Lihat sumber bagi Lacertilia

{{terjemah|en}}
{{Paraphyletic group
| name = Rumpun cicak dan biawak
| fossil_range = [[Jurasik|Awal Jurasik]] – [[Holosen]], {{Fossil range|earliest=220|199|0}} <small>Kemungkinan rekod [[Akhir Triasik]]</small>
| image = Lizard Collage.jpg
| image_caption = Ikut arah jam dari kiri atas: sesumpah Yaman (''[[Chamaeleo calyptratus]]''), biawak monitor batuan (''Varanus albigularis''), mengkarung lidah biru am (''[[Tiliqua scincoides]]''), cicak Itali (''[[Podarcis sicula]]''), tokek ekor daun gergasi (''[[Uroplatus fimbriatus]]''), dan cicak tanpa kaki (''[[Anelytropsis papillosus]]'') 
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
| classis = [[Reptilia]]
| ordo = [[Squamata]]
| subordo = '''Lacertilia'''[[Parafili|*]]
| subordo_authority = [[Albert C. L. G. Günther|Günther]], 1867
| includes =
:[[Anguimorpha]]
:[[Gekkota]]
:[[Iguania]]
:[[Lacertoidea]]
:[[Scincomorpha]]
|excludes =
:[[Ular|Serpentes]]
:[[Amphisbaenia]]
| range_map = Lizard range.png
| range_map_caption = Taburan Lacertilia semua spesies
| subdivision_ranks = [[Keluarga (biologi)|Keluarga]]
| subdivision =
Many, see [[#Pengelasan|teks]]
| synonyms =
Sauria <small> [[James Macartney (ahli anatomi)|Macartney]], 1802</small>
}}

'''Lacertilia''' merupakan suborder yang terdiri daripada sejumlah 5600 [[spesies]]<ref>[http://www.reptile-database.org Reptile Database]. Retrieved on 2012-04-22</ref> [[reptilia]] [[Squamata]] yang terdapat di semua benua kecuali [[Antartika]], dan juga kebanyakan gugusan pulau di tengah lautan. Suborder ini ditakrifkan sebagai semua ahli [[Lepidosauria]] (reptilia yang bertindih-tindih sisiknya) yang bukan [[Sphenodontia]] (iaitu [[tuatara]]) atau [[ular]], yakni [[gred evolusi]].<ref>{{cite book | last =Gibbons | first =J. Whitfield | last2 =Gibbons | first2 =Whit | title =Their Blood Runs Cold: Adventures With Reptiles and Amphibians | publisher =[[University of Alabama]] Press | year =1983 | location =[[Alabama]] | page =164 |isbn=978-0-8173-0135-4 }}</ref>

Lacertilia, iaitu cicak, biawak dan sebagainya, lazimnya berkaki dan bertelinga luaran, sedangkan ular pula ketiadaan dua sifat tersebut. Akan tetapi, oleh sebab ditakrifkan secara negatif sebagai mengecualikan ular, Lacertilia ketiadaan ciri yang unik sebagai satu kumpulan. Cicak, biawak dan ular berkongsi [[tulang kuadrat]] boleh gerak yang membezakan mereka dengan [[Sphenodontia]] yang mempunyai [[tengkorak]] [[diapsid]] yang lebih primitif dan keras. Kebanyakan (bukan semua) cicak dan biawak boleh memutuskan ekornya untuk melarikan diri dari pemangsa, iaitu [[autotomi]]. Penglihatan, termasuk penglihatan warna, juga agak berkembang maju bagi kebanyakan haiwan ini yang lazimnya berkomunikasi dengan bahasa gerak-geri atau warna-warni yang cerah pada tubuhnya, di samping secara [[feromon]]. 

