This dissertation presents an integrated research program in archaeological science, structured around three interrelated studies that combine field investigations, remote sensing, and geochemical analysis. Together, these studies explore how ancient Mesoamerican communities organized their environments, built landscapes, and engaged in material exchange networks.The first article, "Las Investigaciones Geofísicas en el Sitio de Kaminaljuyú," applies non-invasive geophysical survey techniques to investigate the spatial layout of the ancient highland city of Kaminaljuyú in Guatemala. Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) and magnetometry were employed to map subsurface architectural features and buried cultural deposits across this extensive site. This remote sensing approach illuminated the city's urban organization and construction practices without the need for extensive excavation. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of integrated geophysical methods for revealing complex site architecture, highlighting how such techniques can guide archaeological interpretations of urban planning and monumentality in Mesoamerica. The second article, "Statistical Artifacts: Critical Approaches to Obsidian Sourcing Using Portable X-ray Fluorescence (pXRF)," critically evaluates geochemical sourcing methodologies for obsidian artifacts. Focusing on pXRF analysis of obsidian tools from a Late Postclassic site in Honduras, the study identifies potential biases in data acquisition and statistical interpretation, and it proposes more rigorous standards for analytical protocols. These improvements enhance the reliability of obsidian sourcing results, refining our understanding of ancient trade networks and technological systems in Mesoamerica. The third article, "Human Niche Construction and Shifts in Subsistence and Settlement during the Early Formative in the Eastern Soconusco Mangrove Zone," examines how Early Formative period (ca. 1900–1000 BC) populations in the Soconusco mangrove estuary of Chiapas, Mexico engineered their environment and transitioned to sedentary village life. This case study has been expanded into a full-length monograph (Mangroves and Mounds), which provides an in-depth exploration of its findings. Using an interdisciplinary approach, including archaeological excavations at mounded sites in the mangrove estuary, paleoenvironmental sediment coring, remote sensing surveys, ceramic and faunal analyses, and radiocarbon dating, the research documents human-induced landscape transformations and resource intensification. Framed by Niche Construction Theory and Human Behavioral Ecology, the findings reveal that deliberate practices like deforestation, wetland modification, and artificial mound-building accelerated coastal geomorphological change, creating productive ecological niches. These anthropogenic landscapes fostered new subsistence opportunities that encouraged permanent settlement and the development of early social complexity. In summary, this trilogy of studies demonstrates the value of a multidisciplinary approach in archaeological science. By integrating diverse scientific methods and theoretical frameworks, the research provides a nuanced perspective on how early Mesoamerican communities actively engineered their world, built enduring landscapes, and interacted through material exchange.