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Dutsen Nyiragongo

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Dutsen Nyiragongo
General information
Height above mean sea level (en) Fassara 3,470 m
Labarin ƙasa
Map
Tsarin Daidaiton Labarin Kasa 1°31′S 29°15′E / 1.52°S 29.25°E / -1.52; 29.25
Mountain system (en) Fassara Tsaunukan Virunga
Kasa Jamhuriyar dimokuradiyya Kwango
Territory Jamhuriyar dimokuradiyya Kwango
Protected area (en) Fassara Filin shakatawa na Virunga
Mountaineering (en) Fassara
First ascent (en) Fassara +2021-05-22T00:00:00Z $2
Geology
Material (en) Fassara feldspathoid (en) Fassara
Tsaunin
Wani wuri da ke Kusa da tsaunin

Dutsen Nyiragongo wani salo ne mai dauke da tsawa wanda ya kai tsawan 3,470 m (11,385 ft)[1] a tsaunukan Virunga da ke hade da Rift Albertine yana cikin Filin shakatawa na Virunga, a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, kimanin kilomita 12 (mil 7.5) arewa da garin Goma da Tafkin Kivu da yamma da iyaka da Rwanda. Babbar kogin tana da nisan kilomita biyu (mil 1) kuma yawanci tana kunshi da tabkin ruwa. A yanzu haka ramin yana da kujeru biyu masu sanyin ruwa masu kyau a bango - dayan yana da kusan mita 3,175 (kafa 10,417) kuma karami a kusan 2,975 m (9,760 ft).

Kogin Nyiragongo a wasu lokuta kuma ya kasance mafi shahararren sanannen lava a cikin tarihin kwanan nan. Zurfin tafkin ruwan ya banbanta sosai. An rubuta mafi tsayi na tafkin ruwa a kusan m 3,250 m (10,660 ft) kafin fashewar Janairu 1977 - zurfin tafki na kusan 600 m (2,000 ft). Bayan fashewar Janairu na 2002, an rubuta tafkin lava a kasa da kusan 2,600 m (8,500 ft), ko 900 m (3,000 ft) kasa da baki.[2] Matakin ya tashi a hankali tun daga lokacin.[3] Nyiragongo da Nyamuragira da ke kusa suna tare da alhakin kashi 40 cikin 100 na dutsen dutsen na tarihi na Afirka.[4]

Ilimin kasa

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Nyamuragira (hagu) da Nyiragongo (daga dama). Exarfafa a tsaye (1.5 ×).

Wani dutsen da ke wani bangare ya hadu da tsofaffin dutsen tsaunuka biyu, Baratu da Shaheru, kuma wasu daruruwan kananan dutsen da ke kunshe da dutsen da ke kewaye da dutsen suna kewaye da shi.

Nyiragongo mazugi ya kunshi pyroclastics da lava suna gudana.[5] Nesaragongo's lavas kananan silica ne, masu wadatar alkali, madaukakiyar duwatsu masu karancin gaske ba tare da feldspars ba. Sun kasance daga melilitites masu wadatar olivine ta hanyar leucites zuwa nephelinites, dauke da, a cikin nau'uka daban-daban musamman ma'adanai nepheline, leucite, melilite, kalsilite, da clinopyroxene.[5][6][7] Wannan karamin habakar silica yana haifar da fashewa tare da kwararar ruwa mai karanci. Ganin cewa yawancin kwararar ruwa suna motsawa a hankali kuma ba safai suke haifar da hadari ga rayuwar dan adam ba, kwararar ruwan Nyiragongo na iya yin tsere zuwa kasa har zuwa kilomita 100 / h (60 mph).[8]

Tarihi mai aiki

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Ba a san da yawa game da tsawon lokacin da dutsen mai fitar da dutse yake aman wuta ba, amma tun daga 1882, ya fashe akalla sau 34, gami da lokuta da yawa inda ake cigaba da aiki tsawon shekaru a wani lokaci, galibi a cikin hanyar tafkin lava mai gurnani a cikin ramin. An jima ana zargin wanzuwar tafkin lava amma ba a tabbatar da shi ba a kimiyance har zuwa 1948.[9] A wancan lokacin, an auna shi kusan kusan muraba'in mita 120,000 (1.3 × 106 sq ft).[9] Balaguro da suka biyo baya sun nuna cewa tabkin ya sauya cikin girma, zurfin, da yanayin zafi a kan lokaci.[9]

