Mustapha Kemal Atatürk

Mustapha Kemal (natus die 19 Maii 1881; mortuus die 10 Novembris 1938), post primum bellum mundanum rem publicam Turcarum restituit atque reformavit. Plurimi cives tamquam deum paene aliquem aut heroem saltem eum venerantur, cui, ut vero patre patriae, cognomen Atatürk a parlamento Turcarum anno 1934 additum est. Quod vocabulum, 'pater Turcarum' significans, postea saepe in solam eius nuncupationem adhiberi solet.

Vita et facta

Mustafa Kemal natus est Thessalonicae anno 1881. Dux diuturna militia spectatus, cum anno 1915 Britannos, ne ad Constantinopolim procedere possent, prohibuisset, quominus Hellesponto potirentur, quamvis Turcia bello superata esset, anno 1921, quidquid supererat de imperio Turcarum imperatore invito tam feliciter redintegravit, ut Graecorum exercitum Asiae Occidentalis occupandae cupidum e finibus patriae propellere posset. Graecos autem ipsos, qui diutius duobus milibus annorum et septingentis in Asia habitaverant, numero ad ter decies centena milia, in Graeciam expulit, Turcarum ex Europa ortarum ad quater centena milia in Turciam recepit.

Quam ob rem sua auctoritas tanta est facta ut, cum in re publica ad exemplum populorum Europaeorum radicitus renovanda et restituenda, nihil non moliretur: omnia facile impetraverit. Abolito igitur regno et pontificatu imperatoris summaque rerum Constantinopoli Ancyram translata cultum religionis a rebus publicis procul removit feminasque eiusdem iuris esse curavit atque viros. Anno 1928, linguam Turcicam in abecedarium Latinum converti iussit. Quas leges ne quis converteret, id quod nostra aetate iudicantibus tyrannico quodam more fecisse a multis videtur, quae gentes quam populus Turcarum multitudine minores in Turcia sedes habent, velut Carduchi, Armenii, Lases, eas linguis institutionibus moribusque oppressis sub Turcarum nomine coegit omnes et exercitui custodiam rei publicae perpetuam mandavit.

Mortuus est Atatürk Constantinopoli die 10 Novembris 1938.

