in 12 cities from October 2008 to February 2009.[citation needed]

Smart is available in Hong Kong through an authorised dealer, Zung Fu Motors.[38]


Indonesia

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Since 29 November 2010, the Smart Fortwo has been available in Indonesia with PT. Mercedes-Benz Indonesia (MBI) as the authorised dealer. MBI originally offered three models: Pure Coupe, Passion Coupe, and Passion Cabriolet, for sale in Jakarta and Bali.[39] Indonesia is also the first country in Southeast Asia to have the Smart Electric Drive, which has been lent to the Government of DKI Jakarta for a one-year period and can be extended for further indefinite period by a signed agreement between PT. Mercedes-Benz Indonesia, PT. Siemens Indonesia, and the Government of DKI Jakarta. The Smart ED will then serve as a pilot project to prove the effectivity of zero-emission car usage that can utilize alternative sources of energy.[40][41] smart is back in Indonesia! The MOU signing ceremony with Inchcape at GIAS 2024 marks a new era. Please welcome the smart #3 Premium and Brabus.


North America

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Canada

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The Smart Fortwo

The Smart Fortwo was introduced in Canada in late 2004 and was sold through Mercedes-Benz dealers. Demand was initially heavy with up to 6-month waiting lists in major urban areas in the spring of 2005. The vehicle was especially popular for commuters, small car enthusiasts, people needing light delivery and service vehicles. Demand relaxed slightly in the second year on the market. Sales rebounded with the second generation. Canadian Smart cdis cannot be registered in some states in the US.

10,239 Smart Fortwo cdis had been sold in Canada by the first month of 2008. Just before the Type 450 ended production (after which the production had equaled 770,256 cars) Mercedes-Benz Canada built up stock of cdis to tide dealers over until the successor model 451 arrived at the end of 2007.

The Canadian version of the Type 450 Smart Fortwo cdi sold to 915 customers over three months in 2004; 4,080 were sold in 2005, and 3,023 in 2006. Virtually all the deliveries in 2004 and many of the deliveries in 2005 were to long-time Smart fans who had been waiting for their car for years, which largely accounts for the higher numbers. Through 2007, sales totaled about 2,200 units, with the last few cars being sold in the first month of 2008, when the new Type 451 was already on sale. The Smart's strongest sales performance ever in Canada was in April 2007, when more than 500 units were sold. Sales are strongest (per capita) in Western Canada, with Vancouver Island and Vancouver being especially hot markets.

The 2008-2011 (North America) Smart Fortwo Type 451 was totally redesigned, with a 70-horsepower (71 PS; 52 kW) naturally aspirated Mitsubishi-sourced gasoline engine of 999 cc (61.0 cu in) for North America, up from the 799 cc (48.8 cu in) cdi diesel, with the attendant loss of fuel economy. Smart decided not to import the cdi version of the 451, now with 55 DIN HP, although this decision has led to criticism that the new Smart does not get the fuel economy that many would expect from such a small car. The 799 cc, far more fuel efficient diesel is sold in Europe and some other markets.

The Brabus Tailor-Made program is not well advertised in Canada, but at least 16 Tailor-Made cars have been produced to Canadian specification. These vehicles are sent to the Brabus factory in Bottrop, Germany, where the standard ex-works cars are stripped to the shell and repainted/retrimmed to suit individual customers' tastes. The first four are the Brabus Canada 1; three in bright red (including the tridion, two cabriolets and one coupé) and one in all white (a cabriolet). Aside from the special paint, all had every Brabus part fitted to the body and interior, and the seats, door panels and dashboards were trimmed in black Nappa leather and Alcantara. Three of these cars are in British Columbia and #1-of-1, the Concept vehicle used at Canadian International Auto Shows (a red cabrio with silver alloys), is now in London, Ontario. The next Brabus tailor made Canadian car was a one-off all orange 451 made for a customer in Vancouver. The other ten were all ordered by Mercedes-Benz Canada as the special "edit10n" of the Canadian Brabus 451 (with only 70 HP), painted in metallic dark grey with an orange Nappe leather interior. There is also at least one BoConcept 451 built to Canadian standards.

