Usoro nke Mbụ
| Formula One |
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Formula One (nke a na-akpọkarị Formula 1 ma ọ bụ F1) bụ klaasị kachasị elu nke asọmpi mba ụwa maka ụgbọ ala ịgba ọsọ na-emeghe ụkwụ otu oche nke Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) kwadoro. FIA Formula One World Championship abụrụla otu n'ime ụdị ịgba ọsọ mbụ n'ụwa niile kemgbe oge mmalite ya na 1950. Okwu usoro n'aha na-ezo aka n'usoro iwu nke ụgbọ ala ndị niile sonyere ga-agbaso.[1]Oge Formula One nwere usoro agbụrụ, nke a maara dị ka Grands Prix. Grands Prix na-eme n'ọtụtụ mba na kọntinent gburugburu ụwa na sekit ejiri ebu ebumnuche ma ọ bụ okporo ụzọ ọha mechiri emechi.
A na-eji usoro isi ihe na Grands Prix iji chọpụta asọmpi ụwa abụọ kwa afọ: otu maka ndị ọkwọ ụgbọ ala, na otu maka ndị na-ewu ụlọ (otu ndị ahụ). Onye ọkwọ ụgbọ ala ọ bụla ga-ejiderịrị Super Licence dị irè, klaasị kacha elu nke ikike ịgba ọsọ nke FIA nyere, a ga-emekwa agbụrụ ahụ na egwu a kwadoro "1", ọkwa kachasị elu nke FIA wepụtara maka egwu.[2][2]
Ụgbọala Formula One.[3] Ụgbọala ndị ahụ na-adabere na ngwáOtu ụgbọ ala bụ ụgbọ ala ịgba ọsọ n'okporo ụzọ a na-ahazi nke ọma n'ụwa, n'ihi oke nkuku dị elu enwetara site na iwepụta oke ikuku ikuku. Ọtụtụ n'ime ala ala a na-esite n'ihu na nku azụ, nke nwere mmetụta dị n'akụkụ nke ịkpata ọgba aghara siri ike n'azụ ụgbọ ala ọ bụla. Ọgba aghara na-ebelata ike nke ụgbọ ala ndị na-eso ya ozugbo na-emepụta, na-eme ka ọ sie ike ịgafe. Mgbanwe dị ukwuu emere ụgbọ ala maka oge 2022 emela ka ojiji aerodynamics mmetụta ala na nku gbanwee iji belata ọgba aghara n'azụ ụgbọ ala, na ebumnuche nke ime ka ọ dị mfe karị. electronic, aerodynamics, nkwụsị na taya. A machibidoro njikwa traction, njikwa mmalite, na ntụgharị akpaghị aka, tinyere ihe enyemaka eletrọniki ndị ọzọ, na 1994. E weghachiri ha n'oge na-adịghị anya na 2001, ma machibido ha iwu n'oge a kemgbe 2004 na 2008, n'otu n'otu.[4]
Site na ọnụ ahịa otu afọ na-eri kwa afọ - imepụta, iwu ụlọ na idobe ụgbọ ala, ịkwụ ụgwọ, njem - ịdị ihe dịka £ 220,000,000 (ma ọ bụ $ 265,000,000)[5] A na-akọ banyere agha ego ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'ọtụtụ ebe. Na 23 Jenụwarị 2017, Liberty Media mechara nweta otu Formula One Group, site na ụlọ ọrụ na-akwụ ụgwọ onwe CVC Capital Partners maka £6.4bn ($ 8bn).[6][7]
Akụkọ ihe ndi mere eme
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Formula One sitere na asọmpi ịsọ ụgbọ ala Europe nke 1920s na 1930s. Usoro ahụ nwere usoro iwu nke ụgbọ ala ndị niile sonyere ga-agbasorịrị. Formula One bụ usoro ọhụrụ ekwenyero na 1946 na asọmpi mbụ na-abụghị nke asọmpi na-ewere ọnọdụ n'ime afọ ahụ. Formula mbụ Grand Prix bụ 1946 Turin Grand Prix. Ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ ịgba ọsọ Grand Prix ewepụtala iwu maka asọmpi ịgba ọsọ ụwa tupu Agha IIwa nke Abụọ, mana n'ihi nkwusioru nke ịgba ọsọ n'oge esemokwu ahụ, asọmpi ndị ọkwọ ụgbọ ala mba ụwa enwetaghị nke ọma ruo 1947.
