Stat comunist

Statul comunist este acel stat guvernat de un singur partid politic care-și declară afilierea politică la marxism sau marxism-leninism.

Liderii statelor guvernate de partide comuniste își denumesc statele ca state socialiste. În teoria politică marxistă, comunismul este definit ca o societate fără clase sociale, egalitaristă, în care a dispărut statul, în timp ce socialismul este definit ca o fază tranzitorie, caracterizată prin dictatura proletariatului.

Au existat mai multe cazuri de state comuniste cu procese de participare politică care au implicat mai multe alte organizații non-partid, precum sindicatele, comitetele fabricilor și participarea la democrație directă.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5] Termenul "stat comunist" este folosit de istoricii occidentali, de oamenii de știință și de mass-media pentru a se referi la aceste țări. Cu toate acestea, spre deosebire de uzul occidental, aceste state nu se descriu ca fiind "comuniste", nici nu pretind că au realizat comunismul - se referă la ele însele ca state socialiste sau muncitoare care se află în procesul de construire a socialismului.^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]

Dezvoltarea statelor comuniste

În secolul XX, primul stat socialist din lume a fost în Rusia în 1917. În 1922, s-a alăturat altor foste teritorii ale imperiului pentru a deveni Uniunea Republicilor Socialiste Sovietice (URSS). După cel de-al doilea război mondial, armata sovietică a ocupat o mare parte din Europa de Est și, astfel, a ajutat la stabilirea statelor comuniste în aceste țări. Cele mai multe state comuniste din Europa de Est s-au aliat cu Uniunea Sovietică, cu excepția Iugoslaviei care s-a declarat nealiniată. În 1949, după un război împotriva ocupației japoneze și un război civil care a dus la o victorie comunistă, a fost înființată Republica Populară Chineză (RPC). Și statele comuniste au fost înființate în Cambodgia, Cuba, Laos și Vietnam. Un stat comunist a fost stabilit în Coreea de Nord, deși mai târziu și-a adoptat propria ideologie numită Juche. În 1989, statele comuniste din Europa de Est s-au prăbușit sub presiune publică în timpul unui val de mișcări non-violente care au dus la dizolvarea Uniunii Sovietice în 1991. Astăzi, statele comuniste existente în lume se află în China, Cuba, Laos și Vietnam.

Note

^ Sloan, Pat (1937). „Soviet democracy”. |url= lipsă sau vid (ajutor)
^ Farber, Samuel (1992). „Before Stalinism: The Rise and Fall of Soviet Democracy”. |url= lipsă sau vid (ajutor)
^ Getzler, Israel (2002). „Kronstadt 1917-1921: The Fate of a Soviet Democracy”. Cambridge University Press. |url= lipsă sau vid (ajutor)
^ Webb, Sidney; Beatrice Webb (1935). „Soviet communism: a new civilisation?”. |url= lipsă sau vid (ajutor)
^ Busky, Donald F. (20 iulie 2000). Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey. Praeger. p. 9. ISBN 978-0275968861. In a modern sense of the word, communism refers to the ideology of Marxism-Leninism.
^ Wilczynski, J. (2008). The Economics of Socialism after World War Two: 1945-1990. Aldine Transaction. p. 21. ISBN 978-0202362281. Contrary to Western usage, these countries describe themselves as 'Socialist' (not 'Communist'). The second stage (Marx's 'higher phase'), or 'Communism' is to be marked by an age of plenty, distribution according to needs (not work), the absence of money and the market mechanism, the disappearance of the last vestiges of capitalism and the ultimate 'whithering away' of the State.
^ Steele, David Ramsay (septembrie 1999). From Marx to Mises: Post Capitalist Society and the Challenge of Economic Calculation. Open Court. p. 45. ISBN 978-0875484495. Among Western journalists the term 'Communist' came to refer exclusively to regimes and movements associated with the Communist International and its offspring: regimes which insisted that they were not communist but socialist, and movements which were barely communist in any sense at all.
^ Rosser, Mariana V. and J Barkley Jr. (23 iulie 2003). Comparative Economics in a Transforming World Economy. MIT Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0262182348. Ironically, the ideological father of communism, Karl Marx, claimed that communism entailed the withering away of the state. The dictatorship of the proletariat was to be a strictly temporary phenomenon. Well aware of this, the Soviet Communists never claimed to have achieved communism, always labeling their own system socialist rather than communist and viewing their system as in transition to communism.
^ Williams, Raymond (1983). „Socialism”. Keywords: A vocabulary of culture and society, revised edition. Oxford University Press. p. 289. ISBN 978-0-19-520469-8. The decisive distinction between socialist and communist, as in one sense these terms are now ordinarily used, came with the renaming, in 1918, of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks) as the All-Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks). From that time on, a distinction of socialist from communist, often with supporting definitions such as social democrat or democratic socialist, became widely current, although it is significant that all communist parties, in line with earlier usage, continued to describe themselves as socialist and dedicated to socialism.

