Tsafta
|
| |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
preventive medicine (en) |
| Bangare na |
cleaning (en) |
| Farawa | 3000 "BCE" |
| Laƙabi | Hygiene |
| Filin aiki |
lifestyle (en) |
| Muhimmin darasi |
Tsaftar hannu, bath (en) |
| Ƙasa da aka fara | Greek |
| Gudanarwan |
hygienist (en) |
Tsafta, Jerin ayyuka ne da aka yi don kiyaye lafiya. A cewar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO), "Tsafta yana nufin yanayi da ayyuka daya ke taimakawa wajen kula da lafiya da hana yaduwar cututtuka."[1] Tsaftar mutum Yana nufin kiyaye tsaftar jiki. Ana kuma iya haɗa ayyukan tsafta zuwa cikin masu zuwa tsaftar gida da ta yau da kullun, tsaftar mutum, tsaftar likita, tsaftar barci da tsaftar abinci. Tsaftar gida na yau da kullun ya haɗa da wanke hannu, tsaftar numfashi, tsaftar abinci a gida, tsaftar kicin, tsaftar wajen kwanciya,tsaftar ɗaki, tsaftar wanki da tsaftar likita a gida.
Mutane da yawa suna daidaita tsafta da "tsafta", amma tsafta kalma ce mai faɗi. Ya haɗa da zaɓin ɗabi'a na mutum akai-akai kamar yawan wanka ko wanki, wanke hannuwa, datsa farce, da wanke tufafi. Har ila yau, ya haɗa da kula da kiyaye tsaftar filaye a cikin gida da wurin aiki, gami da wuraren wanka. Wasu ayyukan tsafta na yau da kullun na iya ɗaukar al'umma halaye masu kyau, yayin da rashin kula da tsafta na iya zama abin ƙyama, rashin mutuntawa, ko barazana.
Ma'ana.
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tsafta wani aiki ne[2] da ke da alaƙa da salon rayuwa, tsabta, lafiya da magani. A cikin magunguna da rayuwar yau da kullum, ana amfani da ayyukan tsafta azaman matakan kariya don rage afkuwa da yaduwar ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke haifar da cuta.
Ayyukan tsafta sun bambanta daga wannan al'ada zuwa waccan.[3]
A cikin masana'antar abinci, magunguna, kayan kwalliya da sauran samfuran, tsafta mai kyau muhimmin abu ne na tabbatar da inganci.[4]
Ana amfani da kalmomin tsabta sau da yawa tare da juna, wanda zai iya haifar da rudani. Gabaɗaya, tsafta na nufin ayyukan da ke hana yaduwar ƙwayoyin cuta masu haifar da cututtuka.Tsarin tsaftacewa (misali, wanke hannu [5]) yana kawar da ƙwayoyin cuta masu kamuwa da cuta da datti da ƙasa, kuma ta haka ne sau da yawa hanyoyin samun tsafta.
Sauran amfani da kalmar sune kamar haka: tsaftar jiki, tsaftar mutum, tsaftar bacci, tsaftar tunani, tsaftar hakori, da tsaftar sana'a, ana amfani da su dangane da lafiyar jama'a.
Tsaftar gida da ta yau da kullun
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Bayanin tsaftar gida
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tsaftar gida ya shafi ayyukan tsafta da ke hana ko rage yaduwar cututtuka a gida da sauran wuraren yau da kullun kamar wuraren zamantakewa, jigilar jama'a, wuraren aiki, wuraren taruwar jama'a, da ƙari. Tsafta a wurare daban-daban na taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen hana yaduwar cututtuka.[6] Ya haɗa da hanyoyin kamar tsabtace hannu, tsaftar numfashi, tsaftar abinci da ruwa, tsaftar gida gabaɗaya (tsaftar wuraren muhalli da saman ƙasa), kula da dabbobin gida, da kula da lafiyar gida (kulawan waɗanda ke cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cuta).[7]
