Laba-laba tanah
| Laba-laba tanah
| |
|---|---|
| Gnaphosidae | |
| Taksonomi | |
| Galat Lua: callParserFunction: function "Template" was not found. | |
| Famili | Gnaphosidae Banks, 1892 |
| Tipe taksonomi | Gnaphosa |
| Diversitas | |
| Distribusi | |
Laba-laba tanah atau Gnaphosidae adalah famili laba-laba terbesar ketujuh, dengan lebih dari 2.000 spesies yang terdeskripsi pada 100 genera, yang tersebar di seluruh dunia. Terdapat 105 spesies yang diketahui dari Eropa tengah,[1] dan genera umum mencakup Gnaphosa, Drassodes, Micaria, Cesonia, Zelotes, beserta banyak lainnya. Mereka berkerabat dekat dengan Clubonidae.[2] Saat ini, tidak ada satupun laba-laba tanah yang diketahui benar-benar berbisa untuk manusia.
Genera
[sunting | sunting sumber]Hingga Januari 2024[update], World Spider Catalog telah menerima genera-genera berikut:[3]
- Allomicythus Ono, 2009 — Vietnam
- Allozelotes Yin & Peng, 1998 — Tiongkok
- Almafuerte Grismado & Carrión, 2017 — Bolivia, Argentina, Uruguay
- Amazoromus Brescovit & Höfer, 1994 — Brazil
- Ammoxenus Simon, 1893
- Amusia Tullgren, 1910 — Afrika Selatan, Afrika Timur
- Anagraphis Simon, 1893 — Afrika, Asia, Eropa
- Anagrina Berland, 1920 — Niger
- Aneplasa Tucker, 1923 — Afrika Selatan, Angola
- Anzacia Dalmas, 1919 — Australia, Selandia Baru, Papua Nugini
- Aphantaulax Simon, 1878 — Asia, Afrika, Australia, Perancis
- Apodrassodes Vellard, 1924 — Amerika Selatan, Meksiko, India
- Apodrassus Chamberlin, 1916 — Peru
- Aponetius Kamura, 2020 — Ryukyu Is.
- Apopyllus Platnick & Shadab, 1984 — Amerika Selatan, Meksiko
- Arauchemus Ott & Brescovit, 2012 — Brazil
- Asemesthes Simon, 1887 — Afrika
- Asiabadus Roewer, 1961 — Afghanistan
- Australoechemus Schmidt & Piepho, 1994 — Cape Verde Is.
- Austrammo Platnick, 2002
- Avstroneulanda Zakharov & Ovtsharenko, 2022
- Barrowammo Platnick, 2002
- Benoitodes Platnick, 1993 — St. Helena
- Berinda Roewer, 1928 — Greece, Turki, Siprus
- Berlandina Dalmas, 1922 — Asia, Afrika, Eropa
- Cabanadrassus Mello-Leitão, 1941 — Argentina
- Callilepis Westring, 1874 — Asia, Amerika Utara, Eropa
- Callipelis Zamani & Marusik, 2017 — Iran
- Camillina Berland, 1919 — Asia, Amerika Tengah, Amerika Selatan, Afrika, Amerika Utara, Italia, Karibia
- Canariognapha Wunderlich, 2011 — Canary Is.
