Hesabu (Biblia) : Tofauti kati ya masahihisho
No edit summary Tags: Hariri ya simu Hariri ya wavuti ya rununu |
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(marekebisho 7 ya kati na watumizi wengine 2 na yule ambaye hajaonyeshwa) | |||
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[[File:Figures.jpg|thumb|250px|Kuhani, Mlawi na vifaa vya ibada.]] |
[[File:Figures.jpg|thumb|250px|Kuhani, Mlawi na vifaa vya ibada.]] |
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'''Kitabu cha Hesabu''' ni |
'''Kitabu cha Hesabu''' ni cha nne katika [[Tanakh]] (yaani [[Biblia ya Kiebrania]]) na vilevile katika [[Agano la Kale]] ambalo ni sehemu ya kwanza ya [[Biblia ya Kikristo]]. |
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I'm |
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Kwa asili kimeandikwa katika lugha ya [[Kiebrania]] (neno lake la kwanza linatumika kama jina la kitabu katika lugha hiyo: '''במדבר''' bemidbàr, yaani "jangwani". |
Kwa [[asili]] kimeandikwa katika [[lugha]] ya [[Kiebrania]] ([[neno]] lake la kwanza linatumika kama [[jina]] la kitabu katika lugha hiyo: '''במדבר''' bemidbàr, yaani "jangwani"). |
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Jina la [[Kiswahili]] linatokana na lile la [[Kigiriki]] '''Αριθμοί''', aritmòi, na la [[Kilatini]] ''Numeri'', maana yake “hesabu” kwa vile kinaleta hesabu mbalimbali. |
Jina la [[Kiswahili]] linatokana na lile la [[Kigiriki]] '''Αριθμοί''', aritmòi, na la [[Kilatini]] ''Numeri'', maana yake “hesabu” kwa vile kinaleta [[hesabu]] mbalimbali. |
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Wengine wanakiita ''Kitabu cha Nne cha [[Mose]] (au Musa)'' kwa vile inafikiriwa kuwa Mose ndiye mwandishi wa kitabu hicho. |
Wengine wanakiita ''Kitabu cha Nne cha [[Mose]] (au Musa)'' kwa vile inafikiriwa kuwa Mose ndiye [[mwandishi]] wa kitabu hicho. |
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== Yaliyomo == |
== Yaliyomo == |
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⚫ | Kadiri ya kitabu hicho, [[idadi]] yao wakati wa kutoka [[Misri]] ilikuwa ifuatavyo: [[wanaume]] wa kuweza kwenda [[Vita|vitani]] walikuwa 603,500 (mbali na [[Walawi]] waliohesabiwa peke yao: wanaume 22,000 wakiwa pamoja na [[watoto]] wa kiume); ukiongeza [[wanawake]] na watoto mpaka [[umri]] wa miaka ishirini, basi jumla yao iliweza kufikia watu [[milioni]] [[tatu]], ingawa si lazima kuamini idadi hiyo ni sahihi (katika makala za kale pengine [[namba]] hizo hazilingani kwa kuwa ilikuwa rahisi kukosea wakati wa kunakili). |
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⚫ | Uzito wa kazi ya kuwaongoza watu wengi hivyo wanaonung’unika kila mara ulimchosha Musa hata akamuomba [[Mungu]] tena ampunguzie mzigo au amuue kabisa (Hes 11:1-30). Musa alieleza shida yake kama [[rafiki]] kwa mwenzake, kwa [[unyofu]] uleule wa watu wengine wa Mungu katika [[Biblia]]. Mungu akamkubalia akawashirikisha watu [[sabini]] [[roho]] yake kwa ajili ya [[uongozi]] katika ngazi mbalimbali. <ref>Huo pia ni mfano wa [[Agano Jipya]], ambapo [[askofu]] hawezi kuchunga waamini peke yake, bali anahitaji msaada wa [[viongozi]] wa [[Daraja takatifu|daraja]] za chini, yaani ma[[kasisi]] na ma[[shemasi]] (Mdo 6:1-6).</ref> |
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⚫ | Kadiri ya kitabu hicho, idadi yao wakati wa kutoka [[Misri]] ilikuwa ifuatavyo: wanaume wa kuweza kwenda vitani walikuwa 603,500 (mbali na [[Walawi]] waliohesabiwa peke yao: wanaume 22,000 wakiwa pamoja na watoto wa kiume); ukiongeza wanawake na watoto mpaka umri wa miaka ishirini, basi jumla yao iliweza kufikia watu milioni tatu, ingawa si lazima kuamini idadi hiyo ni sahihi ( |
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⚫ | Katika nafasi hiyo Musa alimueleza [[Yoshua]] kwamba hawaonei [[kijicho]] kwa kupewa [[karama]], tena angependa kama Waisraeli wote wangekuwa [[manabii]]. <ref>[[Hamu]] hiyo ikatimia siku ya [[Pentekoste]]: katika [[Kanisa]] wote wanapewa [[Roho Mtakatifu]] na kuwa manabii, hata wanawake na watoto (Mdo 2:16-18).</ref> |
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⚫ | Uzito wa kazi ya kuwaongoza watu wengi hivyo wanaonung’unika kila mara ulimchosha Musa hata akamuomba [[Mungu]] tena ampunguzie mzigo au amuue kabisa (Hes 11:1-30). Musa alieleza shida yake kama rafiki kwa mwenzake, kwa [[unyofu]] uleule wa watu wengine wa Mungu katika [[Biblia]]. Mungu akamkubalia akawashirikisha watu sabini roho yake kwa ajili ya uongozi katika ngazi mbalimbali. Huo pia ni mfano wa [[Agano Jipya]], ambapo [[askofu]] hawezi kuchunga waamini peke yake, bali anahitaji msaada wa viongozi wa daraja za chini, yaani ma[[kasisi]] na ma[[shemasi]] (Mdo 6:1-6). |