[1] Sloan, Pat (1937). „Soviet democracy”. |url= lipsă sau vid (ajutor)

[2] Farber, Samuel (1992). „Before Stalinism: The Rise and Fall of Soviet Democracy”. |url= lipsă sau vid (ajutor)

[3] Getzler, Israel (2002). „Kronstadt 1917-1921: The Fate of a Soviet Democracy”. Cambridge University Press. |url= lipsă sau vid (ajutor)

[4] Webb, Sidney; Beatrice Webb (1935). „Soviet communism: a new civilisation?”. |url= lipsă sau vid (ajutor)

[5] Busky, Donald F. (20 iulie 2000). Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey. Praeger. p. 9. ISBN 978-0275968861. In a modern sense of the word, communism refers to the ideology of Marxism-Leninism.

[The_Economics_of_Socialism_after_World_War_Two:_1945-1990-6] Wilczynski, J. (2008). The Economics of Socialism after World War Two: 1945-1990. Aldine Transaction. p. 21. ISBN 978-0202362281. Contrary to Western usage, these countries describe themselves as 'Socialist' (not 'Communist'). The second stage (Marx's 'higher phase'), or 'Communism' is to be marked by an age of plenty, distribution according to needs (not work), the absence of money and the market mechanism, the disappearance of the last vestiges of capitalism and the ultimate 'whithering away' of the State.

[7] Steele, David Ramsay (septembrie 1999). From Marx to Mises: Post Capitalist Society and the Challenge of Economic Calculation. Open Court. p. 45. ISBN 978-0875484495. Among Western journalists the term 'Communist' came to refer exclusively to regimes and movements associated with the Communist International and its offspring: regimes which insisted that they were not communist but socialist, and movements which were barely communist in any sense at all.

[8] Rosser, Mariana V. and J Barkley Jr. (23 iulie 2003). Comparative Economics in a Transforming World Economy. MIT Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0262182348. Ironically, the ideological father of communism, Karl Marx, claimed that communism entailed the withering away of the state. The dictatorship of the proletariat was to be a strictly temporary phenomenon. Well aware of this, the Soviet Communists never claimed to have achieved communism, always labeling their own system socialist rather than communist and viewing their system as in transition to communism.

[Williams_1983_289-9] Williams, Raymond (1983). „Socialism”. Keywords: A vocabulary of culture and society, revised edition. Oxford University Press. p. 289. ISBN 978-0-19-520469-8. The decisive distinction between socialist and communist, as in one sense these terms are now ordinarily used, came with the renaming, in 1918, of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks) as the All-Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks). From that time on, a distinction of socialist from communist, often with supporting definitions such as social democrat or democratic socialist, became widely current, although it is significant that all communist parties, in line with earlier usage, continued to describe themselves as socialist and dedicated to socialism.

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