Harshen Swazi
| Swazi | |
|---|---|
| siSwati | |
| Asali a | Eswatini, South Africa, Lesotho, Mozambique |
'Yan asalin magana | L1: Samfuri:Sigfig million (2013–2019)e26 |
|
Nnijer–Kongo
| |
| Lamban rijistar harshe | |
| ISO 639-3 |
ssw |
| Glottolog |
swat1243[1] |
| Swati (Swazi) | |
|---|---|
| Mutum | da Swati |
| Mutane | ina Swati |
| Harshe | ina Swati |
| Ƙasa | da Swatini |
Swazi ko siSwati yare ne na Bantu na ƙungiyar Nguni da ake magana a Eswatini (tsohon Swaziland) da Afirka ta Kudu da Mutanen Swati. kiyasta yawan masu magana a yankin miliyan 4.7 ciki har da masu magana da harshe na farko da na biyu. Ana koyar da yaren a Eswatini da wasu makarantun Afirka ta Kudu a Mpumalanga, musamman tsoffin yankunan KaNgwane. Siswati yare ne na hukuma na Eswatini (tare da Turanci), kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin harsuna goma sha biyu na Afirka ta Kudu.
Kalmar hukuma ita ce "siSwati" tsakanin masu magana da harshen; a Turanci, Zulu, Ndebele ko Xhosa ana iya kiransa da Swazi . Siswati yana da alaƙa da sauran harsunan Tekela, kamar Phuthi da Northern Transvaal (Sumayela) Ndebele, amma kuma yana kusa da harsunan Zunda : Zulu, Southern Ndebele, Northern Ndebele, da Xhosa .
Yaruka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Siswati da ake magana da shi a cikin Eswatini ana iya raba shi zuwa yaruka huɗu masu dacewa da yankuna huɗu na ƙasar: Hhohho, Lubombo, Manzini, da Shiselweni .
Siswati yana da aƙalla iri biyu: ma'auni, iri-iri masu daraja da ake magana da su a arewa, tsakiya da kudu maso yammacin ƙasar, da kuma nau'in da ba su da daraja da ake magana a wasu wurare.
A kudu mai nisa, musamman a garuruwa irin su Nhlangano da Hlatikhulu, isiZulu ya yi tasiri sosai akan yaren da ake magana da shi. Yawancin Swazis (jam'i emaSwati, liSwati guda ɗaya), gami da waɗanda ke kudu waɗanda ke jin wannan nau'in, ba sa ɗaukar shi a matsayin 'daidai' Swazi. Wannan shi ne abin da za a iya kira shi da yare na biyu a kasar. Adadin masu magana da Swazi a Afirka ta Kudu (musamman a lardin Mpumalanga, da kuma a cikin Soweto ) masu magana da harshen Eswatini Swazi suna la'akari da su don yin magana mara daidaitaccen nau'in harshe.
Ba kamar bambance-bambancen da ke kudancin Eswatini ba, nau'in Mpumalanga da alama ba su da tasiri daga Zulu, don haka ana ɗaukarsa kusa da daidaitaccen Swazi. Koyaya, ana iya bambanta wannan nau'in Mpumalanga ta hanyar innation daban-daban, kuma watakila nau'ikan sautin sauti daban-daban. Hanyoyin shigar da bayanai (da kuma hasashe na 'danniya') a cikin Mpumalanga Swazi galibi ana ɗaukar saɓani ga kunnen Swazi. Ana ɗaukar wannan nau'in Swazi na Afirka ta Kudu don nuna tasiri daga wasu harsunan Afirka ta Kudu da ake magana da su kusa da Swazi.
Wani fasali na daidaitaccen nau'in darajar Swazi (wanda ake magana a arewa da tsakiyar Eswatini) shine salon sarauta na sannu-sannu, faɗakarwa mai ƙarfi, wanda ake da'awar cewa yana jin daɗin jin daɗi ga masu sauraronsa.
