The voiceless labial–palatal fricative or approximant is a type of consonantal sound, used in a few spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɥ̊⟩[1] or ⟨ɸ͡ç⟩.[2] The former – more accurately the voiceless labialized palatal fricative by those who consider it to be a fricative[3] – is the voiceless counterpart of the voiced labial–palatal approximant. Other linguists posit voiceless approximants distinct from voiceless fricatives; to them, [ɥ̊] is a voiceless labialized palatal approximant.
| Voiceless labialized palatal fricative | |
|---|---|
| ɥ̊ | |
| ɸ͡ç |
Features
edit- Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
or
- Its manner of articulation is approximant, which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation, but not enough to produce a turbulent airstream.
- The place of articulation of [ɥ̊] is palatal; it is also labialized.[3] The place of articulation of [ɸ͡ç] is palatal and bilabial.
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
edit| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Breton | [i ˈɥ̊izin] | 'her kitchen' | Described as a fricative, and as a realisation of the sequence /hɥ/.[4] | ||
| Iaai | [example needed] | Described as an approximant. Contrasts with the voiced /ɥ/. Not protruded.[5] | |||
| Kham | Gamale Kham | ह्व़ा | [ɥ̊ɐ] | 'monkey' | Described as an approximant. Contrasts with the voiced /ɥ/.[6] |
Notes
edit- ^ Ohala & Solé (2010), p. 43.
- ^ Patricia Ashby (2013) Speech Sounds. Routledge. 2nd edition, p. 82, 116
- ^ a b Florence Abena Dolphyne (1988) The Akan (Twi-Fante) Language: Its Sound Systems and Tonal Structure, p.44
- ^ Humpfreys (1971).
- ^ Maddieson & Anderson (1994), p. 176.
- ^ Wilde (2016).
References
edit- Maddieson, Ian; Anderson, Victoria (1994), "Phonetic Structures of Iaai", UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics (87): 163–182
- Ohala, John J.; Solé, Maria-Josep (2010), "Turbulence and Phonology" (PDF), in Fuchs, Susanne; Toda, Martine; Żygis, Marzena (eds.), Turbulent Sounds: An Interdisciplinary Guide, Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, pp. 37–101, doi:10.1515/9783110226584.37, ISBN 978-3-11-022657-7, archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-06-03, retrieved 2021-11-28
- Wilde, Christopher P. (2016), "Gamale Kham phonology revisited, with Devanagari-based orthography and lexicon", Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society (9): 130–199, hdl:1885/109195
- Humphreys, Humphrey Lloyd (1972). "Les sonantes fortes dans le parler haut-cornouaillais de Bothoa (Saint-Nicolas-du-Pélem, Côtes-du-Nord)". Études celtiques. 13 (1): 259–274.