Aikin tafkin lava yana gudana.[10][3][11] Ya zuwa shekarar 2020, galibin tabkin an killace shi a cikin babban kwanon rubabben gwangwani (kusan 18 m (60 ft) mai tsawo ta 180 m (600 kafa) mai fadi) a cikin kwarin.[11][12]

Dutsen Nyiragongo

Fashewar ya fara a ranar 22 Mayu 2021; ya zuwa ranar 27 ga Mayu 2021, mutane 37 sun bata kuma ana zaton sun mutu, bayan kwararar ruwa da ta isa wajen garin Goma.[13]

Fashewar 1977

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Tsakanin 1894 da 1977 bakin ramin ya kunshi tafkin lava mai aiki. A ranar 10 ga Janairun 1977, katangar ganuwar ta karye, kuma tafkin lava ya malale a kasa da awa daya.[1] Lava ta gangaro zuwa gefen bangayen dutsen mai tsananin gudu har zuwa kilomita 60 a awa daya (37 mph) a kan gangaren sama, kwararar lava mafi sauri da aka rubuta zuwa yau,[14] ta mamaye kauyuka tare da kashe akalla mutane 600.[15] A tsakanin minti 30, tabkin lava ya wofintar, yana kwarara arewa, kudu, da yamma dutsen tsawa. Babu wani wuri a cikin duniya da irin wannan madaidaiciyar hanya ta dauke da tafkin irin wannan ruwan lava. Kusancin Nyiragongo zuwa yankunan da ke da cunkoson jama'a yana karuwa da yiwuwar haifar da bala'i. Fashewa daga 1977 ya wayar da kan mutane game da irin hatsarin da Nyiragongo ke da shi, kuma saboda wannan, a cikin 1991 aka sanya shi tsaunin Dutsen Shekaru, wanda ya cancanci nazari na musamman.[16]

Shekarar 1977 ta gabaci kirkirar sabon karamin iska mai karfin gaske, Murara, dan nesa kadan da gangaren Nyamuragira.[17]

Fashewar 2002

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Kogin Lava sun sake gyarawa a cikin rami a cikin fashewa a cikin 1982-1983 da 1994. Wani babban fashewar dutsen mai fitar da wuta ya fara ne a ranar 17 ga Janairun 2002, bayan watanni da yawa na karuwar girgizar kasa da kuma aikin fumarolic. Fississ mai nisan kilomita 13 (8.1 mi) ya bude a gefen kudu na dutsen mai fitar da wuta, yana yaduwa cikin 'yan awanni daga tsawan mita 2,800 zuwa 1,550 (9,190 zuwa 5,090 ft) kuma ya isa gefen garin Goma, babban birnin lardin a arewacin gabar Tafkin Kivu. Lava ya gudana daga kwallaye uku a karshen fissure kuma ya gudana a cikin rafi 200 zuwa 1,000 mita (660 zuwa 3,280 ft) fadi kuma zuwa mita 2 (6 da 7 a cikin) zurfin Goma. An bayar da gargadi kuma an kwashe mutane 400,000 daga garin zuwa iyakar Rwandan zuwa makwabciyar Gisenyi yayin fashewar. Lava ta rufe karshen arewacin titin sauka da tashin jiragen sama a Filin jirgin saman Goma, ya bar kudancin kashi biyu cikin uku, kuma ya isa Tafkin Kivu.[18] Wannan ya haifar da fargabar cewa lava na iya haifar da iskar gas mai zurfin gaske a cikin tafkin don tashi ba zato ba tsammani, tare da fitar da adadi mai yawa na carbon dioxide da methane[19] - kwatankwacin bala'in da ya faru a Tafkin Nyos na Kamaru a 1986. Wannan bai faru ba, amma masana ilimin dutsen mai fitar da wuta sun cigaba da lura da yankin sosai.[20]

Kimanin mutane 245 ne suka mutu a sakamakon fashewar iska daga iskar shaka da gine-ginen da suka rushe saboda lava da girgizar ƙasa.[21] Lava ta rufe kashi 13 cikin 100 na Goma, kusan kilomita murabba'in 1.8 (4.7 km2),[22] kuma kusan mutane 120,000 sun rasa matsuguni.[2]

Nan da nan bayan fashewar, an ji yawan girgizar kasa a kusa da Goma da Gisenyi. Wannan aikin yawo ya ci gaba har kimanin watanni uku kuma ya haifar da rushewar ƙarin gine-gine.[18]

Watanni shida bayan fara fashewar dutse a 2002, dutsen Nyiragongo ya sake barkewa.