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⚫ | Kinyume chake Hes 12 inasimulia [[kijicho]] kilivyowafanya [[dada]] na [[kaka]] wa Musa wamseme wakijidai nao pia ni manabii. Lakini Mungu akawaeleza kuna namna mbalimbali za [[unabii]], na Musa ni wa pekee. Kisha akatoa [[adhabu]] ambayo ikaondolewa kwa maombezi ya Musa tu: ndiyo sababu anasifiwa kwa [[upole]] wake. <ref>Kijicho kitasumbua daima [[taifa la Mungu]], hata katika Agano Jipya (1Kor 12:1-31; 14:37-38).</ref> |
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⚫ | Katika nafasi hiyo Musa alimueleza [[Yoshua]] kwamba hawaonei [[kijicho]] kwa kupewa [[karama]], tena angependa kama Waisraeli wote wangekuwa [[manabii]]. Hamu hiyo ikatimia siku ya [[Pentekoste]]: katika [[Kanisa]] wote wanapewa [[Roho Mtakatifu]] na kuwa manabii, hata wanawake na watoto (Mdo 2:16-18). |
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⚫ | Waisraeli walipofikia mipakani mwa [[nchi takatifu]] walituma [[wapelelezi]] ili waivamie kwa mafanikio, nao waliporudi walisimulia [[uzuri]] wake, lakini pia walitisha kwa kuzidisha habari za wananchi na [[miji]] yao (Hes 13). Hapo Waisraeli wakaanza kunung’unika [[usiku]] kucha (Hes 14) wakapanga kuwaua kwa [[mawe]] [[Kalebu]] na [[Yoshua]] waliotaka kuivamia nchi bila ya [[hofu]] kwa jina la [[Bwana]]. Lakini Mungu akaonyesha [[utukufu]] wake na kutisha ataleta [[tauni]] ili kuwaangamiza wote kwa [[ukaidi]] wao. Kwa maombezi ya Musa, akakubali kuwahurumia lakini akaamua warudi [[Jangwa|jangwani]] na kuzungukazunguka huko mpaka wafe wote; ila watoto wao pamoja na Kalebu na Yoshua ndio watakaoingia nchi takatifu kuimiliki. Maana ya kiroho ni kwamba hatutakiwi kuzitia shaka ahadi za Mungu; hata zikionekana ngumu kupatikana, ni lazima tuwe na moyo mkuu na [[imani]] hata tukabili vipingamizi vyovyote. |
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⚫ | Kinyume chake Hes 12 inasimulia kijicho kilivyowafanya dada na kaka wa Musa wamseme wakijidai nao pia ni manabii. Lakini Mungu akawaeleza kuna namna mbalimbali za unabii, na Musa ni wa pekee. Kisha akatoa adhabu ambayo ikaondolewa kwa maombezi ya Musa tu: ndiyo sababu anasifiwa kwa upole wake. Kijicho kitasumbua daima taifa la Mungu, hata katika Agano Jipya (1Kor 12:1-31; 14:37-38). |
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⚫ | Waisraeli walipofikia mipakani mwa nchi takatifu walituma wapelelezi ili waivamie, nao waliporudi walisimulia uzuri wake, lakini pia walitisha kwa kuzidisha habari za wananchi na miji yao (Hes 13). Hapo Waisraeli wakaanza kunung’unika usiku kucha (Hes 14) wakapanga kuwaua kwa mawe [[Kalebu]] na Yoshua waliotaka kuivamia nchi bila ya hofu kwa jina la Bwana. Lakini Mungu akaonyesha utukufu wake na kutisha ataleta tauni ili kuwaangamiza wote kwa ukaidi wao. Kwa maombezi ya Musa, akakubali kuwahurumia lakini akaamua warudi jangwani na kuzungukazunguka huko mpaka wafe wote; ila watoto wao pamoja na Kalebu na Yoshua ndio watakaoingia nchi takatifu kuimiliki. Maana ya kiroho ni kwamba hatutakiwi kuzitia shaka ahadi za Mungu; hata zikionekana ngumu kupatikana, ni lazima tuwe na moyo mkuu na imani hata tukabili vipingamizi vyovyote. |
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Kinyume chake, Waisraeli walipoamua kuivamia nchi kwa kusikitikia adhabu waliyopewa wakashindwa kabisa, maana ni lazima tumtii Mungu kwa wakati wake. Pia kughairi kutokana na matatizo kunaweza kukatusukuma tutende namna ambayo haimpendezi tena; ni lazima tuchukue majukumu ya matendo yetu na kukubali adhabu au matatizo tuliyojitakia:majuto hayo yanafaa kwa kuonyesha utiifu kwa Mungu (Zab 119:71). |
Kinyume chake, Waisraeli walipoamua kuivamia nchi kwa kusikitikia adhabu waliyopewa wakashindwa kabisa, maana ni lazima tumtii Mungu kwa wakati wake. Pia kughairi kutokana na matatizo kunaweza kukatusukuma tutende namna ambayo haimpendezi tena; ni lazima tuchukue majukumu ya matendo yetu na kukubali adhabu au matatizo tuliyojitakia:majuto hayo yanafaa kwa kuonyesha utiifu kwa Mungu (Zab 119:71). |
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Manung’uniko ya Waisraeli katika safari yao jangwani yakawaletea adhabu nyingine, mojawapo ile ya kugongwa na nyoka wengi wenye sumu kali. Lakini walipoomba msamaha, Mungu akamuagiza Musa atengeneze nyoka wa shaba na kumuinua juu ya mti ili mtu aliyeumwa akimtazama tu apate kupona (Hes 21:4-9). Ufafanuzi wa tukio hilo ulitolewa na [[Yesu]] mwenyewe: ndiye aliyeinuliwa juu ya mti wa [[msalaba]] ili watakaomtazama kwa [[imani]] wapate kuishi (Yoh 3:14-15). |