Kepanjangan dewasa spesies-spesies dalam [[Suborder (biologi)|suborder]] ini adalah sependek beberapa sentimeter seperti [[sumpah-sumpah]] seperti ''[[Brookesia micra]]'' dan [[cicak]] seperti ''[[Sphaerodactylus ariasae]]'' hingga sepanjang {{convert|3|m|abbr=on}} yang dimiliki oleh [[biawak Komodo]]. Yang pupus pula ada yang jauh lebih panjang, misalnya [[mosasaur]] akuatik yang mencapai {{convert|17|m|abbr=on}}, dan biawak gergasi ''[[Megalania]]'' yang dianggarkan menecah {{convert|7|m|abbr=on}}.

==Evolusi dan perhubungan==
[[Image:Prognathodon3.jpg|thumb|Mosasaur purba ''[[Prognathodon]]'']]
Pemeliharaan tubuh [[amniot]] 'reptilia' asas oleh Lacertilia membuat orang senang menganggap sebarang haiwan yang seumpamanya, baik yang hidup mahupun yang pupus, sebagai cicak atau biawak juga. Itu sebenarnya tidak benar kerana Lacertilia sebagai ahli [[Squamata]] merupakan sebahagian kumpulan yang ditakrifkan dengan sebaiknya.

Makhluk-makhluk amniot purba dari luaran seakan-akan biawak, tetapi mempunyai tengkorak yang keras dan seakan kotak dengan bukaan untuk mata dan lubang hidung, iaitu keadaan [[anapsid]]. Bentuk tengkorak ini dikekalkan oleh tuntung. Anapsid-anapsid purba kemudiannya menimbulkan dua kelompok baru dengan lubang-lubang tambahan pada tengkoraknya untuk membuka ruang untuk dan menambat otot rahang yang lebih besar. Golongan [[Synapsida|sinapsid]] yang berfenestra tunggal juga menimbulkan [[Pelycosaurus|pelikosaur]] seakan-akan biawak yang merangkumi ''[[Dimetrodon]]'', dan [[Therapsida|terapsid]] yang merangkumi [[sinodon]] dari mana berevolusinya mamalia moden. 

''[[Tuatara]]'' moden mengekalkan tengkorak lepidosaur asas yang membezakannya dengan Lacertilia walaupun banyak persaman luaran. Squamata, termasuk ular dan semua Lacertilia, meringankan lagi tengkorak dengan menghapuskan margin bawah pada bukaan bawah tengkorak.

Tinggalan fosil terawal yang diketahui akan Lacertilia adalah milik [[Iguania|iguania]] ''[[Tikiguania estesi]]'' yang ditemui di [[Bentukan Tiki]] di [[India]], yang berasal dari peringkat [[Karnia]] dalam usia [[Trias]] sekitar 220 juta tahun dahulu.<ref name=tikiguania>{{cite journal|doi=10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[795:ELFTLT]2.0.CO;2|author=Datta, P.M. and Ray, S. |year=2006|title=Earliest lizard from the Late Triassic (Carnian) of India|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|volume=26|issue=4|pages= 795–800}}</ref> <!--However, doubt has been raised over the age of ''Tikiguania'' because it is almost indistinguishable from modern [[agamid]] lizards. The ''Tikiguania'' remains may instead be late [[Tertiary]] or [[Quaternary]] in age, having been washed into much older Triassic sediments.<ref name=tikiguania2>{{cite journal| last=Hutchinson |first=M.N. |coauthors=Skinner, A.; and Lee, M.S.Y. |title=''Tikiguania'' and the antiquity of squamate reptiles (lizards and snakes) |journal=Biology Letters |volume=in press |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2011.1216 |url=http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2012/01/24/rsbl.2011.1216.full}}</ref> Lizards are most closely related to a group called [[Rhynchocephalia]], which includes the tuatara. Rhynchocephalians first appeared in the Late Triassic, so it can be inferred that the lizard-rhynchocephalian divergence occurred at this time and that the earliest lizards appeared in the Triassic.<ref name=tikiguania2/>