In 2009, the Government of Canada acquired the European Smart mhd (micro hybrid drive) through partnership with Mercedes-Benz Canada. The project was administered by the ecoTECHNOLOGY for Vehicles(eTV) program within Transport Canada. Goals were to identify the benefits of the start-stop system equipped on the vehicle and how to accelerate the penetration of this technology throughout Canada. See Smart mhd Test Results Report.

On 30 April 2019 Daimler announced that 2019 would be the last year for Canada and will continue to support owners going forward.[33]

United States

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smart Fortwo (2nd generation)

Before 2008, Smart cars were only available in the United States as "grey market" imports, such as ZAP. U.S. federal regulations allow certain grey market importing in large quantities provided the vehicles are modified and tested to conform to U.S. safety and emissions regulations. Smarts were imported into the United States by "The Defiance Company LLC", modified by G&K Automotive Conversion in Santa Ana, California, and distributed and sold by independent dealerships which were not affiliated with Mercedes. U.S. regulations did not permit the purchase and import of used Smart CDi vehicles from Canada, as the diesel powered Canadian Smarts did not meet American emissions regulations.

In June 2006, DaimlerChrysler confirmed that Smart would be officially launched in the United States in the first quarter of 2008. The cars were offered through a dealership holding company Penske Automotive Group, which created a new U.S. dealership network for the brand under the name Smart USA.[42] Initially, an updated gasoline powered Fortwo was offered, starting around US$12,000.[43] The new model made its debut at European auto shows in November 2006.

A Forbes article has been critical of the stated reasons that Daimler-Chrysler gave for introducing the car in the United States.[44] The Smart Fortwo may have claimed to be the most fuel-efficient fully gasoline-engined car for sale in the US, but it actually lags behind the 4-door Mitsubishi Mirage and 2-door Scion iQ (combined 40 mpg‑US (5.9 L/100 km; 48 mpg‑imp) and 37 mpg‑US (6.4 L/100 km; 44 mpg‑imp), respectively).[45] According to the EPA, the Smart's fuel efficiency is lower than the fuel efficiency of some hybrids, including the Ford Fusion, the Toyota Prius, the Honda Civic Hybrid, and the 2-seat Honda Insight, which achieve 41 mpg‑US (5.7 L/100 km; 49 mpg‑imp)/36 mpg‑US (6.5 L/100 km; 43 mpg‑imp), 51 mpg‑US (4.6 L/100 km; 61 mpg‑imp)/48 mpg‑US (4.9 L/100 km; 58 mpg‑imp), 40 mpg‑US (5.9 L/100 km; 48 mpg‑imp)/43 mpg‑US (5.5 L/100 km; 52 mpg‑imp), and 40 mpg‑US (5.9 L/100 km; 48 mpg‑imp)/43 mpg‑US (5.5 L/100 km; 52 mpg‑imp) (city/highway) respectively while the Smart achieves 33 mpg‑US (7.1 L/100 km; 40 mpg‑imp) city and 41 mpg‑US (5.7 L/100 km; 49 mpg‑imp) highway. The Smart Fortwo is the most efficient car at its pricepoint, since it costs about half as much as a hybrid in the US.[citation needed]

 
Car2Go carsharing Smart fortwo (2nd generation)

The Fortwo has received much attention in the U.S. In its April 2008 issue, Men's Vogue raised the question, "in a nation where your supersized car is your castle, is the Smart too mini for a man?".[46]

To obtain a Smart Fortwo originally required obtaining a "reservation" costing $99 through a dealer or over the internet. The waiting time in January 2009 was approximately 12 months; by July 2009, there was no wait to obtain a vehicle and dealers had them in stock for immediate delivery.

On 25 January 2010 Smart USA began its first lease program in the US market for Smart Fortwo models.[47] The program was scheduled to last until 28 February 2010 but has been extended indefinitely despite lack of leasing sales.