Manung’uniko ya Waisraeli katika safari yao jangwani yakawaletea adhabu nyingine, mojawapo ile ya kugongwa na nyoka wengi wenye sumu kali. Lakini walipoomba msamaha, Mungu akamuagiza Musa atengeneze nyoka wa shaba na kumuinua juu ya mti ili mtu aliyeumwa akimtazama tu apate kupona (Hes 21:4-9). <ref>Ufafanuzi wa tukio hilo ulitolewa na [[Yesu]] mwenyewe: ndiye aliyeinuliwa juu ya mti wa [[msalaba]] ili watakaomtazama kwa [[imani]] wapate kuishi (Yoh 3:14-15).</ref> |
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== Mazingira ya kitabu == |
== Mazingira ya kitabu == |
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Kitabu cha Hesabu kinapoanza, watu wa Israeli walikuwa wameishi karibu na Mlima Sinai kwa muda wa karibu mwaka mmoja. Katika muda huo Mungu aliwaandaa kwa maisha yaliyowakabili, akiwafundisha aina ya dini, kanuni za uadilifu na utamaduni alivyotaka wawe navyo kama watu wake wa agano. (Kwa habari zaidi taz. maelezo katika utangulizi wa kitabu cha Walawi.) Wakati huo muda umewadia kwa Waisraeli waondoke katika Mlima Sinai na wasafiri kuelekea nchi ya ahadi, yaani Kanaani. Kitabu cha Hesabu kinasimulia habari za maandalio kwa safari hiyo, kinaeleza kwa kifupi maagizo mengine yaliyobidi kutimizwa, pia kinasimulia matukio mengine ya maana sana yaliyotokea njiani. |
Kitabu cha Hesabu kinapoanza, watu wa Israeli walikuwa wameishi karibu na Mlima Sinai kwa muda wa karibu mwaka mmoja. Katika muda huo Mungu aliwaandaa kwa maisha yaliyowakabili, akiwafundisha aina ya dini, kanuni za uadilifu na utamaduni alivyotaka wawe navyo kama watu wake wa agano. (Kwa habari zaidi taz. maelezo katika utangulizi wa kitabu cha Walawi.) Wakati huo muda umewadia kwa Waisraeli waondoke katika Mlima Sinai na wasafiri kuelekea nchi ya ahadi, yaani Kanaani. Kitabu cha Hesabu kinasimulia habari za maandalio kwa safari hiyo, kinaeleza kwa kifupi maagizo mengine yaliyobidi kutimizwa, pia kinasimulia matukio mengine ya maana sana yaliyotokea njiani. |
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== Taifa jangwani == |
== Taifa jangwani == |
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Katika matukio mawili kati ya muda wa Waisraeli kutoka Misri na kuingia kwao Kanaani, Musa alihesabu watu kwa sensa maalumu ya kitaifa. Sensa hizo mbili zimeandikwa katika kitabu cha Hesabu, na kutokana na sensa hizo kitabu kilipata jina lake. |
Katika matukio mawili kati ya muda wa Waisraeli kutoka Misri na kuingia kwao Kanaani, Musa alihesabu watu kwa sensa maalumu ya kitaifa. Sensa hizo mbili zimeandikwa katika kitabu cha Hesabu, na kutokana na sensa hizo kitabu kilipata jina lake. |
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Mstari 60: | Mstari 56: | ||
===Vitabu vya ufafanuzi=== |
===Vitabu vya ufafanuzi=== |
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*{{Cite book|last=Ashley|first=Timothy R|title=The Book of Numbers|publisher=Eerdmans|year=1993|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=6hBSceHiuAAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=book+of+numbers#v=onepage&q&f=false}} |
*{{Cite book|last=Ashley|first=Timothy R|title=The Book of Numbers|publisher=Eerdmans|year=1993|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=6hBSceHiuAAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=book+of+numbers#v=onepage&q&f=false}} |
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*{{Cite book|last=Fretheim|first=Terence E|chapter=Numbers|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=3surkLVdw3UC&pg=PA110&dq=The+Oxford+Bible+commentary+Numbers+Fretheim#v=onepage&q=The%20Oxford%20Bible%20commentary%20Numbers%20Fretheim&f=false|editor=John Barton|title=Oxford Bible Commentary|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1998}} |
*{{Cite book|last=Fretheim|first=Terence E|chapter=Numbers|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=3surkLVdw3UC&pg=PA110&dq=The+Oxford+Bible+commentary+Numbers+Fretheim#v=onepage&q=The%20Oxford%20Bible%20commentary%20Numbers%20Fretheim&f=false|editor=John Barton|title=Oxford Bible Commentary|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1998}} |
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*{{Cite book|last1=Knierim|first1=Rolf P|last2=Coats|first2=George W|title=Numbers|publisher=Eerdmans|year=2005|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=3knG1LJEiTsC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Knierim+Numbers#v=onepage&q&f=false}} |
*{{Cite book|last1=Knierim|first1=Rolf P|last2=Coats|first2=George W|title=Numbers|publisher=Eerdmans|year=2005|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=3knG1LJEiTsC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Knierim+Numbers#v=onepage&q&f=false}} |