Mitochondrial phylogenetics suggest the first lizards evolved in the late [[Permian]]. Most evolutionary relationships within the squamates are not yet completely worked out, with the relationship of snakes to other groups being most problematic. From morphological data, iguanid lizards have been thought to have diverged from other squamates very early, but recent [[molecular phylogeny|molecular phylogenies]], both from [[mitochondrial DNA|mitochondrial]] and nuclear [[DNA]], do not support this early divergence.<ref name="Kumazawa">{{cite journal | last =Kumazawa | first = Yoshinori | title =Mitochondrial genomes from major lizard families suggest their phylogenetic relationships and ancient radiations | journal = Gene| volume = 388 | issue = 1–2| pages = 19–26 |year=2007 | doi =10.1016/j.gene.2006.09.026 | pmid =17118581}}</ref> Because snakes have a faster [[molecular clock]] than other squamates,<ref name="Kumazawa"/> and few early snake and snake ancestor fossils have been found,<ref>{{cite web | title = Lizards & Snakes Alive! | publisher = American Museum of Natural History | url = http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/lizards/snakes/world.php | accessdate =2007-12-25}}</ref> resolving the relationship between snakes and other squamate groups is difficult.-->

===Kepelbagaian===
Di dalam suborder '''Lacertilia''' terdapat empat suborder yang umum dikenali, iaitu: [[Iguania]], [[Gekkota]], [[Amphisbaenia]] dan [[Autarchoglossa]], dengan "bengkarung buta" dalam famili [[Dibamidae]] yang tidak tentu kedudukannya. Biarpun lazimnya terkecuali dari Lacertilia, ular biasanya dikelaskan sebagai klad dengan pangkat suborder yang seumpamanya.<ref>[http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=173861 Squamata  Oppel, 1811]. the Integrated Taxonomic Information System. ITIS.org</ref>

====Iguania====
[[Image:Polychrotidae_mating_02.jpg|thumb|[[Polychrotidae|Anoles]] mengawan, Gainesville, Florida]]<!--
The suborder [[Iguania]], found in Africa, south Asia, Australia, the [[New World]], and with iguanas colonizing the islands of the west Pacific, form the [[sister group]] to the remainder of the squamata. They are largely arboreal, and have primitively fleshy, non-prehensile tongues, some even have scales, but this condition is obviously highly modified in the chameleons. This [[clade]] includes the following families:-->
*Famili [[Agamidae]]
*Famili [[Chamaeleonidae]] – sumpah-sumpah
*Famili [[Corytophanidae]]
*Famili [[Crotaphytidae]]
*Famili [[Hoplocercidae]]
*Famili [[Iguanidae]] – iguana dsb.
*Famili [[Opluridae]] – iguana Malagasy
*Famili [[Phrynosomatidae]]
*Famili [[Polychrotidae]]
*Famili [[Tropiduridae]]

====Gekkota====
<!--Active hunters, the [[Gekkota]] include three families comprising the distinctive cosmopolitan geckos and the legless, flap-footed lizards of Australia and New Zealand. Like snakes, the flap-footed lizards and most geckos lack eyelids. Unlike snakes, they use their tongues to clean their often highly developed eyes. While gecko feet have unique surfaces that allow them to cling to glass and run on ceilings,<ref name=Santos2007>
{{cite journal |last=Santos |first=Daniel |coauthors= Matthew Spenko, Aaron Parness, Kim Sangbae, Mark Cutkosky |journal=Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology  |year=2007 |volume=21 |issue=12-13 |pages=1317–1341 |url=http://www.brill.nl/journal-adhesion-science-and-technology |work= |quote=''Gecko "feet and toes are a hierarchical system of complex structures consisting of lamellae, setae,and spatulae. The distinguishing characteristics of the gecko adhesion system have been described [as] (1) anisotropic attachment, (2) high pulloff force to preload ratio, (3) low detachment force, (4) material independence, (5) self-cleaning, (6) anti-self sticking and (7) non-sticky default state. ... The gecko’s adhesive structures are made from ß-keratin (modulus of elasticity [approx.] 2 GPa). Such a stiff material is not inherently sticky; however, because of the gecko adhesive’s hierarchical nature and extremely small distal features (spatulae are [approx.] 200 nm in size), the gecko’s foot is able to intimately conform to the surface and generate significant attraction using van der Waals forces.''}}</ref>  
the flap-foot has lost its limbs. The three families of this suborder are:-->
*Famili [[Eublepharinae]] – cicak berkelopak mata	
*Famili [[Gecko|Gekkonidae]] – cicak	
*Famili [[Pygopodidae]] – cicak berkaki tunggul

