Wikipedia

User:Airiwakasa/sandbox

Murayama Statement

edit
 
Tomiichi Murayama (1924- )

The Murayama Statement (村山談話, Murayama Danwa) is a political statement released by former Prime Minister of Japan Tomiichi Murayama on August 15, 1995, officially titled "On the Occasion of the 50th Anniversary of the War's End" (戦後50周年の終戦記念日にあたっての村山内閣総理大臣談話, Sengo 50 Shūnen no Shūsen Kinenbi Niatatte no Murayama Naikaku-sōri-daijin Danwa). It synthesized the position of the Japanese government on historical recognition and reconciliation with Asia and other nations subjected to Japanese colonialism, primarily involving China and the Republic of Korea. It recognizes the judgements of war tribunals prescribed in Article 11 of the San Francisco Peace Treaty. In this way, the Murayama Statement played a significant role in both the reconciliation of war issues as well as the shift in both domestic and international perception of Japan.

Background

edit

Japanese Imperialism and War Crimes

edit
 
Former Chief Cabinet Secretary Yohei Kono (1937- )

The Murayama statement apologizes for Japanese war crimes and atrocities committed during the period of Japanese imperialism, especially during the Second Sino-Japanese War, World War II, and the annexation of South Korea. The war crimes mainly involved the Imperial Japanese Army and the Imperial Japanese Navy, responsible for the deaths of millions. Actions include a wide range including torture of prisoners of war, forced labor, biological warfare, looting, rape, and the use of comfort women. In addition to, Japan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs states the country acknowledges its role in the damage caused by Japan during World War II.

The Kono Statement (1993)

edit

Japanese governments have issued several official apologies for their war crimes and other actions during the Imperial era. The apology that most immediately preceded the Murayama Statement was the Kono Statement announced by LDP Chief Cabinet Secretary Yōhei Kōno on August 4, 1993. With this statement, Japan acknowledged for the first time that their military was directly or indirectly involved in the military-run brothels and used coercion to make the comfort women provide sex to the Japanese soldiers.[1][2]

Development of the Statement

edit

The idea of developing a formal, comprehensive apology was raised in January 1995, when the long-dominant Liberal Democratic Party of Japan (LDP) was forced to share power with the Japan Socialist Party (JSP). JSP President Murayama was given the prime ministership in the power-sharing agreement. The Lower House Speaker Takako Doi of JSP emphasized the necessity of trying to resolve Asian distrust in Japan. However, this was first met by strong opposition within the government, with many believing that Japan had already apologized sufficiently for the war, or that the renouncement of war could suggest Japan was abrogating its right to self defense.

To overcome opposition to an apology and reach a resolution, Murayama met with the secretary general of each of the three governing parties on May 25 and asked for negotiations to reach an agreement. He targeted his campaign at the younger leaders of the LDP, including Junichiro Koizumi, former minister of posts and telecommunications and a future prime minister. The leaders reportedly promised Murayama a resolution containing clear expressions of regret.[3] The drafting of the document was a process involving much conflict over wording and expressions, for example with the LDP's rejection of unilateral incrimination of Japan against the Socialists feeling that ambiguity in the statement would greatly detract from its significance. Sakutaro Tanino, a member of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs was among those who contributed to the drafting process of the Statement. Tanino was responsible for changing the ambiguous wordings through the implementation of the word "aggression" in the statement.[4]

When formulating the statement, Murayama chose the route of "cabinet decision", a comparatively more politically binding procedure than "cabinet understanding". Murayama expressed his wish for his statement to be interpreted as the will of the cabinet, in order to bind future cabinets. Although his statement was criticized on August 22 by the new LDP Secretary General Hiroshi Mitsuzuka as exceeding the content of the Diet solution, the incoming LDP President (and soon to be prime minister) Ryutaro Hashimoto stated his own interpretation of the war was in accordance with Murayama's statement.

The Statement

edit

The English translation of the Statement is as follows:

"The world has seen fifty years elapse since the war came to an end. Now, when I remember the many people both at home and abroad who fell victim to war, my heart is overwhelmed by a flood of emotions.