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*{{Cite book|last=Olson|first=Dennis T|title=Numbers|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|year=1996|url= |
*{{Cite book|last=Olson|first=Dennis T|title=Numbers|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|year=1996|url= |
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http://books.google.com.au/books?id=Rus0KUTNUg4C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Numbers+Dennis+T.+Olson#v=onepage&q&f=false}} |
http://books.google.com.au/books?id=Rus0KUTNUg4C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Numbers+Dennis+T.+Olson#v=onepage&q&f=false}} |
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*{{Cite book|last=Stubbs|first=David L|title=Numbers|publisher=Brazos Press|year=2009|url= |
*{{Cite book|last=Stubbs|first=David L|title=Numbers|publisher=Brazos Press|year=2009|url= |
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http://books.google.com.au/books?id=Rus0KUTNUg4C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Numbers+Dennis+T.+Olson#v=onepage&q&f=false}} |
http://books.google.com.au/books?id=Rus0KUTNUg4C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Numbers+Dennis+T.+Olson#v=onepage&q&f=false}} |
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Mstari 73: | Mstari 65: | ||
===Vingine=== |
===Vingine=== |
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*{{Cite book|last=Bandstra|first=Barry L|title=Reading the Old Testament: an introduction to the Hebrew Bible|publisher=Wadsworth|year=2004|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=vRY9mTUZKJcC&pg=PA489&lpg=PA489&dq=Bandstra,+Barry+L+%282004%29.+Reading+the+Old+Testament:+an+introduction+to+the+Hebrew+Bible#v=onepage&q&f=false}} |
*{{Cite book|last=Bandstra|first=Barry L|title=Reading the Old Testament: an introduction to the Hebrew Bible|publisher=Wadsworth|year=2004|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=vRY9mTUZKJcC&pg=PA489&lpg=PA489&dq=Bandstra,+Barry+L+%282004%29.+Reading+the+Old+Testament:+an+introduction+to+the+Hebrew+Bible#v=onepage&q&f=false}} |
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*{{Cite book|last=Blenkinsopp|first=Joseph|title=Treasures old and new: essays in the theology of the Pentateuch|publisher=Eerdmans|year=2004|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=wq0YsOpTjKIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Treasures+old+and+new:+essays+in+the+theology+of+the+Pentateuch#v=onepage&q&f=false}} |
*{{Cite book|last=Blenkinsopp|first=Joseph|title=Treasures old and new: essays in the theology of the Pentateuch|publisher=Eerdmans|year=2004|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=wq0YsOpTjKIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Treasures+old+and+new:+essays+in+the+theology+of+the+Pentateuch#v=onepage&q&f=false}} |
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*{{Cite book|last=Brueggemann|first=Walter|title=Reverberations of faith: a theological handbook of Old Testament themes|publisher=Westminster John Knox|year=2002|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=dBJQ71RIpdMC&printsec=frontcover&dq=theological+handbook+of+Old+Testament+themes#v=onepage&q&f=false}} |
*{{Cite book|last=Brueggemann|first=Walter|title=Reverberations of faith: a theological handbook of Old Testament themes|publisher=Westminster John Knox|year=2002|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=dBJQ71RIpdMC&printsec=frontcover&dq=theological+handbook+of+Old+Testament+themes#v=onepage&q&f=false}} |
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*{{Cite book|last1=Campbell|first1=Antony F|last2=O'Brien|first2=Mark A|title=Sources of the Pentateuch: texts, introductions, annotations|publisher=Fortress Press|year=1993|url= |
*{{Cite book|last1=Campbell|first1=Antony F|last2=O'Brien|first2=Mark A|title=Sources of the Pentateuch: texts, introductions, annotations|publisher=Fortress Press|year=1993|url= |
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http://books.google.com.au/books?id=cwhICpcHBsQC&pg=PR3&dq=Sources+of+the+bible&cad=3#v=onepage&q=Sources%20of%20the%20bible&f=false}} |
http://books.google.com.au/books?id=cwhICpcHBsQC&pg=PR3&dq=Sources+of+the+bible&cad=3#v=onepage&q=Sources%20of%20the%20bible&f=false}} |
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*{{Cite book|last=Clines|first=David A|title=The theme of the Pentateuch|publisher=Sheffield Academic Press|year=1997|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=Z45ullcFRG8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Clines+Theme+of+the+Pentateuch#v=onepage&q&f=false}} |