Fassarar sauti
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Wasula
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]| Gaba | Baya | |
|---|---|---|
| Kusa | i | u |
| Tsakar | ɛ ~ e | ɔ ~ o |
| Bude | a | |
Consonants
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Swazi ba ta bambanta tsakanin wuraren magana a cikin dannawa ba. Su ne hakori (kamar [ǀ]</link> ) ko kuma yana iya zama alveolar (kamar [ǃ]</link> ). Yana, duk da haka, ya bambanta biyar ko shida halaye na magana da phonation, ciki har da tenuis, apirated, murya, numfashi murya, hanci, da numfashi-muryar hanci.
| Labial | Dental / </br> Alveolar |
Na gefe | Bayan-<br id="mwhA"><br><br><br></br> alveolar | Velar | Glottal | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| a fili | hanci | a fili | hanci | ||||||
| Danna | a fili | ᵏǀ | ᵑǀ | ||||||
| m | ᵏǀʰ | ᵑǀʰ | |||||||
| numfashi | ᶢǀʱ | ᵑǀʱ | |||||||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ ~ ŋɡ | |||||
| M | m | pʼ | tʼ | kʼ~k̬ | |||||
| m | pʰ | tʰ | kʰ | ||||||
| numfashi | bʱ | dʱ | ɡʱ | ||||||
| m | ɓ | ||||||||
| Haɗin kai | mara murya | tf | tsʼ ~ tsʰ | tʃʼ | kxʼ | ||||
| murya | dv | dz | dʒʱ | ||||||
| Ƙarfafawa | mara murya | f | s | ɬ | ʃ | h | h̃ | ||
| murya | v | z | ɮ | ʒ | ɦ | ɦ̃ | |||
| Kusanci | w | l | j | ||||||
Baƙaƙe /ts k ŋɡ/</link> kowanne yana da sauti biyu. /ts/</link> kuma /k/</link> na iya faruwa duka a matsayin sautunan fitarwa, [tsʼ]</link> kuma [kʼ]</link> , amma su gama-gari su ne [tsʰ]</link> kuma [k̬]</link> . Sautin /ŋɡ/</link> ya bambanta lokacin da a farkon mai tushe kamar [ŋ]</link> , kuma yawanci kamar [ŋɡ]</link> cikin kalmomi.
Sautin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Swazi yana nuna sautunan saman sama guda uku: babba, tsakiya da ƙasa. Sautin ba a rubuta shi a daidaitaccen rubutun waƙa ba. A al'adance, manyan sautunan tsakiya da na tsakiya ne kawai ake ɗaukar su ta hanyar sauti, tare da ƙaramar sautin da aka tsara ta hanyar baƙar magana da ta gabata. Bradshaw (2003) duk da haka ya bayar da hujjar cewa duk sautunan guda uku sun kasance a asali.
Hanyoyin sauti da ke aiki da sauti sun haɗa da:
- Lokacin da tushe mai sautin mara girma ya karɓi prefix tare da babban sautin da ke ƙasa, wannan babban sautin yana motsawa zuwa gaban gaba (ko zuwa penult, lokacin da farkon antepenult ya zama abin damuwa).
- Yawa mai girma: duk sillabi tsakanin manyan sautuna biyu suna zama babba, muddin babu mai damuwa ya shiga tsakani. Wannan yana faruwa ba kawai kalma-ciki ba, har ma a kan iyakar kalma tsakanin kalma da abinta.