The peace and prosperity of today were built as Japan overcame great difficulty to arise from a devastated land after defeat in the war. That achievement is something of which we are proud, and let me herein express my heartfelt admiration for the wisdom and untiring effort of each and every one of our citizens. Let me also express once again my profound gratitude for the indispensable support and assistance extended to Japan by the countries of the world, beginning with the United States of America. I am also delighted that we have been able to build the friendly relations which we enjoy today with the neighboring countries of the Asia-Pacific region, the United States and the countries of Europe.

Now that Japan has come to enjoy peace and abundance, we tend to overlook the pricelessness and blessings of peace. Our task is to convey to younger generations the horrors of war, so that we never repeat the errors in our history. I believe that, as we join hands, especially with the peoples of neighboring countries, to ensure true peace in the Asia-Pacific region -indeed, in the entire world- it is necessary, more than anything else, that we foster relations with all countries based on deep understanding and trust. Guided by this conviction, the Government has launched the Peace, Friendship and Exchange Initiative, which consists of two parts promoting: support for historical research into relations in the modern era between Japan and the neighboring countries of Asia and elsewhere; and rapid expansion of exchanges with those countries. Furthermore, I will continue in all sincerity to do my utmost in efforts being made on the issues arisen from the war, in order to further strengthen the relations of trust between Japan and those countries.

Now, upon this historic occasion of the 50th anniversary of the war's end, we should bear in mind that we must look into the past to learn from the lessons of history, and ensure that we do not stray from the path to the peace and prosperity of human society in the future.

During a certain period in the not too distant past, Japan, following a mistaken national policy, advanced along the road to war, only to ensnare the Japanese people in a fateful crisis, and, through its colonial rule and aggression, caused tremendous damage and suffering to the people of many countries, particularly to those of Asian nations. In the hope that no such mistake be made in the future, I regard, in a spirit of humility, these irrefutable facts of history, and express here once again my feelings of deep remorse and state my heartfelt apology. Allow me also to express my feelings of profound mourning for all victims, both at home and abroad, of that history.

Building from our deep remorse on this occasion of the 50th anniversary of the end of the war, Japan must eliminate self-righteous nationalism, promote international coordination as a responsible member of the international community and, thereby, advance the principles of peace and democracy. At the same time, as the only country to have experienced the devastation of atomic bombing, Japan, with a view to the ultimate elimination of nuclear weapons, must actively strive to further global disarmament in areas such as the strengthening of the nuclear non-proliferation regime. It is my conviction that in this way alone can Japan atone for its past and lay to rest the spirits of those who perished.

It is said that one can rely on good faith. And so, at this time of remembrance, I declare to the people of Japan and abroad my intention to make good faith the foundation of our Government policy, and this is my vow."[5]

Reactions to the Statement

edit

Japan

edit

The majority of the Japanese population was greatly supportive of Murayama's statement. Although some were concerned over indiscretions such as by Yoshinobu Shimamura, and feared that Murayama's apology may not necessarily hold if more conservative prime ministers followed to lead Japan. However, many were were encouraged when Emperor Akihito spoke in a ritual said that marked the anniversary to reinforce Murayama's apology and expressed deep remorse for Japan's actions as well as mourning for those who suffered in the battlefield.[6]

Although the statement was met with general approval from the Japanese public who said they believed expressions of remorse were long overdue, some were cautious of Murayama's words. Some believed that there was no need for an apology, due to what they perceived as insufficient evidence for Japan's actions during World War II.[7] There were occasional beliefs that politicians were apologizing purely for the sake of maintaining and improving diplomatic relations without making investigations. The Education Minister at the time, Yoshinobu Shimamura, told reporters he was unsure whether repeated apologies were useful and that Japan had not necessarily been the aggressor in the war. However, he quickly apologized and retracted his comments after meeting protests from the public population and other Asian countries.[7]

South Korea

edit

The perceptions of the South Koreans grew suspicious about the credibility of the statement as the means of reconciliation were not ensured in concrete measures, neither did they feel that it was met. The Asian Women’s Fund, which was created in spirit of the statement, was later rejected by South Korean comfort women and the South Korean government.[8] They argued for direct compensation from the Japanese government.[9][10] The Korean elites, additionally, required the Japanese government to declare, hence, acknowledging that there was a forced annexation in 1910. The Japanese did not comply to this demand.[11] Therefore, South Koreans perceive inconsistency with the Japanese government. After normalizing diplomatic relations between Japan and South Korea in 1965, Korean victims could legally not make individual claims against the Japanese government nor the Japanese companies.[12] It strengthens the idea of Japan not being committed to making a genuine reconciliation. Visits at the Yasukuni Shrine by Junichiro Koizumi during his time in office (April 26, 2001 - September 26, 2006) and retracting statements by PM Shinzo Abe have continued the negative sentiments among the South Korean public.[13]