Ọsọ asọmpi ụwa nke mbụ weere ọnọdụ na Silverstone Circuit na United Kingdom na 13 Mee 1950.[[8] Giuseppe Farina, onye na-asọmpi maka Alfa Romeo, meriri asọmpi mbụ nke ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala, na-emeri onye otu ya Juan Manuel Fangio. Fangio gara n'ihu merie asọmpi ahụ na 1951, 1954, 1955, 1956, na 1957.[9] Nke a setịpụrụ ihe ndekọ maka ọtụtụ asọmpi ụwa nke otu onye ọkwọ ụgbọala meriri, ihe ndekọ nke guzo ruo afọ 46 ruo mgbe Michael Schumacher meriri asọmpi nke isii ya na 2003.[9]
Oge a gosipụtara otu ndị na-emepụta ụgbọ ala na-achịkwa, dị ka: Alfa Romeo, Ferrari, Mercedes-Benz na Maserati. Oge nke mbụ na-egosi ụgbọ ala tupu agha dị ka Alfa's 158. Ha na-arụ ọrụ n'ihu, nwere taya dị warara na 1.5-liter supercharged ma ọ bụ 4.5-liter sitere n'okike. A na-agba ọsọ oge 1952 na 1953 na ụkpụrụ abụọ nke Formula, maka obere ụgbọ ala dị ike, n'ihi nchegbu maka enweghị ụgbọ ala Formula One dị.[10][11]Mgbe eweghachiri usoro ọhụrụ Formula One maka injin nwere naanị lita 2.5 na asọmpi ụwa maka 1954, Mercedes-Benz webatara W196 ha. W196 gosipụtara ihe ndị a na-ahụtụbeghị na ụgbọ ala Formula One mbụ, dị ka: valvụ desmodromic, ịgba mmanụ mmanụ na arụrụ arụ arụrụ arụ. Ndị ọkwọ ụgbọ ala Mercedes meriri asọmpi ahụ n'afọ abụọ na-esote, tupu ndị otu ahụ apụọ n'asọmpi motorsport niile n'ihi ọdachi 1955 Le Mans.[1][12]
Ọganihu teknụzụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ihe izizi teknụzụ izizi na egwuregwu ahụ bụ iwebata Bugatti nke ụgbọ ala na-arụ n'etiti. Jack Brabham, onye mmeri ụwa na 1959, 1960, na 1966, gosipụtara n'oge na-adịghị anya n'etiti injin dị elu karịa injin ndị ọzọ niile. Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 1961, ndị otu niile agbanweela ụgbọ ala ndị na-arụ ọrụ n'etiti. Ferguson P99, ịnya ụgbọ ala nwere ụkwụ anọ, bụ ụgbọ ala Formula One ikpeazụ arụpụtara n'ihu ịbanye n'ọsọ asọmpi ụwa. Banyere ya na 1961 British Grand Prix, naanị ụgbọ ala nwere n'ihu ga-asọ mpi n'afọ ahụ.[13]
N'ime afọ 1962, Lotus webatara ụgbọ ala nwere chassis monocoque nke aluminium kama imepụta oghere ọdịnala. Nke a pụtara na ọ bụ ọganihu teknụzụ kachasị ukwuu kemgbe ewepụtara ụgbọ ala ndị na-arụ ọrụ n'etiti.
Na 1968, ewebata nkwado na egwuregwu ahụ. Otu Gunston ghọrọ ndị otu mbụ gbatara nkwado sịga n'ụgbọ ala Brabham ha, bụ ndị batara na nzuzo na agba oroma, aja aja na ọla edo nke Gunston sịga na 1968 South African Grand Prix na 1 Jenụwarị 1968.[14] Ọnwa ise ka e mesịrị, Lotus dị ka ndị ọrụ mbụ na-agbaso ihe atụ a mgbe ha banyere ụgbọ ala ha na-ese na agba uhie, ọla edo na ọcha nke Imperial Tobacco's Gold Leaf livery na 1968 Spanish Grand Prix.
Aerodynamic downforce ji nwayọọ nwayọọ nweta mkpa na imepụta ụgbọ ala na ọdịdị nke ikuku ikuku n'oge oge 1968. N'ime ngwụcha 1970s, Lotus webatara ikuku mmetụta ala, nke ejiribu na Jim Hall's Chaparral 2J na 1970, nke nyere nnukwu mgbada na ụbara ọsọ nkuku. Ndị agha aerodynamic na-akụ ụgbọ ala na egwu ahụ ruru ihe ruru okpukpu ise n'ịdị arọ ụgbọ ala. N'ihi ya, a chọrọ isi iyi ndị siri ike nke ukwuu iji nọgide na-agba ọsọ mgbe niile, na-ahapụ nkwusioru ahụ siri ike. Nke a pụtara na ndị ọkwọ ụgbọ ala na-adabere kpamkpam na taya maka obere ego ọ bụla nke ịkwanye ụgbọ ala na onye ọkwọ ụgbọ ala site na mmebi iwu nke elu okporo ụzọ.
