Rigi
| Rigi
| |
|---|---|
| Zea mays | |
| Data (id) | |
| Sumber dari | maize (en) |
| Tumbuhan (id) | |
| Jenis buah | Kariopsis (id) |
| Status konservasi (id) | |
| Risiko rendah (id) | |
| IUCN | 77726273 |
| Taksonomi (id) | |
| Divisi | Tracheophytes |
| Subdivisi | Spermatophytes |
| Klad | Angiosperms |
| Klad | monocots |
| Klad | commelinids |
| Ordo | Poales |
| Famili | Poaceae |
| Subfamili | Panicoideae |
| Tribus | Andropogoneae |
| Subtribus | Tripsacinae |
| Genus | Zea |
| Bagian | Zea sect. Zea |
| Spesies | Zea mays Linnaeus, 1753 |
Rigi (li Latin: Zea mays subspesies mays, li Indonesia: jagung) no sambua ba gotalua zinanö (ölö göi gandu ba fakhe), bakha ba mbuania so tesöndra nifotöi karbohidrat, ya'ia da'ö sambua ŵe soguna sibai ba niha ba ba aurifö bö'ö, börö me ibe'e wa'abuso, fa'abölö, famanöi ba fa'owaöri ba mboto. Khö ndra niha ba danö Amerika Tengah ba ba Amerika Selatan, awö ösa niha ba Afrika faoma ba danö Indonesia simanga fakhe, no göi tobali tuho gö khöra rigi. Baero tobali ö niha, te'oguna'ö göi rigi tobali ö gurifö, hamo (li Indonesia: tepung) ba tobali göi fanikha.
Tanömö rigi tehalö moroi ba ngawua mbuania si no atua ba soköli, na latanö ia ba danö ba tumbu ia molöndru. Fa'alaŵa dölania na no mowua mato 2m irugi 2,5m. Fa'ara wa'auri i'otarai mutanö ofeta mowua ia mato tölu irugi öfa waŵa, aefa da'ö oköli ba mate ia sa'e. Rigi andrö lafotöi ia sinanö si ha sakali inötö wowua (li Indonesia: tanaman semusim).
Omböila
[bulö'ö | bulö’ö kode]Sifakhai ba zinumbua (Botani)
[bulö'ö | bulö’ö kode]Sinanö sauri na inötö ma (annual) ba wamahaö ba wangoya'ö sinanö no sambua lala wa'auri zinanö ba zi 80-150 ngaluo (so ba zi 3 ofeta 5 waŵa), mangawuli sa'atö ba kultivar faoma inötö wananö ya'ia. Fehede sasese larongo niha simane fehede: "seumur jagung" no sambua fangombakha wa fa'auri zinanö da'a ha ba zi 3 ofeta 4 waŵa.[1] Ba zi matonga ginötö wa'auri rigi andre, ba da'ö ginötö wa'atedou vegetatif ba matonga inötö aefa da'ö, ba wangasoso buania na so. Rigi auri sibai ia ba zi so sino fa'ara ba zi 12,5 za.[2]
Fenaeta Baero (Morfologi)
[bulö'ö | bulö’ö kode]Fa'alaŵa döla rigi, ba zi 2,0 ofeta 2,5 m, hewa'ae so kultivar sitola ofeta ba zi 12 m ba danö ma ba zisambua mbanua.[3] Fa'alaŵa zinanö rigi andre, tefaigi ia moroi ba dete danö ofeta hakhi hezo falemba mbuania. Hewa'ae so zo lewiö ba mbörö hakhi simane fakhe ba hiza, lö ara auri, ha sageu ia moroi ba mbörönia. Töla mondroto-ndroto otaluania so ba zi 20 cm. Moroi ba ngandrotonia ba da'ö tumbu khönia tumbu mbulu, fa'ebolonia itaria ikhamö fa 9 cm ba fa'anau ikhamö ba zi 120 cm.[4]
Sitobali angolifa moroi ba zinanö si sambua hunö ma ba wehede wamahaö ba zekola lamane monokotil, rigi andre, moŵa'a serabut ikhamö fa'abakha ŵa'ania ba zi 80 cm ba oya göi zitetaru ba danö fa'abakhania ba zi 20 cm. Sinanö si no ibörögö atua, so khönia ŵa'a adventif situmbu ba ngandroto sahatö tou ba danö ba wanölö tölania ena'ö aro moroi ba wa'aso'a.