- Ceryerda Simon, 1909 — Australia
- Cesonia Simon, 1893 — Greece, Turki, Amerika Utara, Amerika Tengah, Karibia
- Chatzakia Lissner & Bosmans, 2016 — Spanyol
- Civizelotes Senglet, 2012 — Asia, Maroko, Eropa
- Cladothela Kishida, 1928 — Japan, Tiongkok, Korea
- Coillina Yin & Peng, 1998 — Tiongkok
- Coreodrassus Paik, 1984 — Asia
- Cryptodrassus Miller, 1943 — Eropa, Asia
- Cryptoerithus Rainbow, 1915 — Australia
- Cubanopyllus Alayón & Platnick, 1993 — Kuba
- Diaphractus Purcell, 1907 — Afrika Selatan, Namibia
- Drassodes Westring, 1851 — Afrika, Amerika Selatan, Asia, Eropa, Amerika Utara
- Drassodex Murphy, 2007 — Spanyol, Perancis, Switzerland
- Drassyllus Chamberlin, 1922 — Amerika Utara, Asia, Eropa
- Echemella Strand, 1906 — Kongo, Ethiopia
- Echemographis Caporiacco, 1955 — Venezuela
- Echemoides Mello-Leitão, 1938 — Amerika Selatan
- Echemus Simon, 1878 — Sweden, Asia, Australia, Afrika, Brazil
- Eilica Keyserling, 1891 — Australia, Amerika Selatan, Amerika Serikat, Amerika Tengah, Karibia, Afrika, India
- Encoptarthria Main, 1954 — Australia
- Epicharitus Rainbow, 1916 — Australia
- Fedotovia Charitonov, 1946 — Mongolia, Iran, Afghanistan
- Gaviphosa Sankaran, 2021 — India
- Gertschosa Platnick & Shadab, 1981 — Amerika Utara, Panama, Jamaica
- Gnaphosa Latreille, 1804 — Asia, Eropa, Afrika, Amerika Utara, Guatemala, Kuba
- Haplodrassus Chamberlin, 1922 — Eropa, Asia, Amerika Utara, Afrika
- Herpyllus Hentz, 1832 — Argentina, Amerika Utara, Asia
- Heser Tuneva, 2004 — Asia, Spanyol, Afrika, Amerika Utara
- Hitobia Kamura, 1992 — Asia
- Homoeothele Simon, 1908 — Australia
- Hotwheels Liu & Zhang, 2024 — Tiongkok
- Hongkongia Song & Zhu, 1998 — Indonesia, Tiongkok, Hong Kong
- Hypodrassodes Dalmas, 1919 — Selandia Baru, Australia
- Ibala Fitzpatrick, 2009 — Afrika
- Intruda Forster, 1979 — Australia, Selandia Baru
- Iranotricha Zamani & Marusik, 2018 — Iran
- Kaitawa Forster, 1979 — Selandia Baru
- Kikongo Rodrigues & Rheims, 2020 — D.R. Kongo, Kenya
- Kishidaia Yaginuma, 1960 — Asia, Italia
- Kituba Rodrigues & Rheims, 2020 — D.R. Kongo
- Ladissa Simon, 1907 — Sierra Leone, India, Benin
- Laronius Platnick & Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001 — Thailand, Indonesia
- Lasophorus Chatzaki, 2018 — Greece
- Latica da Silva, Guerrero, Bidegaray-Batista & Simó, 2020 — Uruguay, Argentina
- Latonigena Simon, 1893 — Amerika Selatan
- Leptodrassex Murphy, 2007 — Afrika, Eropa, Asia
- Leptodrassus Simon, 1878 — Eropa, Asia, Afrika, Meksiko
- Leptopilos Levy, 2009 — Greece, Asia, Libya
- Litopyllus Chamberlin, 1922 — Amerika Serikat, Kuba, Meksiko
- Macarophaeus Wunderlich, 2011 — Canary Is., Madeira
- Marinarozelotes Ponomarev, 2020 — Asia, Eropa, Afrika, Amerika Utara, Amerika Selatan
- Marjanus Chatzaki, 2018
- Matua Forster, 1979 — Selandia Baru
- Megamyrmaekion Reuss, 1834 — Afrika, Asia, Australia
- Micaria Westring, 1851 — Asia, Amerika Utara, Afrika, Eropa, Australia
- Microdrassus Dalmas, 1919 — Seychelles
- Microsa Platnick & Shadab, 1977 — Kuba
- Micythus Thorell, 1897 — Thailand, Myanmar, Indonesia
- Minosia Dalmas, 1921 — Afrika, Asia, Eropa
- Minosiella Dalmas, 1921 — Asia, Afrika
- Molycria Simon, 1887 — Australia