A survey conducted by the Asan Institute for Policy Studies in 2012 shows that the South Korean public are unaware of the Murayama Statement and misunderstood it to be related to the Dokdo-Takeshima Island dispute.[14] The study concluded that the island dispute is considered as “the biggest obstacle in mending South Korean-Japan relations”. Since the Japanese government has made several statements about the dispute instead of concessions in the negotiations over the territory,[15][16] there is continued suspicion about Japan’s actions.

China

edit

Murayama was known as the first Japanese prime minister to apologize to China, and also the first to formally address Japan's actions during its colonial rule. According to Chinese media, As the "good friend (好朋友, hao peng you)" of Chinese people, Murayama's actions were praised by Asian countries, including China.[17] Murayama's visits to China following the issue of this statement was often met with Chinese leaders mentioning the statement and praise Murayama for acting to improve Japanese-Chinese relations.[18] Even after his resignation, Murayama has been invited to ceremonies in China to mark the 70th anniversary of the end of World War II.[19] In a statement released by People's Daily, Murayama emphasized the two nations' linguistic and cultural similarities, insisting that China and Japan develop a strong bond.[20]

Other Nations

edit

Although some Western nations such as Australia showed warmth and welcome towards the first explicit apology for Japan's imperialist and war time actions, other Asian countries such as Singapore and Malaysia expressed similar reactions to China and South Korea. Reactions were generally subdued compared to Western states, and not all Asian states issued official responses to the Murayama statement.[21] However, in contrast to China and South Korea, Japan seems to have achieved a fair level of reconciliation with Taiwan and other Southeast Asian nations through the statement, that seem to have developed a "Forgive, but never forget" attitude.[22]

Actions by Succeeding Prime Ministers in Japan

edit
 
Junichiro Koizumi (8 January 1942-)

The Koizumi Statement (2005)

edit

Former PM Junichiro Koizumi issued an additional statement on August 5th 2005 regarding Japan's 20th century militarism during his time in office from 2001 to 2006. Nations such as China and South Korea repeatedly warned that attempts to avoid explicit apologies that would jeopardize diplomatic ties.

In the statement he says:

“[I]n the past, Japan, through its colonial rule and aggression, caused tremendous damage and suffering to the people of many countries, particularly to those of Asian nations. Sincerely facing these facts of history, I once again express my feelings of deep remorse and heartfelt apology, and also express the feelings of mourning for all victims, both at home and abroad, in the war. I am determined not to allow the lessons of that horrible war to erode, and to contribute to the peace and prosperity of the world without ever again waging a war...”[23]

The Koizumi statement also mentions words such as "colonial rule", "aggression" and "deep remorse" but Koizumi's visits to Yasukuni Shrine, which honors 2.5 million Japanese war dead, including 14 Class A war criminals, worsening ties with Beijing and Seoul.[24]

The Abe Statement (2015)

edit

In the summer of 2015, PM Shinzo Abe signaled his government’s position that the wording of the Murayama Statement could be altered.[25][26] Doing so would require a Cabinet decision.[27] Abe said that he planned to uphold the general content of statements made by previous Japanese cabinets. He said the upcoming statement will include three main points: an expression of remorse for Japan’s wartime aggression, comments on the democratic path taken by the country over the last 70 years, and the government’s plans for the future, including measures to improve regional and global prosperity.