A halin yanzu, waɗannan abubuwan da ke tattare da tsafta ana ɗaukar su azaman batutuwa daban-daban, kodayake sun dogara da ƙa'idodin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta iri ɗaya. Hana yaɗuwar cututtuka na nufin karya layin kamuwa da cuta ta yadda cutar ba za ta yaɗu ba. "Tsaftar da aka yi niyya" ya dogara ne akan gano hanyoyin cututtukan cututtukan da ke yaduwa a cikin gida da kuma gabatar da ayyukan tsafta a lokuta masu mahimmanci don karya sarkar kamuwa da cuta[8]. Yana amfani da hanyar da ta dogara da haɗari bisa ga Mahimmin Kula da Mahimmanci na Hazari (HACCP).[9][10]
Babban “hanyoyi” don yaduwar cututtuka a cikin gida sune hannaye, hannaye da wuraren tuntuɓar abinci, da kuma tsabtace tufafi da kayan aiki (misali hanyar watsawa ta baƙar fata). Hakanan ana iya yada cutar ta hanyar sutura da kayan lilin gida, kamar tawul. An ƙirƙira kayan aiki irin su bayan gida da kwandunan wanki don magance sharar ɗan adam cikin aminci amma har yanzu suna da haɗarin da ke tattare da su. Amintaccen zubar da sharar ɗan adam wata bukata ce ta asali; rashin tsaftar tsafta ita ce farkon sanadin cutar gudawa a cikin al’umma masu karamin karfi. Kwayoyin cututtuka na numfashi da naman gwari suna yaduwa ta iska.[11] Kyakkyawan tsaftar gida yana nufin shiga cikin ayyukan tsafta a wurare masu mahimmanci don karya sarkar kamuwa da cuta.[8][10] Saboda "kashi mai kamuwa da cuta" ga wasu ƙwayoyin cuta na iya zama ƙanana (10-100 mai yiwuwa raka'a ko ma ƙasa da wasu ƙwayoyin cuta),[12] kuma kamuwa da cuta na iya haifar da kai tsaye daga ƙwayoyin cuta daga saman ta hannaye ko abinci zuwa baki, hanci mucous, ko ido, ya kamata a aiwatar da hanyoyin "tsaftacewa mai tsafta" don kawar da ƙwayoyin cuta daga wurare masu mahimmanci.[13]
Wanke Hannu
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Wanke hannu (ko yin wanke hannu), wanda kuma aka sani da tsaftar hannu, shine aikin tsaftace hannaye da sabulu ko wanke hannu da ruwa don cire ƙwayoyin cuta/kwayoyin cuta/kwayoyin cuta, datti, maiko, da sauran abubuwa masu cutarwa ko maras so da ke makale a hannu. Bushewar hannaye da aka wanke na daga cikin aikin saboda jike da damshin hannaye suna da sauƙin sake gurɓata su.[14] Idan babu sabulu da ruwa, ana iya amfani da abin wanke hannu wanda ya kai akalla kashi 60% (v/v) barasa a cikin ruwa matukar dai hannaye ba su cika da datti ko mai mai ba. Tsaftar hannu yana da mahimmanci don hana yaduwar cututtuka a cikin gida da wuraren rayuwar yau da kullun.[15]
Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta ba da shawarar wanke hannu na akalla dakika 20 kafin da bayan wasu ayyuka.[16][17] adannan sun hada da lokuta biyar masu mahimmanci a cikin rana inda wanke hannu da sabulu yana da mahimmanci don rage yaduwar cutar ta baki: bayan yin amfani da bayan gida (don yin fitsari, bayan gida, tsaftar al'ada), bayan tsaftace gindin yaro (canza diapers), kafin. ciyar da yaro, kafin cin abinci da kafin/bayan shirya abinci ko sarrafa danyen nama, kifi, ko kaji.[18]
Tsaftar numfashi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Tsaftar numfashi Gyaran numfashi da tsaftar hannu lokacin tari da atishawa na rage yaduwar cututtuka musamman a lokacin sanyi da mura[6]
- Ɗaukar kyallen takarda kuma amfani da su don kama tari da atishawa, ko yin atishawa cikin gwiwar hannu. Zubar da kyallen takarda da wuri-wuri.