Penske Automotive Group announced plans on 14 February 2011 to relinquish distribution of the Smart Fortwo under Smart USA, to Mercedes-Benz USA.[48] In 2011, Smart USA offered four versions of their Fortwo model. These models include the following: cabriolet, the high-cost convertible version; passion, the mid-cost moonroof version; pure, the low-cost basic version; and electric drive, the electric version.[49]

On 1 July 2011 Mercedes-Benz USA took over the distribution, sales and marketing of the Smart brand from Penske Automotive Group. Smart is owned and produced by Mercedes' parent, Daimler AG.

The third generation Smart Fortwo coupe (C453) was introduced in the United States as a 2016 model in September 2015.[50] The fortwo cabrio (A453) model arrived at American dealerships in 2016 as a 2017 model, and was sold alongside the fortwo coupe.[51] In February 2017, smart USA announced that gasoline models would be discontinued after the 2017 model year, and the brand would focus on an all-electric strategy beginning for the 2018 model year. Both coupe and cabrio models will remain on sale as battery-electric vehicles, with the fortwo cabrio electric drive being offered as the only electric convertible for sale in the United States.[52]

The year 2018 marked 10 years of Smart sales in the US, and the brand offered a limited-edition 10th anniversary edition fortwo coupe electric drive to celebrate. The edition was announced in January 2018, and shown at the 2018 North American International Auto Show.[53]

Smart exited the US market after the 2019 model year due to slow sales and the high cost of homologating the Fortwo for the US.[54]

Mexico

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Smart offers the hardtop and convertible models of the Fortwo coupé in Mexico.[55]

The Smart Fortwo was introduced in 2003, and were sold in department stores Sanborns and Liverpool. Later Mercedes-Benz dealers started to offer the car. Currently Smart cars are still offered in the country, with only the Fortwo model available.

South America

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Argentina

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In Argentina,[56] the Fortwo has been for sale since 2010 and models (Fortwo Cabrio and Fortwo Coupé) can be bought in dealerships located in the Puerto Madero neighborhood of Buenos Aires.

Brazil

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In Brazil,[57] the Fortwo has been for sale since 2009 and models (Fortwo Cabrio turbo, Fortwo Coupé turbo and Fortwo Coupé MHD) can be bought in some Smart and/or Mercedes-Benz dealerships in São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Belo Horizonte and Porto Alegre cities. The electric, Brabus and Forfour versions are not available for the Brazilian market.

Oceania

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Australia

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Smart models were for sale in Australia from 2003 to 2015. It was announced in March 2015 that the Smart brand would be withdrawn from Australia due to poor sales, however, it was announced in May 2024 that the Smart brand would re-enter the Australian market.[58]

Europe

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In 2004, the brand was launched in Canada, Malaysia, Malta, Norway and Romania.[59]

United Kingdom

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Launched in the United Kingdom in 2000, the current range features the Smart Fortwo convertible, and Smart Fortwo Coupé. Smart is available in the UK through Mercedes-Benz retailers.

The UK is host to a number of annual events, both official and unofficial, including the Smart Festival, held annually at Mercedes-Benz World in Weybridge, near historic Brooklands - the world's first purpose-built motor racing circuit.

Russia

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The Smart brand debuted in the Russian market in 2012 with the Fortwo model only.[60]

Safety

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Cutaway showing structure of the smart Fortwo

The Smart Fortwo uses a very small front crumple zone. The second generation Smart Fortwo has been awarded 4 out of 5 stars in the Euro NCAP Adult Occupant Protection and 2 out of 4 stars in the Pedestrian protection test, but was not tested for Child Occupant Protection as it has no rear seats.[61] The original Smart was awarded 3 out of 5 stars for Adult Occupant Protection.[62] In American tests using a five-star rating, Smart cars received a four-star safety rating for the driver from a front impact, and a five-star safety rating for the driver for a side impact.[63] It also received "Good" ratings for front and side crash protection in Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) tests.[64] However, in an April 2009 40-mile-per-hour (64 km/h) frontal offset crash test between a Fortwo and a Mercedes C-Class, "the Smart went air-borne and turned around 450 degrees" causing "extensive intrusion into the space around the dummy from head to feet". The IIHS rated the Smart Fortwo "Poor," noting that "Multiple injuries, including to the head, would be likely for a real-world driver of a smart in a similar collision."[65]