Notae

Bibliographia

Ahmad, Feroz. 1993. The Making of Modern Turkey. Londinii, Novi Eboraci: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-07835-1.
Armstrong, Harold Courtenay. 1972. Grey Wolf, Mustafa Kemal: An Intimate Study of a Dictator. Freeport Novi Eboraci: Books for Libraries Press. ISBN 978-0-8369-6962-7.
Atillasoy, Yüksel (2002). Atatürk: First President and Founder of the Turkish Republic. Woodside Novi Eboraci: Woodside House. ISBN 978-0971235342 .
Barber, Noel (1988). Lords of the Golden Horn: From Suleiman the Magnificent to Kemal Ataturk. Londinii: Arrow. ISBN 978-0099539506 .
Barlas, Dilek (1998). Statism and Diplomacy in Turkey: Economic and Foreign Policy Strategies in an Uncertain World, 1929–1939. Novi Eboraci: Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 978-9004108554 .
Cleveland, William L (2004). A History of the Modern Middle East. Boulder Colorati: Westview Press. ISBN 978-0813340487 .
Dogan, Çagatay Emre (2003). Formation of Factory Settlements Within Turkish Industrialization and Modernization in 1930s: Nazilli Printing Factory. Ankara: Middle East Technical University .
Huntington, Samuel P. (2006). Political Order in Changing Societies. Portu Novo et Londinii: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300116205 .
Igdemir, Ulug; Mango, Andrew, interpr. (1963). Atatürk. Ancyrae: Turkish National Commission for UNESCO. pp. 165–170
Inan, Ayse Afet (2007). Atatürk Hakkinda Hatiralar ve Belgeler. Istanbul: Türkiye Is Bankasi Kültür Yayinlari. ISBN 9944881401 .
Inan, Ayse Afet; Sevim, Ali; Süslü, Azmi; Tural, M Akif (1998). Medeni bilgiler ve M. Kemal Atatürk'ün el Yazilari. Ankara: AKDTYK Atatürk Arastirma Merkezi. ISBN 978-9751612762 .
Kinross, Patrick (2003). Atatürk: The Rebirth of a Nation. Londinii: Phoenix Press. ISBN 978-1842125991 .
Kinross, Patrick (1979). The Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire. Novi Eboraci: Morrow. ISBN 978-0688080938 .
Landau, Jacob M (1983). Atatürk and the Modernization of Turkey. Boulder Colorati: Westview Press. ISBN 978-0865319868 .
Lengyel, Emil (1962). They Called Him Atatürk. Novi Eboraci: The John Day Co .
Mango, Andrew (2002) [[[1999]]]. Ataturk: The Biography of the Founder of Modern Turkey (Paperback ed.). Woodstock Novi Eboraci: Overlook Press, Peter Mayer Publishers, Inc. ISBN 1-58567-334-x .
Mango, Andrew (2004). Atatürk. Londinii: John Murray. ISBN 978-0719565922 .
Saikal, Amin; Schnabel, Albrecht (2003). Democratization in the Middle East: Experiences, Struggles, Challenges. Tocii: United Nations University Press. ISBN 978-9280810851 .
Shaw, Stanford Jay; Shaw, Ezel Kural (1976–1977). History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. Cantabrigiae et Novi Eboraci: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521212809 .
Spangnolo, John (1992). The Modern Middle East in Historical Perspective: Essays in Honour of Albert Hourani. Oxoniae: Middle East Centre, St. Antony's College. ISBN 978-0863721649 .
Tunçay, Mete (1972). Mesaî: Halk Sûrâlar Firkasi Programi, 1920. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi .
Tüfekçi, Gürbüz D (1981). Universality of Atatürk's Philosophy. Ankara: Pan Matbaacilik .
Yapp, Malcolm (1987). The Making of the Modern Near East, 1792–1923. Londinii et Novi Eboraci: Longman. ISBN 978-0582493803 .
Webster, Donald Everett (1973). The Turkey of Atatürk; Social Process in the Turkish Reformation. Novi Eboraci: AMS Press. ISBN 978-0404563332 .
Zürcher, Erik Jan (2004). Turkey: A Modern History. Londinii et Novi Eboraci: I. B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1850433996 .

Diurna

Eastham, J. K. (March 1964). "The Turkish Development Plan: The First Five Years". The Economic Journal (Novi Eboraci: Macmillan) 74 (298): 132–136 .
Emrence, Cem (2003). "Turkey in Economic Crisis (1927–1930): A Panaromic Vision". Middle Eastern Studies (London: F. Cass.) 39 (4): 67–80 .
Omur, Asli (December 2002). "Modernity and Islam: Experiences of Turkish Women". Turkish Times 13 (312) .
Özelli, M. Tunç (Ianuarius 1974). "The Evolution of the Formal Educational System and its Relation to Economic Growth Policies in the First Turkish Republic". International Journal of Middle East Studies (Londinii: Cambridge University Press) 5 (1): 77–92 .
Stone, Norman (2000). "Talking Turkey". The National Interest (New York: National Affairs, Inc) 61: 66 .
Volkan, Vamik D. (1981). "Immortal Atatürk — Narcissism and Creativity in a Revolutionary Leader". Psychoanalytic Study of Society (Novi Eboraci: Psychohistory Press) 9: 221–55 .
Wolf-Gazo, Ernest (1996). "John Dewey in Turkey: An Educational Mission". Journal of American Studies of Turkey (Ankara, Turkey: American Studies Association of Turkey) 3: 15–42 ^{[nexus deficit]}.
"Mustafa Kemal Atatürk". TP Editors. pp. 7–8 .
"The Burial of Atatürk". Time Magazine. 23 Novembris 1953. pp. 37–39 .

Nexus interni

Nexus externi

Situs interretialis Mustapha Kemal Atatürk proprius.

Praesides Turciae


Mustafa Kemal Atatürk • İsmet İnönü • Celâl Bayar • Cemal Gürsel • Cevdet Sunay • Fahri Korutürk • Kenan Evren • Turgut Özal • Suleimanus Demirel • Ahmet Necdet Sezer • Abdullah Gül • Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Opus geopoliticum • Duces civitatum Asiaticarum hodiernarum • Duces civitatum Europaearum hodiernarum Capsae cognatae: Primi ministri Turciae • Ministri ab eruditione • a munitione • a rebus externis