*{{Cite book|last=Clines|first=David A|title=The theme of the Pentateuch|publisher=Sheffield Academic Press|year=1997|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=Z45ullcFRG8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Clines+Theme+of+the+Pentateuch#v=onepage&q&f=false}} |
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*{{Cite book|last=Dawes|first=Gregory W|title=Introduction to the Bible|publisher=Liturgical Press|year=2005|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=UX9RsDHKp7wC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Introduction+to+the+Bible+Gregory+W.+Dawes#v=onepage&q&f=false}} |
*{{Cite book|last=Dawes|first=Gregory W|title=Introduction to the Bible|publisher=Liturgical Press|year=2005|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=UX9RsDHKp7wC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Introduction+to+the+Bible+Gregory+W.+Dawes#v=onepage&q&f=false}} |
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*{{Cite book|last=Gilbert|first=Christopher|title=A Complete Introduction to the Bible|publisher=Paulist Press|year=2009|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=q9XUv3KAVIUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=A+Complete+Introduction+to+the+Bible+Christopher+Gilbert#v=onepage&q&f=false}} |
*{{Cite book|last=Gilbert|first=Christopher|title=A Complete Introduction to the Bible|publisher=Paulist Press|year=2009|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=q9XUv3KAVIUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=A+Complete+Introduction+to+the+Bible+Christopher+Gilbert#v=onepage&q&f=false}} |
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*{{Cite book|last=Knierim|first=Rolf P|title=The task of Old Testament theology: substance, method, and cases|publisher=Eerdmans|year=1995|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=nE-xfAGv3ScC&pg=PA381&dq=Knierim+Numbers#v=onepage&q&f=false}} |
*{{Cite book|last=Knierim|first=Rolf P|title=The task of Old Testament theology: substance, method, and cases|publisher=Eerdmans|year=1995|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=nE-xfAGv3ScC&pg=PA381&dq=Knierim+Numbers#v=onepage&q&f=false}} |
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*{{Cite book|last1=Kugler|first1=Robert|last2=Hartin|first2=Patrick|title=An Introduction to the Bible|publisher=Eerdmans|year=2009|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=L8WbXbPjxpoC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Robert+Kugler,+Patrick+Hartin#v=onepage&q&f=false}} |
*{{Cite book|last1=Kugler|first1=Robert|last2=Hartin|first2=Patrick|title=An Introduction to the Bible|publisher=Eerdmans|year=2009|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=L8WbXbPjxpoC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Robert+Kugler,+Patrick+Hartin#v=onepage&q&f=false}} |
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*{{Cite book|last=McDermott|first=John J|title=Reading the Pentateuch: a historical introduction|publisher=Pauline Press|year=2002|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=Dkr7rVd3hAQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Reading+the+Pentateuch:+a+historical+introduction#v=onepage&q&f=false}} |
*{{Cite book|last=McDermott|first=John J|title=Reading the Pentateuch: a historical introduction|publisher=Pauline Press|year=2002|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=Dkr7rVd3hAQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Reading+the+Pentateuch:+a+historical+introduction#v=onepage&q&f=false}} |
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*{{Cite book|last=Van Seters|first=John|title=The Pentateuch: a social-science commentary|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|year=2004|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=T-Vi9eK_vS0C&pg=PA7&dq=Sources+of+the+bible&cad=3#v=onepage&q=Sources%20of%20the%20bible&f=false}} |
*{{Cite book|last=Van Seters|first=John|title=The Pentateuch: a social-science commentary|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|year=2004|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=T-Vi9eK_vS0C&pg=PA7&dq=Sources+of+the+bible&cad=3#v=onepage&q=Sources%20of%20the%20bible&f=false}} |
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*{{Cite book|last=Van Seters|first=John|chapter=The Pentateuch|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=owwhpmIVgSAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Hebrew+Bible+today:+an+introduction+to+critical+issues#v=onepage&q&f=false|editor=Steven L. McKenzie, Matt Patrick Graham|title=The Hebrew Bible today: an introduction to critical issues|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|year=1998}} |