Töla rigi adölö-dölö ba lö bini'ösö hulö zimane sorgum faoma Töwu. Tesöndra khönia mutan töla silö oya auri irege rigi andre hulö roset. Tölania mongandroto, ba ibalugö faoma bulunia ngandrotonia. Rigi andre, abe'e ma'ifu ba hiza lö oya khönia zat geu ma ba li wamahaö lamane : lignin.
Bulu rigi no sökhi sibai, mohakhi ba manganau. Ba gotalua hakhi faoma bulu, so khönia zi hulö lela. (ligula). Bulu rigi motöla. Ba bulunia so zalösö ba so göi zogumo. Stoma ba mbulu rigi hulö halter, ni'ila niha wa ha Poaceae ma sifao ba gangolifa ndru'u (suku rumput-rumputan). Ero stoma no ifasui ia sel-sel (epidermis) zi hulö döri-töri. Da'a moguna khönia ba worasoi na ambo nidanö ba zi tumbu ia. Na sinanö da'a ba mbawa lökhö, zihulö döri-töri no mege tola oköli ba möi fombalugö dögi stomata, ba bulunia tola aleu ba ilau ia tou irege mangalösi transpirasi.
Fenaeta mbowo rigi ya'ia da'ö diklin, si so khönia bowo simatua ba si'alawe si fabali ba zisageu sinanö ma monoecious. Bowonia oya, simatua te'orudugö malai, ba si'alawe tobali tongkol. Ba rigi, kuntum bunga (floret) tefa'oli ba zi faedo ni mo'otalua moroi ba zi safasa glumae (tunggal: gluma). Fenaeta mbowo simatua so ia ba mbalö lai-lai zinanö. Serbuk sari saruzö-ruzö, mohua sibai ia.
Sito'ölönia, sageu zinanö rigi ba so khönia sambua tongkol sitola mowua sangokhögö ngaotu khönia misa mbowo si'alawe. Ba so ma'ifu kultivar sisökhi tola manga'asogu bua si sökhi, da'a latötöi ia rigi prolifik. Bowo simatua tola falukha ia ba mbowo si'alawe ba zi 2-5 ngaluo ma abölö alio moroi ba zi'alawe (protandri).
Taroma Wa'auri
[bulö'ö | bulö’ö kode]Rigi ni fili ma ni'odödögö ba wananö ya'ia, no tola laŵa'ö no sambua zinumbua sifakhili ba gangolifa ndru'u sotöi teosinte (Zea mays ssp. parviglumis). Ba wetaro lafareso niha ba la'ila wa sinumbua da'a tola tobali sinanö, tenga inötö sadogo-dogo, so ba zi 7000 fakhe, sifakhai Zea mays ssp. mexicana. Fanötöi teosinte sindruhunia ba wogambaraini fefu ngawalö rigi genus Zea, fabö'ö ira na Zea mays ssp. mays. Lala ba wa'atobali rigi andre sambua zinumbua si tola moguna ba wa'auri niha, irege rigi andre no sambua zinanö si lö sa'ae auri samosa ia ba danö.[5] <!—Ofeta ba ginötö iada'a no'oi la'ila niha wa so ba zi 50.000 kultivar rigi, he sauri manö ba danö ba simanö göi ni'odödögö ba wananö ya'ia. -->
Sitobali dane-dane ba wangi'ila sifakhai ba rigi andre, ya'ia da'ö famahaö arkeologi tefaudugö ba lala wangoya'ö rigi sauri ba gotalua ndru'u ba danö ba mbanua tanö raya ba Meksiko, Amerika Tengah, I'otarai me 7000 fakhe silalö. Akhökhöla rigi meföna nisöndra ba Gua Guila Naquitz, ba ndraso Oaxaca me no lafareso ba lafaigi wa irugi 6250 fakhe; akhökhöla sabölö atua lasöndra ba dögi sahatö ba Tehuacan, Puebla, Meksiko, sauri ba ndröfi si 3450 SM.[6][7]
Bangsa Olmek faoma Bangsa Maya no latanö rigi ba Seantero Amerika Tengah me 10000 fakhe silalö ba no la'ila lala wombali'ö rigi andre sitobali famalala gö. Fangi'ilara andrö ba tefazaewe ba mbanua Amerika Selatan (Ekuador) ba zi 7000 fakhe silalö, ba no irugi hili-hili tanö raya Peru me 4000 fakhe silalö. Ba ginötö da'ö tebörötaigö zinanö rigi andre, ifago'ösi wa'aurinia ba hili ma ba danö sabe'e ma'ifu si lö aukhu sibai fetaro Pegunungan Andes.[8] Sejak 2500 SM, tanaman ini telah dikenal di berbagai penjuru Benua Amerika.[9]