The Murayama Statement said the country had caused “tremendous damage and suffering” to the people of Asia and other countries through its colonial rule and aggression. Abe seemed reluctant about using the same wording that appeared in the Murayama statement, saying he wanted to avoid “bits and pieces of argument over whether the previous wording was used or new wording was added”. His comments on the issue drew criticism from many opposition leaders. Katsuya Okada, leader of the opposition Democratic Party of Japan, severely criticized Abe’s approach, saying that the prime minister’s remarks calling colonial rule and aggression ‘bits and pieces’ could not be tolerated, and that the original statement had already received strong international recognition.[26]

Kenji Eda, leader of Ishin no To (Japanese Innovation Party), warned Abe against altering the wording of the Murayama statement, saying doing so would “send a different message to neighboring countries”. Japanese Communist Party chairman Kazuo Shii also urged Abe to retain key aspects of the Murayama Statement and take appropriate action. In addition to this, Natsuo Yamaguchi, the leader of the junior Komeito party in Abe’s LDP-led coalition, said that the form of expression used in the Murayama Statement had significant meaning, thus any new statement must be capable of sending a similar message.[26]

Abe delivered his statement on August 14, 2015 on the 70th anniversary of Japan's defeat in World War II, causing much controversy especially in China and South Korea.[28] The Abe Statement is based on previous statements such as the Murayama Statement. However, it also consulted the report of a panel commission created to reconsider “the history of the 20th century and Japan’s role and the world order in the 21st century.” The fundamental purposes of the panel and Abe statement were to design the view of 21st century, in the context of Japan’s aim of reconciliation and international contributions in the 70 years since World War II.

Reactions

edit

China's state media criticized Abe's remarks as refraining from offering his own apology, this being agreed on by both the official broadcaster CCTV and Xinhua News Agency.[29] South Korea criticized it as "disappointing", followed by comments from other Asian states as well, for example Taiwan calling on the Japanese government to examine its wartime aggression and learn the lessons of history.[30] Abe’s words about the end of Japan’s “apology” and that Abe's generation must not let the next generations “be predestined to apologize", was regarded unsatisfactory by those believing the Japanese should apologize for generations for the “sin of Japanese ethnicity.”

Former PM Tomiichi Murayama had responded to Abe's statement, two hours after it had been announced. He had accused Abe of using words from the Murayama statement and rewording it to create a more abstract version of the statement.[31] While Abe used words such as "aggression" in his statement, he did not mention about the specific behaviors of Japan during the war, nor did he address whom his statement was for.[32] He stood by the statement and urged Abe Shinzo to do the same.[33][34]

The concern over the statement's wording was combined with the Japanese Foreign Ministry deleting a "History Issues Q&A" section on its website. The section was based on statements by Tomiichi Murayama and Junichiro Koizumi, but the section had been slightly altered when it was reinstated on the website on September 18th. The new version of the Q&A is also criticized for playing down Abe's revisionist position on war related issues in order to facilitate the passage of the upcoming changes in the controversial security legislation.[35]

 
Abe's speech for Japan's role in World War II

See also

edit

References

edit

Category:Foreign relations of Post-war Japan Category:Heisei period Category:1995 in Japan Category:1995 in international relations