*{{Cite book|last=Van Seters|first=John|chapter=The Pentateuch|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=owwhpmIVgSAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Hebrew+Bible+today:+an+introduction+to+critical+issues#v=onepage&q&f=false|editor=Steven L. McKenzie, Matt Patrick Graham|title=The Hebrew Bible today: an introduction to critical issues|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|year=1998}} |
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*{{Cite book|last=Ska|first=Jean-Louis|title=Introduction to reading the Pentateuch|publisher=Eisenbrauns|year=2006|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=7cdy67ZvzdkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Introduction+to+reading+the+Pentateuch+Jean+Louis+Ska#v=onepage&q&f=false}} |
*{{Cite book|last=Ska|first=Jean-Louis|title=Introduction to reading the Pentateuch|publisher=Eisenbrauns|year=2006|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=7cdy67ZvzdkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Introduction+to+reading+the+Pentateuch+Jean+Louis+Ska#v=onepage&q&f=false}} |
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==Viungo vya nje== |
==Viungo vya nje== |
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*Toleo katika lugha asili: |
*Toleo katika lugha asili: |
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** [http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0401.htm במדבר ''Bamidbar'' - Numbers] ([[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] – English at Mechon-Mamre.org) |
** [http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0401.htm במדבר ''Bamidbar'' - Numbers] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0401.htm |date=20120514102655 }} ([[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] – English at Mechon-Mamre.org) |
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*Tafsiri za Kiyahudi: |
*Tafsiri za Kiyahudi: |
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** [http://www.mechon-mamre.org/e/et/et0401.htm Numbers at Mechon-Mamre] (Jewish Publication Society translation) |
** [http://www.mechon-mamre.org/e/et/et0401.htm Numbers at Mechon-Mamre] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mechon-mamre.org/e/et/et0401.htm |date=20120606153811 }} (Jewish Publication Society translation) |
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** [http://bible.ort.org/books/pentd2.asp?ACTION=displaypage&BOOK=4&CHAPTER=1 Numbers (The Living Torah)] Rabbi [[Aryeh Kaplan]]'s translation and commentary at Ort.org |
** [http://bible.ort.org/books/pentd2.asp?ACTION=displaypage&BOOK=4&CHAPTER=1 Numbers (The Living Torah)] {{Wayback|url=http://bible.ort.org/books/pentd2.asp?ACTION=displaypage&BOOK=4&CHAPTER=1 |date=20110801015942 }} Rabbi [[Aryeh Kaplan]]'s translation and commentary at Ort.org |
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** [http://www.chabad.org/article.asp?AID=8163 Bamidbar - Numbers (Judaica Press)] translation [with [[Rashi]]'s commentary] at Chabad.org |
** [http://www.chabad.org/article.asp?AID=8163 Bamidbar - Numbers (Judaica Press)] translation [with [[Rashi]]'s commentary] at Chabad.org |
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* Tafsiri za Kikristo: |
* Tafsiri za Kikristo: |
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Mstari 111: | Mstari 91: | ||
** [http://bible.oremus.org/?ql=56782761 ''oremus Bible Browser''] (''Anglicized'' [[New Revised Standard Version]]) |
** [http://bible.oremus.org/?ql=56782761 ''oremus Bible Browser''] (''Anglicized'' [[New Revised Standard Version]]) |
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** [[s:Bible, King James, Numbers|Numbers at Wikisource]] ([[Authorized King James Version]]) |
** [[s:Bible, King James, Numbers|Numbers at Wikisource]] ([[Authorized King James Version]]) |
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===Tafsiri kwa Kiswahili=== |
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*[http://www.biblephone.net/mobile/index.php/swa/2/Numb/ Kitabu cha Hesabu katika Biblia (Union Version)] |
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{{Biblia_AK}} |
{{Biblia_AK}} |
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[[Jamii:Vitabu vya Agano la Kale]] |
[[Jamii:Vitabu vya Agano la Kale]] |
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[[Jamii:Musa]] |
Toleo la sasa la 13:24, 21 Aprili 2024
Kitabu cha Hesabu ni cha nne katika Tanakh (yaani Biblia ya Kiebrania) na vilevile katika Agano la Kale ambalo ni sehemu ya kwanza ya Biblia ya Kikristo.
