Blackface

Reprodukcija postera za minstrel show Williama H. Westa iz 1900. godine koji je originalno izdala kompanija Strobridge Litho Co., a koji pokazuje transformaciju od bijelca u "crnca".

Blackface je izraz koji na engleskom doslovno znači "crno lice", a pod kojim se podrazumijeva kazališna šminka koja za svrhu ima izvođača "transformirati" u karikirani i stereotipni lik crnca. Blackface je svoj karakteristični oblik dobila u minstrel šouima u SAD u 19. vijeku, a koristili su je kako bijeli tako i crni izvođači. S vremenom je postala simbol rasističkih predrasuda te se od druge polovice 20. vijeka njeno korištenje smatra kontroverznim.

Izvori

Armstron-De Vreeze, Pamela (1997). „"Surviving Zwarte Piet — a Black mother in the Netherlands copes with a racist institution in Dutch culture"”. Essence magazine. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2005-05-16. Pristupljeno 15. 11. 2005.
Hughes, Langston and Meltzer, Milton (1967). Black Magic: A Pictorial History of Black Entertainers in America. New York: Bonanza Books. ISBN 0-306-80406-9.
Lott, Eric (1993), Love and Theft: Blackface Minstrelsy and the American Working Class, New York: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0195078322
Malik, Sarita. „The Black and White Minstrel Show”. Museum of Broadcast Communications. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2007-01-07. Pristupljeno 08. 01. 2007.
Sacks, Howard L, and Sacks, Judith (1993). Way up North in Dixie: A Black Family's Claim to the Confederate Anthem. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press.
Strausbaugh, John (2006), Black Like You: Blackface, Whiteface, Insult and Imitation in American Popular Culture, Jeremy P. Tarcher / Penguin, ISBN 1585424986
Toll, Robert C. (1974), Blacking Up: The Minstrel Show in Nineteenth-century America, New York: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0819563005
Twain, Mark (1924). „XIX, dictated 1906-11-30”. Mark Twain's Autobiography. New York: Albert Bigelow Paine. LCCN 24025122.
Watkins, Mel (1999). On the Real Side: A History of African American Comedy from Slavery to Chris Rock. Chicago, Illinois: Lawrence Hill Books. ISBN 1-55652-351-3.

Literatura

Cockrell, Dale (1997). Demons of Disorder: Early Blackface Minstrels and their World. Cambridge Studies in American Theatre and Drama. ISBN 0-521-56828-5.
Levinthal, David (1999). Blackface. Arena. ISBN 1-892041-06-5.
Lhamon, Jr., W.T. (1998). Raising Cain: Blackface Performance from Jim Crow to Hip Hop. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-74711-9.
Rogin, Michael (1998). Blackface, White Noise: Jewish Immigrants in the Hollywood Melting Pot. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-21380-7.
Abbott, Lynn, & Seroff, Doug (2008). Ragged but Right: Black Traveling Shows, "Coon Songs," and the Dark Pathway to Blues and Jazz. Arhivirano 2009-05-14 na Wayback Machine-u Jackson: University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 1-57806-901-7.
Chude-Sokei, Louis (2005). The Last Darky: Bert Williams, Black-on-Black Minstrelsy and the African Diaspora. Duke University Press. ISBN 082233643X.

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