Nnukwu azụmahịa
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ndị otu a bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta Concorde nke abụọ n'oge 1992 na nke atọ na 1997[15]
Na egwu ahụ, ndị otu McLaren na Williams chịrị n'afọ 1980 na 1990. Brabham nọkwa na-asọ mpi n'oge mmalite nke 1980, na-emeri asọmpi ndị ọkwọ ụgbọ ala abụọ na Nelson Piquet. Porsche, Honda, na Mercedes-Benz kwadoro, McLaren meriri asọmpi iri na isii (ndị nrụpụta asaa na ndị ọkwọ ụgbọ ala itoolu) n'oge ahụ, ebe Williams ji injin Ford, Honda, na Renault nwetakwa utu aha iri na isii (ndị nrụpụta itoolu na asaa). ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala). Esemokwu dị n'etiti ndị na-agba ọsọ Ayrton Senna na Alain Prost ghọrọ F1 etiti na-elekwasị anya n'oge 1988 wee gaa n'ihu ruo mgbe Prost lara ezumike nká na njedebe nke 1993. Senna nwụrụ na 1994 San Marino Grand Prix mgbe ọ gbasasịrị na mgbidi na ụzọ ọpụpụ nke Tamburello mara mma. FIA rụrụ ọrụ iji melite ụkpụrụ nchekwa egwuregwu kemgbe izu ụka ahụ, n'oge Roland Ratzenberger nwụkwara n'ihe mberede n'oge ntozu Satọde. Ọ dịghị onye ọkwọ ụgbọ ala nwụrụ n'ihi mmerụ ahụ merụrụ n'okporo ụzọ ahụ na wiil nke ụgbọ ala Formula One ruo afọ 20 ruo 2014 Japanese Grand Prix, ebe Jules Bianchi gbara ụgbọ mgbake mgbe ọ gbasasịrị na sekit, na-anwụ ọnwa itoolu ka e merụrụ ya. Kemgbe 1994, ndị egwu egwu atọ anwụọla, otu na 2000 Italian Grand Prix,[16] na nke atọ na 2013 Canadian Grand Prix.[16]
Malite na 2000, site na ịzụta Stewart Grand Prix nke Ford iji guzobe otu Jaguar Racing, ndị otu ọhụrụ nwere ndị na-emepụta ihe banyere Formula One na nke mbụ ya kemgbe ọpụpụ Alfa Romeo na Renault na ngwụcha afọ 1985. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2006, ndị na-emepụta ihe - Renault, BMW, Toyota, Honda, na Ferrari - meriri asọmpi ahụ, na-ewere ise n'ime ebe isii mbụ na asọmpi ndị na-ewu ụlọ. Nanị ihe dị iche bụ McLaren, nke Mercedes-Benz nwere n'oge ahụ. Site na Grand Prix Manufacturers Association (GPMA), ndị na-emepụta ihe kwurịtara òkè ka ukwuu nke uru azụmahịa nke Formula One na okwu ka ukwuu na ịgba ọsọ nke egwuregwu ahụ.[17]
N'ime mmalite 1990s, Formula One Group kere ọtụtụ ụghalaahịa, akara ngosi gọọmentị, ngwugwu eserese TV gọọmentị yana na 2003, webụsaịtị gọọmentị maka egwuregwu ahụ n'ịgbalị inye ya njirimara ụlọ ọrụ.
Ụlọ ọrụ TV niile na-ewere ihe a maara dị ka "Ụwa nri nri ụwa", nke "onye mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi" mepụtara ma ọ bụ nke Formula One Management (FOM). Onye mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi nwere otu ndepụta maka mmadụ niile, ma ọ bụ ihe ntanetịime abụọ dị iche iche - nri maka ndị na-ekiri mpaghara yana nri maka ndị na-ekiri mba ụwa. Otu nha dabara adabara ụzọ niile pụtara na enwere mmechuihu maka otu ma ọ bụ onye ọkwọ ụgbọ ala n'oge ihe omume ahụ, nke mere ka ndị na-ekiri ha na-atụfu ihe omume na ihe omume dị mkpa karịa, ebe usoro nri abụọ pụtara na replays (maka mgbe esi na mgbasa ozi na-alọta. break) na enwere ike machie omume mkparị mpaghara na ndepụta mpaghara ebe nri mba ụwa na-ahapụghị emetụta.