Kama vitabu vingine vyote vya Biblia, hiki pia kinatakiwa kisomwe katika mfululizo wa historia ya wokovu ili kukielewa kadiri ya maendeleo ya ufunuo wa Mungu kwa binadamu.
Majina
[hariri | hariri chanzo]Kwa asili kimeandikwa katika lugha ya Kiebrania (neno lake la kwanza linatumika kama jina la kitabu katika lugha hiyo: במדבר bemidbàr, yaani "jangwani").
Jina la Kiswahili linatokana na lile la Kigiriki Αριθμοί, aritmòi, na la Kilatini Numeri, maana yake “hesabu” kwa vile kinaleta hesabu mbalimbali.
Wengine wanakiita Kitabu cha Nne cha Mose (au Musa) kwa vile inafikiriwa kuwa Mose ndiye mwandishi wa kitabu hicho.
Yaliyomo
[hariri | hariri chanzo]Kitabu cha Hesabu kina sura thelathini na sita, na kinasimulia hasa safari za Waisraeli kutoka Mlima Sinai hadi nchi ya Israeli. Pia, kinataja maagizo mbalimbali ya Mungu na hesabu mbili za Wanaisraeli.
Kadiri ya kitabu hicho, idadi yao wakati wa kutoka Misri ilikuwa ifuatavyo: wanaume wa kuweza kwenda vitani walikuwa 603,500 (mbali na Walawi waliohesabiwa peke yao: wanaume 22,000 wakiwa pamoja na watoto wa kiume); ukiongeza wanawake na watoto mpaka umri wa miaka ishirini, basi jumla yao iliweza kufikia watu milioni tatu, ingawa si lazima kuamini idadi hiyo ni sahihi (katika makala za kale pengine namba hizo hazilingani kwa kuwa ilikuwa rahisi kukosea wakati wa kunakili).
Uzito wa kazi ya kuwaongoza watu wengi hivyo wanaonung’unika kila mara ulimchosha Musa hata akamuomba Mungu tena ampunguzie mzigo au amuue kabisa (Hes 11:1-30). Musa alieleza shida yake kama rafiki kwa mwenzake, kwa unyofu uleule wa watu wengine wa Mungu katika Biblia. Mungu akamkubalia akawashirikisha watu sabini roho yake kwa ajili ya uongozi katika ngazi mbalimbali. [1]
Katika nafasi hiyo Musa alimueleza Yoshua kwamba hawaonei kijicho kwa kupewa karama, tena angependa kama Waisraeli wote wangekuwa manabii. [2]
Kinyume chake Hes 12 inasimulia kijicho kilivyowafanya dada na kaka wa Musa wamseme wakijidai nao pia ni manabii. Lakini Mungu akawaeleza kuna namna mbalimbali za unabii, na Musa ni wa pekee. Kisha akatoa adhabu ambayo ikaondolewa kwa maombezi ya Musa tu: ndiyo sababu anasifiwa kwa upole wake. [3]
Waisraeli walipofikia mipakani mwa nchi takatifu walituma wapelelezi ili waivamie kwa mafanikio, nao waliporudi walisimulia uzuri wake, lakini pia walitisha kwa kuzidisha habari za wananchi na miji yao (Hes 13). Hapo Waisraeli wakaanza kunung’unika usiku kucha (Hes 14) wakapanga kuwaua kwa mawe Kalebu na Yoshua waliotaka kuivamia nchi bila ya hofu kwa jina la Bwana. Lakini Mungu akaonyesha utukufu wake na kutisha ataleta tauni ili kuwaangamiza wote kwa ukaidi wao. Kwa maombezi ya Musa, akakubali kuwahurumia lakini akaamua warudi jangwani na kuzungukazunguka huko mpaka wafe wote; ila watoto wao pamoja na Kalebu na Yoshua ndio watakaoingia nchi takatifu kuimiliki. Maana ya kiroho ni kwamba hatutakiwi kuzitia shaka ahadi za Mungu; hata zikionekana ngumu kupatikana, ni lazima tuwe na moyo mkuu na imani hata tukabili vipingamizi vyovyote.
Kinyume chake, Waisraeli walipoamua kuivamia nchi kwa kusikitikia adhabu waliyopewa wakashindwa kabisa, maana ni lazima tumtii Mungu kwa wakati wake. Pia kughairi kutokana na matatizo kunaweza kukatusukuma tutende namna ambayo haimpendezi tena; ni lazima tuchukue majukumu ya matendo yetu na kukubali adhabu au matatizo tuliyojitakia:majuto hayo yanafaa kwa kuonyesha utiifu kwa Mungu (Zab 119:71).