- Montebello Hogg, 1914 — Australia
- Myandra Simon, 1887 — Australia
- Nauhea Forster, 1979 — Selandia Baru
- Neodrassex Ott, 2012 — Brazil, Argentina
- Nodocion Chamberlin, 1922 — Amerika Utara, India
- Nomindra Platnick & Baehr, 2006 — Australia
- Nomisia Dalmas, 1921 — Asia, Afrika, Eropa
- Notiodrassus Bryant, 1935 — Selandia Baru
- Odontodrassus Jézéquel, 1965 — Afrika, Asia, Jamaica
- Orodrassus Chamberlin, 1922 — Amerika Serikat, Canada
- Parabonna Mello-Leitão, 1947 — Brazil
- Parasyrisca Schenkel, 1963 — Eropa, Asia, Amerika Utara
- Phaeocedus Simon, 1893 — Asia, Eropa
- Poecilochroa Westring, 1874 — Asia, Afrika, Amerika Selatan, Eropa
- Pseudodrassus Caporiacco, 1935 — Tiongkok, Libya, Turki
- Pterotricha Kulczyński, 1903 — Afrika, Asia, Eropa
- PterotriTiongkok Dalmas, 1921 — Algeria
- Rastellus Platnick & Griffin, 1990
- Sanitubius Kamura, 2001 — Tiongkok, Korea, Japan
- Scopoides Platnick, 1989 — Amerika Utara, Asia
- Scotocesonia Caporiacco, 1947 — Guyana
- Scotognapha Dalmas, 1920 — Canary Islands
- Scotophaeus Simon, 1893 — Eropa, Afrika, Asia, Amerika Selatan, Selandia Baru
- Sergiolus Simon, 1892 — Amerika Utara, Karibia, Asia
- Sernokorba Kamura, 1992 — Asia, Eropa
- Setaphis Simon, 1893 — Spanyol, Afrika, Asia
- Shaitan Kovblyuk, Kastrygina & Marusik, 2013
- Shiragaia Paik, 1992 — Korea
- Sidydrassus Esyunin & Tuneva, 2002 — Asia
- Smionia Dalmas, 1920 — Afrika Selatan
- Solitudes Lin & Li, 2020 — Tiongkok
- Sosticus Chamberlin, 1922 — Amerika Utara, Asia
- Symphanodes Rainbow, 1916 — Australia
- Synaphosus Platnick & Shadab, 1980 — Asia, Afrika, Amerika Utara, Greece
- Talanites Simon, 1893 — Asia, Amerika Utara, Ukraine
- Talanitoides Levy, 2009 — Israel
- Titus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1901 — Zimbabwe
- Trachyzelotes Lohmander, 1944 — Eropa, Asia, Amerika Utara, Afrika, Amerika Selatan, Samoa
- Trephopoda Tucker, 1923 — Afrika Selatan, Namibia
- Trichothyse Tucker, 1923 — Afrika Selatan, Namibia
- Turkozelotes Kovblyuk & Seyyar, 2009 — Greece, Asia
- Urozelotes Mello-Leitão, 1938 — Zambia, Eropa, Asia
- Verita Ramírez & Grismado, 2016 — Argentina
- Wesmaldra Platnick & Baehr, 2006 — Australia
- Wydundra Platnick & Baehr, 2006 — Australia, Malaysia
- Xerophaeus Purcell, 1907 — Afrika, Yemen
- Xizangiana Song, Zhu & Zhang, 2004 — Tiongkok
- Yoruba Rodrigues & Rheims, 2020 — Nigeria, Ivory Coast
- Zagrotes Zamani, Chatzaki, Esyunin & Marusik, 2021 — Iran
- Zelanda Özdikmen, 2009 — Selandia Baru
- Zelominor Snazell & Murphy, 1997 — Portugal, Spanyol, Algeria
- Zelotes Gistel, 1848 — Asia, Amerika Utara, Eropa, Afrika, Amerika Selatan, Australia, Karibia
- Zelotibia Russell-Smith & Murphy, 2005 — Afrika
- Zelowan Murphy & Russell-Smith, 2010 — Kongo, Burundi, Namibia
- Zimiromus Banks, 1914 — Amerika Tengah, Amerika Selatan, Karibia, Meksiko
Referensi
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ Blick; et al. (2004). "Checklist of the spiders of Central Eropa. (Arachnida: Araneae)" (PDF).
- ^ Nieuwenhuys, Ed (2000). "Spiders of NW-Eropa". Diakses tanggal 2007-01-03.
- ^ "Family: Gnaphosidae Pocock, 1898". World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Diakses tanggal 24 January 2024.