Fa'atohare niha Eropa i'otarai gafuriata ngahönö si 15 ma abad ke-15 ya'ira zi no mamazaema ba mbanuara ofeta ba Asia. Hiza ba Asio ba no alio sibai wa'amozaewenia me teboka lala niha Eropa we'amöi ba Asia me inötö namada Ferdinand Magellan sanörö asi Samudera Pasifik. Ba nahia sibohou da'a alio auri ngawalö rigi andrö me rigi andre so khönia plastisitas fenotipe salaŵa ma'ifu.
Rigi ofeta danöda Indonesia, ba ngahönö si 16 ma abad ke-16 ni'ohe zikoli moroi ba Portugis.[10] Börö hikaya rigi si no atua sibai andre, ba no möi fa'oya döi wogaoni dozi banua misa. Simane ba mbanua Sunda, Aceh, Batak, Ambon latötöi faoma jagong, ba mbanua Bima töinia jago, ba wehede Madura la'ila niha döinia ya'ia da'ö jhaghung, ba Danö Niha to'ölö lakaoni faoma fehede rigi, eyako (Enggano), wataru (Sumba), latung (Flores), fata (Solor), pena (Timor), gandung (Toraja), kastela (Halmahera), telo (Tidore), binthe atau binde (bahasa Gorontalo) faoma Buol, ba barelle´ (bahasa Bugis).[11] Di kawasan timur Indonesia juga dipakai luas istilah milu,[12] fefu da'a moroi ba wamaogö töinia ba ngawua wehede milho, so eluaha ba Li Indonesia ya'ia da'ö: "jagung", fehede da'a moroi ba bahasa Portugis.
Ngawua wehede "jagung" molo'ö Denys Lombard no fangadogo-dogo wanötöi fehede ya'ia da'ö: jawa agung, so'eluaha "jewawut besar",[13] töi ni'oguna'ö niha Jawa ba tefazaewe ia ba wehede Melayu.
Kultivasi
Sinanö sasese latötöi faoma salio mowua, tanaman semusim (annual) bakha ba wangi'ila sinanö ni'oya'ö (budidaya) sitola auri ba zi 80-150 ngaluo (so ba zi 3 ofeta 5 waŵa), mangawuli ba kultivar faoma hewisa wa'aurinia me'awena latanö. Famaedo wehede sasese laŵa'ö ba li Indonesia; "seumur jagung" mamaehagö wa döfinia ha ba zi tölu ofeta öfa waŵa, eluahania lö ara sibai.[14] Ba zi lö'ara sibai aefa latanö rigi andre, ba da'ö hino wa'auri vegetatif ba sitörania numalö ba wenaeta wobowo ma mowua (reproduktif). So ösa rigi sauri ba ginötö si lö ara sibai (Fotoperiodisme) ma tanaman hari pendek bowonia alio sibai moledo yaŵa, hiza na göna khönia haga zino, sito'ölönia ba zi 12,5 jam.[2]
Fa'alaŵa rigi andre, lö dozi fagölö. Na ni'odödögö wamaliaro ya'ia ba wangoya'ö ma budidaya so ba zi 2,0 ofeta 2,5 m, heŵa'aw kultivar so zogamö 12 m wa'alaŵania ba zisambua nahia, lö fefu.[15] Fanu'a wa'alaŵa zinanö, sito'ölönia la'erai i'otarai detedanö nahania wa'auri ofeta ba dekhe-dekhe hakhi ahatö mbutelai fatua lö bowo (malai). Heŵa'ae so rigi zihulö wakhe, auri nononia bangai döla nitanö, ba hiza sindruhinia rigi andre lö khönia fa'amo'ono simane fakhe. Otalua ndroto-ndroto rigi andre, so ba zi 20 cm gotaluania. Ero ngandroto, tumbu khönia hakhi mbulu sifalemba ba döla. Fa'ebolo mbulunia ikhamö fa 9 cm ba fa'anau so ba zi 120 cm.[16]
Umbu
[bulö'ö | bulö’ö kode]- ↑ Entri "seumur jagung" di Wiktionary
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 Belfield S, Brown C. 2008. Field Crop Manual: Maize. A Guide to Upland Production in Cambodia Archived 2014-02-16 at the Wayback Machine. ACIAR Publ. ISBN 978-0-7347-1882-2. p.5.