Baƙaƙen baƙin ciki duk abubuwan da aka bayyana su ne ban da /ɓ/</link> . Allophone [ŋ]</link> na /ŋɡ/</link> ya bayyana yana nuna halin damuwa ga wasu dokoki amma ba wasu ba. [2]
Rubutun Rubutu
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Wasula
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- a - [a]
- e - [e~e]
- ina - [i]
- o - [ɔ~o]
- ku - [ku]
Consonants
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- b - [ɓ]
- bh - [ba]
- c - [ƙa]
- ch - [ᵏʰ]
- d - [dʱ]
- dl - [ƙa]
- dv - [dv]
- da - [dz]
- f - [f]
- g - [gʱ]
- gc - [ᶢƀʱ]
- h - [h]
- hh - [ɦ]
- hl - [ɬ]
- j - [dʒʱ]
- ku - [kʼ, k̬]
- ku - [k]
- kl - [k]
- l - [l]
- m - [m]
- mb - [mb]
- n - [n]
- nc - [ƙa]
- nch - [ᵑƀʰ]
- ndl - [ƙa]
- ng - [ŋ, ŋga]
- ngc - [ᵑƀʱ]
- nhl - [�]
- p - [ba]
- ph - [pʰ]
- q - [kʼ, k̬]
- s - [s]
- sh - [ʃ]
- t - [t']
- tf - [tf]
- ta - [tʰ]
- tj - [tʃʼ]
- ts - [tsʼ, tsʰ]
- v - [v]
- w - [w]
- da - [j]
- z - [z]
- zh - [ʒ]
Baƙaƙen labilised
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- dvw - [dvʷ]
- khw - [kʰʷ]
- lw - [lʷ]
- nkhw - [ᵑkʰʷ]
- ngw - [ᵑ(g)ʷ]
- sw - [sʷ]
- vw - [vʷ]
Nahawu
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Sunaye
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Sunan Swazi ( libito</link> ) ya ƙunshi sassa biyu masu mahimmanci, prefix ( sicalo</link> ) da kuma kara ( umsuka</link> ). Yin amfani da prefixes, ana iya haɗa sunaye zuwa azuzuwan suna, waɗanda aka ƙidaya su a jere, don sauƙaƙe kwatanta da sauran harsunan Bantu .
Tebu mai zuwa yana ba da bayyani na azuzuwan suna Swazi, wanda aka tsara bisa ga nau'i-nau'i-nau'i-nau'i ɗaya.
| Class | Mufuradi | Jam'i |
|---|---|---|
| 1/2 | um(u)- [lower-alpha 1] | ba-, ba- |
| 1 a/2a | Ø- | bo- |
| 3/4 | um(u)- [lower-alpha 1] | imi- |
| 5/6 | li- | ema- |
| 7/8 | s(i)- [lower-alpha 2] | t (i)- [lower-alpha 2] |
| 9/10 | iN- [lower-alpha 3] | tiN- [lower-alpha 3] |
| 11/10 | ku, lw- | tiN- [lower-alpha 3] |
| 14 | ba-, b-, tj- | |
| 15 | ku- | |
| 17 | ku- |
Kalmomi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Verbs suna amfani da rafi masu zuwa don batun da abin:
| Mutum/ </br> Class |
Prefix | Infix |
|---|---|---|
| Waka ta farko. | ngi- | -ngi- |
| Waka ta 2. | ku - | -wu- |
| 1st plur. | si- | -si- |
| Na biyu plur. | ni- | -ni- |
| 1 | ku - | -mu (ku) |
| 2 | ba- | -ba- |
| 3 | ku - | -mu (ku) |
| 4 | i- | - yi- |
| 5 | li- | -li- |
| 6 | a- | -wa- |
| 7 | si- | -si- |
| 8 | ti- | -ti- |
| 9 | i- | - yi- |
| 10 | ti- | -ti- |
| 11 | lu - | -lu- |
| 14 | ba- | - ba- |
| 15 | ku- | -ku- |
| 17 | ku- | -ku- |
| reflexive | -ti- |
Watanni
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]ma'anar Watanni a Swazi/Swati:
| Turanci | Swazi/Swati |
|---|---|
| Janairu | nguBhimbidvwane |
| Fabrairu | yiNdlovana |
| Maris | yiNdlovulenkhulu |
| Afrilu | nguMabasa |
| Mayu | yiNkhwekhweti |
| Yuni | yiNhlaba |
| Yuli | nguKholwane |
| Agusta | iNgci |
| Satumba | ina |
| Oktoba | iMphala |
| Nuwamba | Lweti |
| Disamba | yiNgongoni |
Misalin rubutu
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Misalin rubutu mai zuwa shine Mataki na 1 na Yarjejeniyar Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Duniya:
Bonkhe bantfu batalwa bakhululekile balingana ngalokufananako ngsitfunti nangemalungelo. Baphiwe ingcondvo nekucondza kanye nanembeza ngakoke bafanele batiphatse futsi baphatse nalabanye ngemoya webuzalwane.
An haifi dukkan ’yan Adam ’yantattu kuma daidai suke da mutunci da hakki. Suna da hankali da lamiri kuma ya kamata su yi wa junanmu cikin ruhin ’yan’uwantaka. "
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Swati". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ↑ Empty citation (help)