Annelid

annelids
	Glycera sp.
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Superphylum:	Lophotrochozoa
Phylum:	Annelida; Lamarck, 1809
Classes and subclasses
	Class Polychaeta (paraphyletic?); Class Clitellata; Oligochaeta – earthworms, etc.; Acanthobdellida; Branchiobdellida; Hirudinea – leeches; Class Myzostomida; Class Archiannelida (polyphyletic); Class Echiura?; Class Machaeridia†; Some people think that the subclasses under Clitellata are actually classes

Annelids are a phylum of invertebrate worms. They are the segmented worms, with over 17,000 known species.

Well known species are earthworms and leeches. Annelids can be found in most wet environments. Some of these species are parasitic or mutualistic. This means they live together with (or inside) another organism. A mutualistic relationship is beneficial to both organisms. Their size varies from under a millimetre to about 3 metres. The largest known species is the seep tube worm (Lamellibrachia lymnesi), which is related to the giant tube worm.

Annelids are made of one or more body segments. Each segment has one or more rings. These rings are called annuli (singular: 'annulus' = 'little ring'). Annelids reproduce sexually by hermaphroditic cross-fertilization. They can regenerate cut off pieces of their body, unlike sponges, which can come back together if ripped apart. They have a hydrostatic skeleton, a one-way digestion system, and bilateral symmetry.

Nervous system

Annelid worms have a nervous system. The brain forms a ring round the pharynx (throat), consisting of a pair of ganglia (local control centers) above and in front of the pharynx, linked by nerve cords either side of the pharynx to another pair of ganglia just below and behind it.^[1] In some very mobile and active polychaetes the brain is enlarged and more complex, with visible hindbrain, midbrain and forebrain sections.^[2]

The rest of the central nervous system is usually 'ladder-like', with a pair of nerve cords that run along the bottom part of the body cavity. In each segment there are paired ganglia linked by a cross-connection. From each segmental ganglion a branching system of local nerves runs into the body wall and then encircles the body.^[1]

Main groups

Polychaetes: about 12,000 species, free-living
Clitellates: about 5,000 species
- Oligochaetes
- Hirudinea
Echiura

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Ruppert E.E; Fox R.S. and Barnes R.D. 2004. Annelida, in Invertebrate Zoology 7th ed, Brooks/Cole. pp. 414–420. ISBN 0-03-025982-7
↑ Rouse G. 1998. The Annelida and their close relatives, in Anderson D.T. Invertebrate Zoology. Oxford University Press. pp. 183–196. ISBN 0-19-551368-1

[Barnes-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Ruppert E.E; Fox R.S. and Barnes R.D. 2004. Annelida, in Invertebrate Zoology 7th ed, Brooks/Cole. pp. 414–420. ISBN 0-03-025982-7

[2] Rouse G. 1998. The Annelida and their close relatives, in Anderson D.T. Invertebrate Zoology. Oxford University Press. pp. 183–196. ISBN 0-19-551368-1

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