Zmaj
Zmaj je mitsko biće, uglavnom predstavljeno kao velika zmija ili gmizavac sa magijskim i drugim moćima. Veruje se da su legende o zmajevima nastale nezavisno u raznim kulturama, pa su stoga i predstave o zmaju nešto što zavisi od kulturnog okvira u kome se krećemo.
Dok su u zapadnoevropskoj tradiciji mahom predstavljeni kao zla bića, u Kini su zmajevi generalno dobri.
Opis zmaja u mitologiji
[uredi | uredi izvor]U slovenskoj mitologiji
[uredi | uredi izvor]U slovenskoj mitologiji i narodnim predanjima postoje četiri različita tipa zmajoliki bića, a to su: zmaj, aždaja, ala i lamja. Predstave o izgledu ovi bića kod Slovena često variraju čak i u okvirima istog područja.
U keltskoj mitologiji
[uredi | uredi izvor]Keltski zmajevi najčešće imaju četiri noge, krila i bljuju vatru. U zapadnoj kulturi se danas ovaj tip zmajeva najčešće podrazumeva pod rečju zmaj uopšte.
U skandinavskoj i germanskoj mitologiji
[uredi | uredi izvor]Lindvorm izgleda kao veoma velika zmija sa dve ili bez nogu, uglavnom ne bljuje vatru, ne leti i bez krila je (što mu je glavna razlika od Viverna). Simbolizuje kugu, ili ređe rat. Verovalo se da Lindvormi jedu stoku, ali je sa druge strane smatrano da donose sreću onome ko ih vidi. Među najpoznatijim lindvormima je zmaj Fafnir, koga je pogubio legendarni heroj Sigurd.
U hebrejskoj i hrišćanskoj mitologiji
[uredi | uredi izvor]Zli zmajevi se često javljaju u hrišćanskoj mitologiji. u „Otkrivenju Jovanovom“ 12:3-12:4 javlja se crveni zmaj koji ruši zvezde sa neba („I pokaza se drugi znak na nebu, i gle, velika crvena aždaha, koja imaše sedam glava, i deset rogova; i na glavama njezinijem sedam kruna; I rep njezin odvuče trećinu zvijezda nebeskijeh, i baci ih na zemlju.“) kao simboli Satane i palih anđela što se i razjašnjava u 12:9 („I zbačena bi aždaha velika, stara zmija, koja se zove đavo i sotona, koji vara sav vasioni svijet, i zbačena bi na zemlju, i anđeli njezini zbačeni biše s njom“).
U Knjizi o Jovu (40—41) na opis Behemota nadovezuje se detaljan opis Levijatana (u prevodu Đure Daničića „krokodil“), morskog zmaja iz hebrejskih mitova koji je navodno stvoren petog dana postanja: „(...) Krljušti su mu jaki štitovi spojeni tvrdo, blizu su jedna do druge da ni vjetar ne ulazi mađu njih. Jedna je za drugu prionula, drže se i ne rastavljaju se. Kad kiha kao da munja sijeva, a oči su mu kao trepavice zore. Iz usta mu izlaze lučevi, i iskre ognjene skaču. Iz nozdrva mu izlazi dim kao iz vreloga lonca ili kotla. Dah njegov raspaljuje ugljevlje i plamen mu izlazi iz usta. U vratu mu stoji sila, i pred njim ide strah. Udi mesa njegova spojeni su, jednostavno je na njemu, ne razmiče se. Srce mu je tvrdo kao kamen, tvrdo kao donji žrvanj. (...) “
Zmajevi u kineskoj mitologiji
[uredi | uredi izvor]Kineski zmaj u verovanjima simbolizuje sreću i prosperitet, otelotvorenje je kosmičke sile jang i božanstvo je voda. Kinezi sebe smatraju potomcima zmaja. Za razliku od evropskih predstava zmaja kao vatrenog bića, kineski zmajevi su povezani sa vodom i vladaju vodopadima, rekama, morima i jezerima. Oni takođe kontrolišu vreme i izazivaju kiše.
Životinje koje su verovatne inspiracije za zmajeve
[uredi | uredi izvor]Postoji mišljenje da pljuvanje otrova zmije kobre može biti poreklo mitova o zmaju koji bljuje vatru[1].
Nilski krokodil, bio je u davnim vremenima povremeno prisutan u južnoj Evropi, pošto bi preplivao Mediteran. Takvi izuzetno veliki krokodili su možda inspirisali mitove o zmajevima[2][3] Skeleti nasukanih ajkula, kitova i delfina, kao i skeleti i fosili dinosaurusa i fosili sisara su moguće ponekad proglašavini za kosti zmajeva i drugih mitoloških bića; na primer, otkriće iz 300. p. n. e. u Vuthengu, Sečuan, Kina, je označen kao takav od strane Čang Kua[4].
U Australiji, priče o takvim stvorenjima su verovatno inspirisan ogromnim krokodilima Kuinkana koji je mogao da naraste i do dužine 5-7 m, ili monitor gušter Varanus Priscus, ogromna mesožder koji je takođe moga da naraste i do 7 m i dosegne težinu do 1.950 kilograma, ili zmije velikih razmera (možda Vonambi) koji su bile deo izumrle faune Australije[5]. I danas je komodo gušter monitor Varan poznat na engleskom jeziku kao Komodo zmaj.
Reference
[uredi | uredi izvor]- ^ Daniel 1989, str. 231
- ^ Drager 2005, str. 252
- ^ Davidson 1993, str. 41–66.
- ^ Abc.net.au. „Dinosaurs And Cave People”.
- ^ Mackness 2009, str. 21–36
Literatura
[uredi | uredi izvor]- Drager, Ørmen (2005). Mellom myte og virkelighet. . Dragons: between myth and reality.. Humanist forlag A/S Oslo. str. 252. ISBN 978-82-90425-76-5. line feed character u
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- Davidson, Avram (1993). Adventures in Unhistory. Owlswick Press. str. 41—66. ISBN 9780765307606.
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- Berman, Ruth (1984). „Dragons for Tolkien and Lewis”. Mythlore. East Lansing, Michigan: Mythopoeic Society. 11: 53—58.
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- Hanlon, Tina (2003). „The Taming of Dragons in Twentieth Century Picture Books”. Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts. 14: 7—27.
- Hornung, Erik (2001), The Secret Lore of Egypt: Its Impact on the West, Ithaca, New York and London, England: Cornell University Press, ISBN 978-0-8014-3847-9
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- Ingersoll, Ernest; Osborn, Henry Fairfield (2013). The Illustrated Book of Dragons and Dragon Lore. Chiang Mai, Thailand: Cognoscenti Books. ISBN 9781304112422.
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- Jones, David E. (2000), An Instinct for Dragons, New York City, New York and London, England: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-92721-5
- Kelly, Henry Ansgar (2006), Satan: A Biography, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0521604024
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- Shuker, Karl (1995). Dragons: a Natural History. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-684-81443-8.
- Sikorski, Czesław (1997), „Wood Pitch as Combat Chemical in the Light of the Jan Długosz's Annals and Some of the Old Polish Military Treatises”, Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Wood Tar and Pitch: 235
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Spoljašnje veze
[uredi | uredi izvor]- Zmaj-Logosova senka Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (18. mart 2013)