  1. ^ "MOFA: Statement by the Chief Cabinet Secretary Yohei Kono on the result of the study on the issue of "comfort women"". www.mofa.go.jp. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
  2. ^ Yoshida, Reiji (2014-06-20). "Kono apology was tug of war: panel". The Japan Times Online. ISSN 0447-5763. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
  3. ^ Mukae, Ryuji (1996). "Japan's Diet Resolution on World War Two: Keeping History at Bay". Asian Survey. 36 (10): 1011–1030. doi:10.2307/2645631. ISSN 0004-4687.
  4. ^ "日报回顾"村山谈话"大大提升与邻国和解层次-新华网". www.xinhuanet.com. Retrieved 2020-02-05.
  5. ^ "MOFA: Statement by Prime Minister Tomiichi Murayama "On the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the war's end" (15 August 1995)". www.mofa.go.jp. Retrieved 2020-01-24.
  6. ^ Wudunn, Sheryl (1995-08-16). "Japanese Apology for War Is Welcomed and Criticized". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  7. ^ a b Wudunn, Sheryl (1995-08-16). "Japanese Apology for War Is Welcomed and Criticized". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  8. ^ "South Korea formally closes Japan-funded 'comfort women' foundation". The Japan Times Online. 2019-07-05. ISSN 0447-5763. Retrieved 2020-01-24.
  9. ^ "S. Korean envoy to Japan seeks 'comprehensive' fix to wartime issues". Mainichi Daily News. 2019-11-28. Retrieved 2020-01-24.
  10. ^ "S.Korean court dismisses 'comfort women' complaint | NHK WORLD-JAPAN News". NHK WORLD. Retrieved 2020-01-24.
  11. ^ MOON, YUMI (2013). "Immoral Rights: Korean Populist Collaborators and the Japanese Colonization of Korea, 1904—1910". The American Historical Review. 118 (1): 20–44. ISSN 0002-8762.
  12. ^ "No. 8473- JAPAN and REPUBLIC OF KOREA - Agreement on the settlement of problems concerning property and claims and on economic co-operation (with Protocols, exchanges of notes and agreed minutes)" (PDF). United Nations Treaty Collection. 1966-12-15. Retrieved 2020-01-24. {{cite web}}: line feed character in |title= at position 40 (help)CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  13. ^ "Japan and South Korea in a Fraught Region - Indian Council of World Affairs (Government of India)". www.icwa.in. Retrieved 2020-02-11.
  14. ^ file1_639.pdf. "February 2012 Monthly Opinion Poll Report". Asan Institute for Policy Studies. 2012. Retrieved 2020-01-24. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  15. ^ "Moment of truth looms for Japan-South Korea relations". Nikkei Asian Review. Retrieved 2020-02-05.
  16. ^ "Two nations disputed these small islands for 300 years". Travel. 2018-11-14. Retrieved 2020-02-05.
  17. ^ "第一位向中国道歉的日本首相，退休后生活清苦，经常骑车上街买菜_百科TA说". baike.baidu.com. Retrieved 2020-01-28.
  18. ^ "Murayama: Face history, maintain peace - China.org.cn". www.china.org.cn. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  19. ^ "Ex-Prime Minister Murayama to attend China's WWII anniversary ceremony". The Japan Times Online. 2015-04-03. ISSN 0447-5763. Retrieved 2020-01-29.
  20. ^ "需要切实继承"村山谈话"". niigata.china-consulate.org. Retrieved 2020-01-29.
  21. ^ Wudunn, Sheryl (1995-08-16). "Japanese Apology for War Is Welcomed and Criticized". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-02-09.
  22. ^ "The Long Road to Reconciliation in East Asia". nippon.com. 2015-08-18. Retrieved 2020-02-09.
  23. ^ "MOFA: Statement by Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi". www.mofa.go.jp. Retrieved 2020-02-05.
  24. ^ "From Murayama to Koizumi: What Japan has previously said about its war record". South China Morning Post. 2015-08-14. Retrieved 2020-01-30.
  25. ^ "Abe war anniversary statement to include terms 'apology' and 'aggression': NHK". The Japan Times Online. 2015-08-10. ISSN 0447-5763. Retrieved 2020-02-05.
  26. ^ a b c "Abe hints at changes to wording of 1995 Murayama statement on WWII". The Japan Times Online. 2015-01-26. ISSN 0447-5763. Retrieved 2020-02-05.
  27. ^ Abe′s war statement meaningless unless approved by Cabinet： Murayama 무라야마 ＆quo, retrieved 2020-02-05
  28. ^ "Statement by Prime Minister Shinzo Abe (Speeches and Statements by the Prime Minister) | Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet". japan.kantei.go.jp. Retrieved 2020-02-11.
  29. ^ "Chinese media voice moderate criticism of Abe's WWII statement". The Japan Times Online. 2015-08-14. ISSN 0447-5763. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  30. ^ "Taiwan urges Japan to learn lesson from wartime aggression". The Japan Times Online. 2015-08-14. ISSN 0447-5763. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  31. ^ "村山元首相、安倍談話を痛烈批判「さっぱりわからん」：朝日新聞デジタル". 朝日新聞デジタル (in Japanese). Retrieved 2020-01-31.
  32. ^ "日本前首相评安倍谈话：侃侃而谈 华而不实". 新华网. Retrieved 2020-02-04.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  33. ^ Former Japanese PM urges Abe to respect Murayama Statement, retrieved 2020-02-05
  34. ^ Abe should issue apology to win trust from neighbors： Murayama 무라야마 ″아베 담, retrieved 2020-02-05
  35. ^ Fujita, Yukihisa (2015-10-15). "The Abe government versus the Emperor on history issues". The Japan Times. Retrieved 2020-02-06.

Categories

edit
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Airiwakasa/sandbox&oldid=1158282183"