  • Hoton tauraron dan adam na fashewar daga Nyiragongo a watan Yulin 2004
    Hoton tauraron dan adam na fashewar daga Nyiragongo a watan Yulin 2004
  • Nyiragongo, 2014
    Nyiragongo, 2014

Barazana mai ci gaba

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Gurbataccen iskar carbon dioxide, wanda aka fi sani da 'mazuku' a cikin gida, ya kashe yara har ma kwanan nan. A wuraren da iskar gas ke zubewa daga kasa a wasu matakai masu kima, ba tare da tarwatsa tasirin iska ba, tasirinsa na iya zama na kisa.[23] A ranar 8 ga Maris din 2016, Goma Volcano Observatory ta gano wani sabon rami da aka bude a gefen arewa maso gabas na ramin, biyo bayan rahotannin cikin gida na ruri da ke fitowa daga dutsen. Wasu na fargabar cewa wannan na iya haifar da fashewar flank.[24] Masu sa ido a cikin 2020 sun shaida tashin a cikin tafkin lawa da sauran alamun fashewar dutse mai zuwa.[11]

Fashewar 2021

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A ranar 22 ga Mayu 2021, an ba da rahoton cewa dutsen ya sake yin aman wuta.[25] Lava ta kusanci tashar jirgin saman Goma kuma ta koma tsakiyar garin gabashin Goma.[26] Daga baya gwamnan soja na lardin Kivu ta Arewa ya tabbatar da cewa fashewar ta auku ne da misalin karfe 17:00 agogon GMT.[27] Lava ta datse wata babbar hanya zuwa Beni, kuma hukumomi sun bukaci mazauna garin na Goma da su yi kaura, lamarin da ya sa dubban mutane barin gidajensu.[28][29] Hakanan an yanke wutar lantarki a fadin manyan yankuna biyo bayan fashewar.[30] Fashewar ta haifar da akalla mutuwar mutane 32, galibi sanadiyyar hadarin mota a cikin fitowar da ta biyo baya.[31][32]

Kulawa

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Hoton tauraron dan adam na tabkin Nyiragongo a watan Yulin 2018

Kungiyar masana kimiyya ce ke sa ido kan dutsen mai fitar da wuta a Goma Volcanic Observatory (GVO). Ana cigaba da kulawa, tare da bayanan girgizar kasa da ke afkuwa kowane minti hudu kuma bayanan zafin jiki ana samarwa kowane minti goma.[20] Cigaba da bayar da tallafi ga GVO yana cikin shakku, kamar yadda Bankin Duniya ya yanke shawara a cikin 2020 don dakatar da gudummawar da yake bayarwa.[11]