==Pengelasan==<!-- This section is linked from [[Lizard]] -->
[[Image:Gekko-kohphangan-07.2000.jpg|thumb|upright|''[[Gekko gecko]]'' di Thailand]]

Suborder '''Lacertilia''' (Sauria) – (cicak dan biawak) 
* Famili †[[Bavarisauridae]]
* Famili †[[Eichstaettisauridae]]
* Infraorder [[Iguania]]
** Famili †[[Arretosauridae]]
** Famili †[[Euposauridae]]
** Famili [[Corytophanidae]] (biawak berkepala kask)
** Famili [[Iguanidae]] ([[iguana]])
** Famili [[Phrynosomatidae]] (Biawak [[Biawak tanpa telinga|tanpa telinga]], [[Biawak berduri|berduri]], [[Urosaurus|pokok]], [[Biawak bertompok sisi|bertompok sisi]] dan [[Biawak bertanduk|bertanduk]])
** Famili [[Polychrotidae]] ([[Anolis|anoles]])
*** Famili [[Leiosauridae]] (rujuk Polychrotinae)
** Famili [[Tropiduridae]] (biawak tanah subtropika)
*** Famili [[Liolaemidae]] (rujuk Tropidurinae)
*** Famili [[Leiocephalidae]] (rujuk Tropidurinae)
** Famili [[Crotaphytidae]] (biawak [[Crotaphytus|berkolar]] dan [[gambelia|harimau]])
** Famili [[Opluridae]] (iguanid Madagascar)
** Famili [[Hoplocercidae]] ([[Enyalioides|Cicak kayu]], ekor tombol)
** Famili †[[Priscagamidae]]
** Famili †[[Isodontosauridae]]
** Famili [[Agamidae]] ([[Agama (cicak)|agama]])
** Famili [[Chamaeleonidae]] ([[sumpah-sumpah]])
* Infraorder [[Gekkota]]
** Famili [[Gekkonidae]] ([[cicak]])
** Famili [[Pygopodidae]] ([[cicak tanpa kaki]])
** Famili [[Dibamidae]] ([[cicak buta]])
* Infraorder [[Scincomorpha]]
** Famili †[[Paramacellodidae]]
** Famili †[[Slavoiidae]]
** Famili [[Scincidae]] ([[bengkarung]])
** Famili [[Cordylidae]] ([[biawak berekor duri]])
** Famili [[Gerrhosauridae]] (biawak bersadur)
** Famili [[Xantusiidae]] (biawak malam)
** Famili [[Lacertidae]] (tokek atau cicak sejati)
** Famili †[[Mongolochamopidae]]
** Famili †[[Adamisauridae]]
** Famili [[Teiidae]] ([[tegu]] dan ekor cambuk)
** Famili [[Gymnophthalmidae]] (cicak bercermin mata)
* Infraorder [[Diploglossa]]
** Famili [[Anguidae]] (biawak kaca)
** Famili [[Anniellidae]] (biawak tanpa kaki Amerika)
** Famili [[Xenosauridae]] (biawak bersisik tombol)
* Infraorder [[Platynota]] ([[Varanoidea]])
** Famili [[Varanidae]] (biawak benggala)
** Famili [[Lanthanotidae]] (biawak tanpa telinga)
** Famili [[Helodermatidae]] ([[biawak Gila]] dan [[Biawak bermanik Mexico|biawak bermanik]])
** Famili †[[Mosasaur]]idae (biawak laut)
{{-}}

==Rujukan==
{{reflist}}

==Pautan luar==
{{commons category|Sauria}}
*{{wikispecies-inline|Sauria}}
*[http://www.theinformationarchives.com/Lizard/ Lizard Gallery]

[[Category:Lacertilia| ]]