- ↑ Karl, J.R. (May 2013). "The maximum leaf quantity of the maize subspecies" (PDF). The Maize Genetics Cooperation Newsletter. 86: 4. ISSN 1090-4573. Arsip moroi versi asli (PDF) irugi 2016-03-03. Mufaigi me 2021-10-08.
The Maximum Leaf Number of the Maize Subspecies; the "Leafy" Mutation Placed into the Tallest Strain
- ↑ Stevenson, J. C.; Goodman, M. M. (1972). "Ecology of Exotic Races of Maize. I. Leaf Number and Tillering of 16 Races Under Four Temperatures and Two Photoperiods1". Crop Science. 12 (6): 864. doi:10.2135/cropsci1972.0011183X001200060045x.
- ↑ Gepts P. 2004. Crop Domestication as a Long-term Selection Experiment. In: Janick J. Plant Breeding Reviews, Vol. 24, Part 2, ISBN 0-471-46892-4. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. hal. 6.
- ↑ "Origin, History and Uses of Corn". Iowa State University, Department of Agronomy. 11 Februari 2014. Arsip moroi versi asli irugi 2014-02-23. Mufaigi me 2014-05-08.
- ↑ Roney, John (2009). "The Beginnings of Maize Agriculture". Archaelogy Southwest 23 (1):4
- ↑ Bakalar, Nicholas. Corn, Arrowroot Fossils in Peru Change Views on Pre-Inca Culture. National Geographic News. Edisi 2 Maret 2006
- ↑ Roney, John (Winter 2009). "The Beginnings of Maize Agriculture". Archaeology Southwest. 23 (1): 4.
- ↑ "Milho, Makk, and Yu Mai: Early journey of maize to Asia. Chapter 6: Maize in the southeast Asian archipelago and Australia". Arsip moroi versi asli irugi 2015-12-30. Mufaigi me 2015-08-16.
- ↑ Zea mays L. Archived 2008-12-07 at the Wayback Machine. Nga'örö zinanö dalu-dalu Departemen Kesehatan
- ↑ Sop jagung “Milu siram” yang menggoda selera Archived 2014-01-30 at the Wayback Machine. Blog untuk Sup Jagung Siram.
- ↑ Lombard, D. 1996. Jaringan Asia. Penerbit Gramedia. p. 263.
- ↑ Entri "seumur jagung" di Wiktionary
- ↑ Karl, J.R. (May 2013). "The maximum leaf quantity of the maize subspecies" (PDF). The Maize Genetics Cooperation Newsletter. 86: 4. ISSN 1090-4573. Arsip moroi versi asli (PDF) irugi 2016-03-03. Mufaigi me 2015-05-08.
The Maximum Leaf Number of the Maize Subspecies; the "Leafy" Mutation Placed into the Tallest Strain
- ↑ Stevenson, J. C.; Goodman, M. M. (1972). "Ecology of Exotic Races of Maize. I. Leaf Number and Tillering of 16 Races Under Four Temperatures and Two Photoperiods1". Crop Science. 12 (6): 864. doi:10.2135/cropsci1972.0011183X001200060045x.