The main structure of the car is a stiff structure, marketed as the Tridion Safety Cell, designed to activate the crumple zones of a colliding vehicle. This design creates a safety cell around the passengers, according to the manufacturer.[66]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ "Management". smart Automobile. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
  2. ^ "Organisations". smart Automobile. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
  3. ^ "smart and PROTON sign MoA on regional partnership" (Press release). smart Automobile. 19 January 2022. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
  4. ^ "法律声明" [Legal notice] (in Chinese). smart Automobile. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
  5. ^ "Daimler AG IR Annual Report 2017" (PDF). Mercedes-Benz Group.
  6. ^ Chang, Richard S. (30 June 2010). "Swatch Founder Also Gave Birth to the Smart CarT". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 December 2018.
  7. ^ "Smart ForTwo Brochure 1998 NL - Veikl".
  8. ^ Lewin 2004, pp. 39–40.
  9. ^ Lewin 2004, pp. 40–45.
  10. ^ Lewin 2004, pp. 55–59.
  11. ^ Lewin 2004, p. 77.
  12. ^ Lewin 2004, pp. 79–80.
  13. ^ Lewin 2004, pp. 67–70.
  14. ^ Lewin 2004, p. 68.
  15. ^ Lewin 2004, p. 69.
  16. ^ "Die Entstehungsgeschichte des smart - Teil 1: das grundlegende Konzept". smartpit.de (in German). 2012-09-16. Retrieved 2021-08-19.
  17. ^ "smart began when Johann Tomforde, a @MercedesBenz engineer, was tapped to create a city car: smart.cr/1KAK649". Twitter. 2016-02-06. Retrieved 2021-08-19.
  18. ^ Jordan, Markus (2013-02-03). "Die Geschichte des smart begann im Jahre 1972". Mercedes-Benz Passion Blog (in German). Retrieved 2021-08-19.
  19. ^ Lewin 2004, p. 75.
  20. ^ Lewin 2004, pp. 85–86.
  21. ^ Lewin 2004, p. 91.
  22. ^ Lewin 2004, pp. 88–90.
  23. ^ Lewin 2004, pp. 107–108.
  24. ^ Lewin 2004, p. 100.
  25. ^ Lewin 2004, p. 95.
  26. ^ Lewin 2004, pp. 115–119.
  27. ^ Lewin 2004, pp. 119–120.
  28. ^ Lewin 2004, p. 132.
  29. ^ "smart Cars". Electrick Publications. Retrieved 2010-03-20.
  30. ^ Lewin 2004, p. 169.
  31. ^ "Smart's three-year loss more than $5 billion, report says | Car News Blog at Motor Trend". Blogs.motortrend.com. Archived from the original on 2010-04-11. Retrieved 2009-03-12.
  32. ^ smart. "smart UK | Small Cars | Urban Cars For City Driving". www.smart.com. Retrieved 2016-09-30.
  33. ^ a b "Daimler to pull Smart cars from Canada, U.S. market | CBC News".
  34. ^ Daimler (2020-01-08). "Mercedes-Benz and Geely Holding establish smart brand as a global joint venture". Daimler. Retrieved 2021-09-07.
  35. ^ a b "Smart Concept #1 Arrives In Munich As Not-So-Small Electric Crossover". Motor1.com. Retrieved 2021-09-07.
  36. ^ Nunez, Alex (2006-07-13). "News article". Autoblog.com. Retrieved 2009-03-12.
  37. ^ "Smart Forstars: Vehículo eléctrico cien por cien cinéfilo". September 25, 2012.
  38. ^ "Smart - Home". Hk.smart.com. Retrieved 2012-04-15.
  39. ^ "Smart fortwo resmi hadir di Indonesia (Smart Fortwo has been launched officially in Indonesia)". The Mercedes Lounge. 2010-11-29. Retrieved 2010-12-16.
  40. ^ "Smart Electric Drive pertama di Asia Tenggara hadir di Balai Kota Jakarta (The first Smart ED in Southeast Asia make its presence in City Hall of Jakarta)". The Mercedes Lounge. 2010-11-24. Retrieved 2010-12-16.