Manazarta

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Bayanan kula

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Samfuri:Cite gvp
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Tedesco, Dario; et al. (2007). "January 2002 volcano‐tectonic eruption of Nyiragongo volcano, Democratic Republic of Congo". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 112 (B9): B09202. Bibcode:2007JGRB..112.9202T. doi:10.1029/2006JB004762.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Burgi, P.‐Y.; Darrah, T. H.; Tedesco, Dario; Eymold, W. K. (2014). "Dynamics of the Mount Nyiragongo lava lake". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 119 (5): 4106–4122. Bibcode:2014JGRB..119.4106B. doi:10.1002/2013JB010895.
  4. ↑ "Virunga National Park". World Heritage List. UNESCO. Retrieved 13 February 2016.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Sahama, Thure Georg (1978). The Nyiragongo main cone. Musée Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Belgique: Annales – Serie in 8° – Sciences Géologiques, volume 81 (in Turanci). Tervuren, Belgium: Royal Museum for Central Africa / Musée Royale de l'Afrique Centrale. OCLC 434026615.
  6. ↑ Sahama, Thure Georg (1962). "Petrology of Mt. Nyiragongo: a review". Transactions of the Edinburgh Geological Society. 19 (1): 1–28. doi:10.1144/transed.19.1.1. S2CID 130469613.
  7. ↑ Andersen, Tom; Elburg, Marlina; Erambert, Muriel (2012). "Petrology of combeite-and götzenite-bearing nephelinite at Nyiragongo, Virunga Volcanic Province in the East African Rift" (PDF). Lithos. 152: 105–121. Bibcode:2012Litho.152..105A. doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2012.04.018.
  8. ↑ Baxter, Peter J (February 18, 2002). "ERUPTION AT NYIRAGONGO VOLCANO, DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO 17-18 JANUARY 2002". Retrieved January 17, 2021.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Scheffel, Richard L.; Wernet, Susan J., eds. (1980). Natural Wonders of the World. United States of America: Reader's Digest Association, Inc. pp. 272–273. ISBN 978-0-89577-087-5.
  10. ↑ Global Volcanism Program (2020). Bennis, K. L.; Venzke, E. (eds.). "Report on Nyiragongo (DR Congo)". Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network. Smithsonian Institution. 45 (6). doi:10.5479/si.GVP.BGVN202006-223030. Archived from the original on 18 September 2020.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 Pease, Roland (13 October 2020). "Lava lake rises at dangerous African volcano". Science. American Association for the Advancement of Science. 370 (6514): 270–271. Bibcode:2020Sci...370..270P. doi:10.1126/science.370.6514.270. PMID 33060337. Archived from the original on 14 October 2020.
  12. ↑ Nelson, Paula (28 February 2011). "Nyiragongo Crater: Journey to the Center of the World". The Boston Globe (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 28 August 2020.
  13. ↑ "DR Congo to start phased return of residents to volcano-hit Goma". Al Jazeera. 7 June 2021. Retrieved 9 June 2021.
  14. ↑ Glenday, Craig (2013). Guinness Book of World Records 2014. The Jim Pattison Group. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-908843-15-9.
  15. ↑ "Mount Nyiragongo: DR Congo plans to evacuate city as volcano erupts". 23 May 2021 – via www.bbc.co.uk.
  16. ↑ "IAVCEI NEWS 1/2 1996" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-07-13. Retrieved 2014-10-21.
  17. ↑ Nakamura, Y.; Aoki, K. (1980). "The 1977 eruption of Nyiragongo volcano, eastern Africa, and chemical composition of the ejecta". Bulletin of the Volcanological Society of Japan (in Japananci). 25 (1): 17–32. doi:10.18940/kazanc.25.1_17. (English abstract)
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Hiroyuki, Hamaguchi. "Cooperative Observations at Nyiragongo Volcano in D.R. of Congo" (PDF). Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 May 2005.
  19. ↑ Sanders, Edmund (23 May 2008). "'Killer Lake' Could Power Rwanda". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 3 December 2019.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 "'I monitor Congo's deadliest volcano'". BBC News. Retrieved 2017-10-19.
  21. ↑ Solana, Carmen. "Gone with the wind". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 August 2018.
  22. ↑ USAID (15 August 2002). "Democratic Republic of the Congo – Volcano Fact Sheet #13, Fiscal Year (FY) 2002". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
  23. ↑ "Volcano Under the City". PBS. 2005-11-01. Retrieved 18 August 2013.
  24. ↑ "Nyiragongo volcano (DR Congo): fracture opens new vent inside crater – precursor of possible flank eruption?". Volcano Discovery. 8 March 2016.
  25. ↑ "Mount Nyiragongo: DR Congo residents flee as volcano erupts". BBC News (in Turanci). 2021-05-23. Retrieved 2021-05-23.
  26. ↑ "Mount Nyiragongo erupts in eastern Congo, thousands flee Goma". 23 May 2021. Archived from the original on 24 May 2021. Retrieved 22 July 2021.
  27. ↑ "DR Congo volcano erupts, mass evacuation ordered". www.aljazeera.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-05-23.
  28. ↑ "'Mount Nyiragongo: People flee as DR Congo volcano erupts'". BBC News. Retrieved 2021-05-22.
  29. ↑ "DR Congo orders Goma evacuation after Mount Nyiragongo erupts". Al Jazeera. Al Jazeera. May 22, 2021.
  30. ↑ "Mount Nyiragongo: DR Congo residents flee as volcano erupts". BBC News (in Turanci). 2021-05-23. Retrieved 2021-05-23.
  31. ↑ "Congo's Mount Nyiragongo Volcano Destroys Hundreds of Homes; At Least 37 Dead | The Weather Channel - Articles from The Weather Channel | weather.com". The Weather Channel (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-05-25.
  32. ↑ https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/05/1093022

Bibliography

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