Naanị ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri dị iche na ntọala a bụ "DF1" (a kpọgharịrị ya na "Premiere" wee gaa na "Sky Deutschland") - ọwa German nke na-enye nnọkọ niile dị ndụ ma na-emekọrịta ihe, nwere njirimara dịka ụgbọ mmiri na olulu. ọwa. Bernie Ecclestone zụtara ọrụ a na njedebe nke 1996 wee ghọọ F1 Digital Plus, bụ nke e mere ka ọ dịkwuo na Europe ruo na njedebe nke 2002, mgbe a na-eche ego nke ọrụ mmekọrịta dijitalụ nke
Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Formula One nwere chaatị oge dị ndụ nke enwere ike iji n'oge asọmpi ahụ iji soro bọọdụ ndu n'oge. A na-enweta ngwa gọọmentị maka Ụlọ Ahịa App Apple kemgbe 2009, na Google Play kemgbe 2011, nke na-egosi ndị ọrụ ezigbo oge nke ọnọdụ ọkwọ ụgbọala, oge na nkọwa.[18][19][20] N'abalị iri abụọ na isii n'ọnwa Nọvemba n'afọ 2017, Formula One kpughere akara ngosi ọhụrụ, nke dochiri "nke na-efe efe" gara aga nke a na-eji kemgbe afọ 1993.[21]
- ↑ Discovering What Makes Formula One, Formula One – For Dummies. Dummies.com. Archived from the original on 8 December 2021. Retrieved on 14 September 2009.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 International Sporting Code. FIA (28 March 2007). Archived from the original on 6 August 2009. Retrieved on 30 August 2009.
- ↑ 10 things you need to know about the all-new 2022 F1 car (en). www.formula1.com. Archived from the original on 25 May 2022. Retrieved on 21 April 2022.
- ↑ "F1 bans traction control for 2008", BBC Sport, BBC Sport, 30 March 2007. Retrieved on 3 January 2020.
- ↑ Sylt. "Formula One budget cuts are expected to crash 1,600 jobs", Daily Telegraph, 20 April 2020. Retrieved on 14 June 2022. (in en)
- ↑ "Bernie Ecclestone removed as Liberty Media completes $8bn takeover", BBC Sport, 23 January 2017. Retrieved on 23 January 2017. “Bernie Ecclestone has been removed from his position running Formula 1 as US giant Liberty Media completed its $8bn (£6.4bn) takeover of the sport.”
- ↑ Liberty Media Corporation Completes Acquisition of Formula 1. Liberty Media Corporation. Archived from the original on 12 December 2019. Retrieved on 7 December 2018.
- ↑ Facts you may not know about Silverstone Circuit and its place on the F1 calendar. Silverstone Museum (27 May 2021). Archived from the original on 18 May 2023. Retrieved on 18 May 2023.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Michael Schumacher surclasse ses rivaux et dépasse Juan Manuel Fangio. Le Monde (13 October 2003). Archived from the original on 18 May 2023. Retrieved on 18 May 2023.
- ↑ Decade seasons 1950–1959. Autocourse. Archived from the original on 7 August 2007. Retrieved on 17 November 2007.
- ↑ Note: at the time the only two cars competitive with the new Formula were the pre-war Alfa Romeo 158/159 Alfetta and the new BRM Type 15, the latter having a poor reliability-record when introduced, causing it not to finish a number of the first Formula One races, forcing the Alfa to complete the races against the remainder of a field consisting of uncompetitive cars.
- ↑ Tuckey. "Moss returns to scene of GP victory", The Age, 28 January 1994. “the all-conquering Mercedes-Benz cars... When the Germans withdrew from racing after the Le Mans 24-hour tragedy”
- ↑ Ferguson P99. gpracing.net. Archived from the original on 30 March 2008. Retrieved on 17 November 2007.
- ↑ Bartunek. "Sponsorship, the big business behind F1", CNN, 18 September 2007. Retrieved on 8 November 2007.
- ↑ Who owns what in F1 these days?. Grandprix.com. Archived from the original on 12 March 2007. Retrieved on 17 November 2007.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 "F1's pressing safety question", BBC News, 5 March 2001. Retrieved on 26 December 2007.
- ↑ Patrick (2010). The Rain Drop and Other Shades of Prosetry. Eloquent Books. ISBN 9781609113766. Retrieved on 18 October 2020.
- ↑ Official timing application for iPhone announced. Formula1.com (15 June 2009). Archived from the original on 17 June 2009. Retrieved on 20 November 2017.
- ↑ Google Play Store. Archived from the original on 14 March 2014. Retrieved on 11 January 2014.
- ↑ F1 Launches Live Timing in Dedicated App. Formula 1. Archived from the original on 10 March 2022. Retrieved on 10 March 2022.
- ↑ Formula One unveils new logo. ESPN (26 November 2017). Archived from the original on 28 November 2017. Retrieved on 27 November 2017.