  41. ^ "Smart ED dan Pengisi Baterai untuk Pemda DKI Jakarta (Smart ED and battery charger for Government of DKI Jakarta)". Kompas Otomotif. 2010-11-24. Retrieved 2010-12-16.
  42. ^ "Smart Vehicles Go USA" (Press release). Daimler AG. 2006-06-28. Archived from the original on 2008-01-12. Retrieved 2010-10-16.
  43. ^ "smart fortwo pure". smartusa.com. 2009-01-01. Retrieved 2009-03-12.
  44. ^ Marc E. Babej, Tim Pollak (2006-07-12). "Is Smart A Dumb Idea?". Forbes.com. Retrieved 2010-10-16.
  45. ^ "Fuel Economy". Retrieved 14 July 2015.
  46. ^ "Smart: too mini for a man?". mensvogue.com. Retrieved 2009-03-12.
  47. ^ "Smart lease program". smartusa.com. 2010-01-25. Retrieved 2010-01-25.
  48. ^ Woodall, Bernie (2011-02-14), "Reuters article", Reuters, retrieved 2011-08-08
  49. ^ "unbig. uncar". Daimler Vehicle Innovations USA LLC. Retrieved 2011-10-05.
  50. ^ "Smart ForTwo grows up for 2016 (editors' take)". cnet.com. 27 August 2015. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
  51. ^ "2017 smart fortwo cabrio Pricing and Release Date". www.loebermotors.com. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
  52. ^ Editorial, Reuters (13 February 2017). "Daimler to focus Smart brand on electric cars in U.S., Canada". reuters.com. Retrieved 26 March 2018. {{cite news}}: |first= has generic name (help)
  53. ^ "Smart ForTwo EV 10th Anniversary Edition Launched - Kelley Blue Book". Kbb.com. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
  54. ^ Capparella, Joey (29 April 2019). "The Smart Car Is Officially Dead in the U.S." Car and Driver. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  55. ^ "Mexico homepage". smart.com. Retrieved 2009-03-12.
  56. ^ "Servicio de atención al cliente Mercedes-Benz". www.mercedes-benz.com.ar.
  57. ^ "Brazil homepage".
  58. ^ "Smart car brand axed in Australia due to slow sales". NewsComAu. Retrieved 14 July 2015.
  59. ^ "Annual Report 2004" (PDF).
  60. ^ "Smart Enters Russian Market". Wroom.ru. 20 June 2012. Retrieved 14 October 2014.
  61. ^ "Smart Fortwo test results". Euro NCAP. Retrieved 2008-04-26.
  62. ^ "Smart City Coupe test results". Euro NCAP. Retrieved 2008-04-26.
  63. ^ "Smart fortwo crash ratings". Safercar.gov. Retrieved 2008-04-30.
  64. ^ "First Institute crash tests of Smart car: diminutive two-seater earns top ratings for protecting people in front & side crashes". Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. Retrieved 2008-05-14.
  65. ^ "IIHS Status Report, Special Issue: Car Size, Weight, and Safety" (PDF). Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. Retrieved 2009-04-17.
  66. ^ "Smart fortwo safety design". Retrieved 2008-04-26.

References

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  • Lewin, Tony (2004). Smart thinking: the little car that made it big. St. Paul, Minnesota: MBI Publishing. ISBN 0-7603-1943-X.

Further reading

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  • Tom Warhol, Green Cars, smart car. New York, NY: Cavendish Square Publishing, 2010.
  • Jürgen Zöllter, Willi Diez, smart: small car, big deal. Stuttgart: Motorbuch Verlag, 2007.
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