During the winter of 1980-81, the Sierra Caves Task Force of the National Speleological Society was studying cavern development in the vicinity of the Providence Mountains, San Bernardino County, California. On the second day of the expedition George Luteran, a member of the task force, left camp early in the morning to investigate some of the shelter caves in the immediate vicinity. While examining one of the shelters, Luteran noted a carved wooden stick hidden in the nest of a pack rat (Neotoma lepida). Having read Carobeth Laird's The Chemehuevis (1976), Luteran immediately recognized that the object resembled the ethnographer's description of a Chemehuevi shaman's poro. The Bureau of Land Management was contacted, and on January 14, 1981, the author visited the shelter with Luteran and others.

Lesional neocortical epilepsy (NE) can be associated with hippocampal sclerosis or hippocampal spectroscopic abnormalities without atrophy (dual pathology). In this study, magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) was used to determine the frequency of hippocampal damage/dysfunction in NE with and without structural lesion. Sixteen patients with NE [seven temporal NE (NE-T), nine extratemporal (NEET)] and 16 controls were studied with a 2D MRSI sequence (Repetition time/echo time (TR/TE) = 1800/135 ms) covering both hippocampi. Seven NE patients had MR visible lesions (NE-Les), nine had normal MRI (NE-no). In each hippocampus, 12 voxels were uniformly selected. In controls, mean (SD) NAA/(Cr + Cho) values for each voxel were calculated and voxels with NAA/(Cr + Cho) <= (mean in controls - 2SD in controls) were defined as 'pathological' in patients. Eight of 16 NE patients had at least two 'pathological' voxel (mean 2.5, range 2-5) in one hippocampus. Four were NE-Les and four NE-no. Three (43%) NE-T patients, had evidence for hippocampal damage/dysfunction and five (56%) had NE-ET. The ipsilateral hippocampus was affected in six of eight NE patients. Evidence for unilateral hippocampal damage/dysfunction was demonstrated in 50% of the NE patients. The type of NE, i.e. NE-Les or NE-no, NE-T or NE-ET, had no influence on the occurrence of hippocampal damage/dysfunction.

Huanglongbing (HLB), one of the most destructive diseases of citrus worldwide, is threatening the survival of the citrus industry in Mexico. Diaphorina citri is the primary vector of HLB; thus, control of the vector it’s vital for disease management. This study was carried out to evaluate the influence of different management systems on the population psyllid density and entomophagous insects associated in orange orchards (Citrus sinensis cv. Valencia) in Papantla, Veracruz, Mexico. Five orchards with different management strategies were selected: 1) Manual and mechanical weed control and insecticide application, 2) Manual and mechanical weed control, with insecticide application, and high planting density, 3) Manual and mechanical weed control, without insecticide, 4) Constant herbicide application, without insecticide, and 5) Manual weed control, mechanical soil removal, herbicide application, without insecticide. Each orchard was sampled, monthly. Psyllids adults were captured on yellow sticky traps. Eggs, nymphs and adults of D. citri, and natural enemies were collected on flush shoots. Results show that the diversity of weeds varied according to the handling and sampling date and was higher in orchards and dates where herbicide use was reduced or null. Cycloneda sanguinea, Azya sp., Scymnus sp., Curinus sp., and Brachiacantha sp. were the predators collected. There was synchrony among populations of D. citri, predators and abundance of flush shoots. The presence of the parasitoid Tamarixia radiata was minimal as a result of the low D. citri nymphs density. The results suggest that weeds diversity guarantee the survival of predators, because they supply alternative food resources.