Tsaftace a kicin, bandaki da bayan gida
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tsaftace hannaye na yau da kullun, abinci, wurare, da filaye (kamar kujeru na bayan gida da hannaye, ƙofa da hannayen famfo, saman aiki, da wuraren wanka da kwandon shara) a cikin ɗakin dafa abinci, bandaki, da ɗakunan bayan gida na rage yaduwar cututtuka.[19] Hadarin kamuwa da cuta daga bandaki da aka wanke ba su da yawa, muddin an kula da su yadda ya kamata, kodayake wasu fantsama da samuwar iska na iya faruwa a lokacin da ake wanke ruwa, musamman idan wani yana da gudawa. Kwayoyin cuta suna iya rayuwa a cikin datti ko sikelin da aka bari a bayan wanka, shawa, da kwanon wanka bayan wanka da wanka.[20][21]
Tsaftacewa sosai yana da mahimmanci don hana yaduwar cututtukan fungal. Molds na iya zama akan bango da fale-falen bene da kan labulen shawa. Mold na iya zama alhakin cututtuka, haifar da rashin lafiyan halayen, lalacewa/lalacewa saman, da haifar da wari mara kyau. Wurare na farko na ci gaban fungi su ne saman da ba su da rai, gami da kafet da kayyaki masu laushi.[22] Yawancin fungi na iska suna haɗuwa da yanayin damshi, rashin samun iska, ko rufaffiyar tsarin iska.[23]
Ana iya yin tsabtace tsabta ta hanyar:[24][25]
Cire injina (watau tsaftacewa) ta amfani da sabulu ko wanka. Don yin tasiri a matsayin ma'aunin tsafta, dole ne a bi wannan tsari ta hanyar kurkura sosai a ƙarƙashin ruwa mai gudu don cire ƙwayoyin cuta daga saman. Tsabtace tsafta don inganta tsafta a Kampala Amfani da tsari ko samfur wanda ke hana ƙwayoyin cuta a wurin. Ana samun kashe ƙwayoyin cuta ta hanyar amfani da samfurin "micro-biocidal", watau, maganin kashe kwayoyin cuta ko kayan kashe kwayoyin cuta; sanitizer na hannu mara ruwa; ko ta hanyar aikace-aikacen zafi. A wasu lokuta, ana amfani da haɗewar kawar da ƙwayoyin cuta tare da kisa, misali, wanke tufafi da kayan ado na gida kamar tawul da lilin gado. Gidan zurfafa tsaftataccen tsari mai tsafta wanda ke niyya wuraren da ba a kula da su akai-akai, haɓaka kyawawan halaye, da haɓaka lafiya ta hanyar rage allergens da ƙwayoyin cuta. Yawanci ya haɗa da ayyuka kamar cikakkun ƙura, tsaftace kayan aiki, da wanke-wanke na kafet, ana ba da shawarar kowace shekara don kula da tsaftar gida da ingancin iska.[24]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Hygiene: Overview". World Health Organization (WHO). Retrieved 29 January 2020.
- ↑ P.ck L. Anderson; Jerome P. Lachan, eds. (2008). Hygiene and its role in health. New York: Nova Science Publishers. ISBN 978-1-60456-195-1. OCLC 181862629.
- ↑ WHO guidelines on hand hygiene in health care : first global patient safety challenge clean care is s.are. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2009. ISBN 978-92-4-159790-6. OCLC 854907565.
- ↑ Philip A. Geis, ed. (2020). Cosmetic microbiology: a practical approach (Third ed.). Boca Raton. ISBN 978-0-429-52443-1. OCLC 1202989365.
- ↑ UNICEF and WHO. State of the .'s Hand Hygiene: A global call to action to make hand hygiene a priority in policy and practice, UNICEF, New York, 2021. 86p.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 https://www.ifh-homehygiene.org/review/global-burden-hygiene-related-diseases-relation-home-and-community
- ↑ https://www.hartmann-science-center.com/en/hygiene-knowledge/surface-hygiene
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 https://web.archive.org/web/20220517010101/https://www.ifh-homehygiene.org/sites/default/files/publications/2021%20IFH%20White%20Paper%2038pp%20%281%29.pdf
- ↑ https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/Public+Content/SA+Health+Internet/Clinical+Resources/Clinical+Programs+and+Practice+Guidelines/Infection+and+injury+management/Healthcare+associated+infections/Prevention+and+management+of+infections+in+healthcare+settings/Environmental+hygiene+in+healthcare
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 https://ifh-homehygiene.org/review/chain-infection-transmission-home-and-everyday-life-settings-and-role-hygiene/
- ↑ https://www.who.int/health-topics/environmental-health
- ↑ https://www.cdc.gov/clean-hands/about/?CDC_AAref_Val=https://www.cdc.gov/handwashing/when-how-handwashing.html
- ↑ https://hygieneforhealth.org.au/home/
- ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3538484/
- ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7115270/
- ↑ https://www.who.int/home
- ↑ https://youtu.be/3PmVJQUCm4E?si=Ss_T1FdJiaWi2l7y
- ↑ https://www.unicef.org/malawi/
- ↑ https://ifh-homehygiene.org/review-best-practice/hygiene-procedures-home-and-their-effectiveness-review-scientific-evidence-base/
- ↑ https://www.hansgrohe.com/magazine/health/kitchen-hygiene
- ↑ https://www.cushelle.com/hygiene-and-care/personal-hygiene/10-toilet-hygiene-rules/
- ↑ https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.healthdirect.gov.au/amp/article/personal-hygiene
- ↑ https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-319-74365-3_59-1
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 https://humanitarianglobal.com/types-of-hygiene/
- ↑ https://www.eea.europa.eu/help/glossary/eea-glossary/environmental-hygiene#:~:text=Practical%20prevention%20and%20control%20measures,quality%20of%20the%20human%20environment.
- ↑ https://hygieneforhealth.org.au/home/
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
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