BenchmarkTools makes performance tracking of Julia code easy by supplying a framework for writing and running groups of benchmarks as well as comparing benchmark results.

This package is used to write and run the benchmarks found in BaseBenchmarks.jl.

The CI infrastructure for automated performance testing of the Julia language is not in this package, but can be found in Nanosoldier.jl.

BenchmarkTools is a   Julia Language   package. To install BenchmarkTools, please open Julia's interactive session (known as REPL) and press ] key in the REPL to use the package mode, then type the following command

pkg> add BenchmarkTools

If you're just getting started, check out the manual for a thorough explanation of BenchmarkTools.

If you want to explore the BenchmarkTools API, see the reference document.

If you want a short example of a toy benchmark suite, see the sample file in this repo (benchmark/benchmarks.jl).

If you want an extensive example of a benchmark suite being used in the real world, you can look at the source code of BaseBenchmarks.jl.

If you're benchmarking on Linux, I wrote up a series of tips and tricks to help eliminate noise during performance tests.

The primary macro provided by BenchmarkTools is @benchmark:

julia> using BenchmarkTools

# The `setup` expression is run once per sample, and is not included in the
# timing results. Note that each sample can require multiple evaluations
# benchmark kernel evaluations. See the BenchmarkTools manual for details.
julia> @benchmark sort(data) setup=(data=rand(10))
BenchmarkTools.Trial: 10000 samples with 972 evaluations.
 Range (min … max):  69.399 ns …  1.066 μs  ┊ GC (min … max): 0.00% … 0.00%
 Time  (median):     83.850 ns              ┊ GC (median):    0.00%
 Time  (mean ± σ):   89.471 ns ± 53.666 ns  ┊ GC (mean ± σ):  3.25% ± 5.16%

          ▁▄▇█▇▆▃▁                                                 
  ▂▁▁▂▂▃▄▆████████▆▅▄▃▃▃▃▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂
  69.4 ns           Histogram: frequency by time             145 ns (top 1%)

 Memory estimate: 160 bytes, allocs estimate: 1.

For quick sanity checks, one can use the @btime macro, which is a convenience wrapper around @benchmark whose output is analogous to Julia's built-in @time macro:

# The `seconds` expression helps set a rough time budget, see Manual for more explanation
julia> @btime sin(x) setup=(x=rand()) seconds=3
  4.361 ns (0 allocations: 0 bytes)
0.49587200950472454

If the expression you want to benchmark depends on external variables, you should use $ to "interpolate" them into the benchmark expression to avoid the problems of benchmarking with globals. Essentially, any interpolated variable $x or expression $(...) is "pre-computed" before benchmarking begins:

julia> A = rand(3,3);

julia> @btime inv($A);            # we interpolate the global variable A with $A
  1.191 μs (10 allocations: 2.31 KiB)

julia> @btime inv($(rand(3,3)));  # interpolation: the rand(3,3) call occurs before benchmarking
  1.192 μs (10 allocations: 2.31 KiB)

julia> @btime inv(rand(3,3));     # the rand(3,3) call is included in the benchmark time
  1.295 μs (11 allocations: 2.47 KiB)

Sometimes, interpolating variables into very simple expressions can give the compiler more information than you intended, causing it to "cheat" the benchmark by hoisting the calculation out of the benchmark code

julia> a = 1; b = 2
2

julia> @btime $a + $b
  0.024 ns (0 allocations: 0 bytes)
3

As a rule of thumb, if a benchmark reports that it took less than a nanosecond to perform, this hoisting probably occurred. You can avoid this by referencing and dereferencing the interpolated variables

julia> @btime $(Ref(a))[] + $(Ref(b))[]
  1.277 ns (0 allocations: 0 bytes)
3

As described in the manual, the BenchmarkTools package supports many other features, both for additional output and for more fine-grained control over the benchmarking process.

Our story begins with two packages, "Benchmarks" and "BenchmarkTrackers". The Benchmarks package implemented an execution strategy for collecting and summarizing individual benchmark results, while BenchmarkTrackers implemented a framework for organizing, running, and determining regressions of groups of benchmarks. Under the hood, BenchmarkTrackers relied on Benchmarks for actual benchmark execution.

For a while, the Benchmarks + BenchmarkTrackers system was used for automated performance testing of Julia's Base library. It soon became apparent that the system suffered from a variety of issues:

1. Individual sample noise could significantly change the execution strategy used to collect further samples.
2. The estimates used to characterize benchmark results and to detect regressions were statistically vulnerable to noise (i.e. not robust).
3. Different benchmarks have different noise tolerances, but there was no way to tune this parameter on a per-benchmark basis.
4. Running benchmarks took a long time - an order of magnitude longer than theoretically necessary for many functions.
5. Using the system in the REPL (for example, to reproduce regressions locally) was often cumbersome.

The BenchmarkTools package is a response to these issues, designed by examining user reports and the benchmark data generated by the old system. BenchmarkTools offers the following solutions to the corresponding issues above:

1. Benchmark execution parameters are configured separately from the execution of the benchmark itself. This means that subsequent experiments are performed more consistently, avoiding branching "substrategies" based on small numbers of samples.
2. A variety of simple estimators are supported, and the user can pick which one to use for regression detection.
3. Noise tolerance has been made a per-benchmark configuration parameter.
4. Benchmark configuration parameters can be easily cached and reloaded, significantly reducing benchmark execution time.
5. The API is simpler, more transparent, and overall easier to use.

This package was authored primarily by Jarrett Revels (@jrevels). Additionally, I'd like to thank the following people:

• John Myles White, for authoring the original Benchmarks package, which greatly inspired BenchmarkTools
• Andreas Noack, for statistics help and investigating weird benchmark time distributions
• Oscar Blumberg, for discussions on noise robustness
• Jiahao Chen, for discussions on error analysis