Manung’uniko ya Waisraeli katika safari yao jangwani yakawaletea adhabu nyingine, mojawapo ile ya kugongwa na nyoka wengi wenye sumu kali. Lakini walipoomba msamaha, Mungu akamuagiza Musa atengeneze nyoka wa shaba na kumuinua juu ya mti ili mtu aliyeumwa akimtazama tu apate kupona (Hes 21:4-9). [4]
Mazingira ya kitabu
[hariri | hariri chanzo]Kitabu cha Hesabu kinapoanza, watu wa Israeli walikuwa wameishi karibu na Mlima Sinai kwa muda wa karibu mwaka mmoja. Katika muda huo Mungu aliwaandaa kwa maisha yaliyowakabili, akiwafundisha aina ya dini, kanuni za uadilifu na utamaduni alivyotaka wawe navyo kama watu wake wa agano. (Kwa habari zaidi taz. maelezo katika utangulizi wa kitabu cha Walawi.) Wakati huo muda umewadia kwa Waisraeli waondoke katika Mlima Sinai na wasafiri kuelekea nchi ya ahadi, yaani Kanaani. Kitabu cha Hesabu kinasimulia habari za maandalio kwa safari hiyo, kinaeleza kwa kifupi maagizo mengine yaliyobidi kutimizwa, pia kinasimulia matukio mengine ya maana sana yaliyotokea njiani.
Taifa jangwani
[hariri | hariri chanzo]Katika matukio mawili kati ya muda wa Waisraeli kutoka Misri na kuingia kwao Kanaani, Musa alihesabu watu kwa sensa maalumu ya kitaifa. Sensa hizo mbili zimeandikwa katika kitabu cha Hesabu, na kutokana na sensa hizo kitabu kilipata jina lake.
Sensa ya kwanza ya mwanzo wa kitabu iliwasaidia watu kuandaa jeshi kwa kuteka nchi ya Kanaani. Ingawa safari ya kwenda Kanaani ingeweza kuchukua majuma machache tu, kwa kweli ilichukua karibu miaka 40. Sababu yake ilikuwa kwamba, watu walimwasi Mungu wakikataa kumtegemea kuwa angewapa ushindi. Matokeo yake, Mungu aliwaacha jangwani mpaka kizazi kile kilipokufa na kizazi kipya kilipokua wawe watu wazima. Sensa ya pili iliandikwa karibu na mwisho wa kitabu, hivyo ilikuwa karibu miaka 40 baada ya ile ya kwanza, na makusudi yake yalikuwa kuwapanga watu wa kizazi kipya ili wateke nchi ya Kanaani.
Sensa hizo mbili zilichukua sehemu ndogo tu ya kitabu kizima, kwa hiyo jina la Kiswahili la kitabu hiki 'Hesabu' halionyeshi hasa yaliyomo katika kitabu. Jina la Kiebrania, 'Jangwani', linafaa zaidi, kwa sababu kitabu kinasimulia habari za safari yao kutoka Mlima Sinai hadi mpakani mwa nchi ya Kanaani, na sehemu nyingi zaidi ya safari hiyo ilikuwa jangwani. Habari nyingi zilizosimuliwa katika kitabu cha Hesabu zinahusu safari hiyo. Kitabu kinatoa habari chache sana kuhusu miaka yote 40, Waisraeli waliposafiri na kutangatanga jangwani (Hes 32:13).
Muhtasari
[hariri | hariri chanzo]1:1-10:10 Maandalizi ya safari
10:11-14:45 Kutoka Sinai hadi Kadeshi
15:1-19:22 Mafundisho ya Kadeshi
20:1-22:1 Kutoka Kadeshi hadi jangwa la Moabu
22:2-32:42 Matukio katika nchi tambarare ya Moabu
33:1-36:13 Maandalizi ya kuingia Kanaani
Marejeo
[hariri | hariri chanzo]Vitabu vya ufafanuzi
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- Ashley, Timothy R (1993). The Book of Numbers. Eerdmans.
- Fretheim, Terence E (1998). "Numbers". Katika John Barton (mhr.). Oxford Bible Commentary. Oxford University Press.
- Knierim, Rolf P; Coats, George W (2005). Numbers. Eerdmans.
- Olson, Dennis T (1996). Numbers. Westminster John Knox Press.
- Stubbs, David L (2009). Numbers. Brazos Press.
Vingine
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- Bandstra, Barry L (2004). Reading the Old Testament: an introduction to the Hebrew Bible. Wadsworth.
- Blenkinsopp, Joseph (2004). Treasures old and new: essays in the theology of the Pentateuch. Eerdmans.
- Brueggemann, Walter (2002). Reverberations of faith: a theological handbook of Old Testament themes. Westminster John Knox.
- Campbell, Antony F; O'Brien, Mark A (1993). Sources of the Pentateuch: texts, introductions, annotations. Fortress Press.
- Clines, David A (1997). The theme of the Pentateuch. Sheffield Academic Press.
- Dawes, Gregory W (2005). Introduction to the Bible. Liturgical Press.
- Gilbert, Christopher (2009). A Complete Introduction to the Bible. Paulist Press.
- Knierim, Rolf P (1995). The task of Old Testament theology: substance, method, and cases. Eerdmans.
- Kugler, Robert; Hartin, Patrick (2009). An Introduction to the Bible. Eerdmans.
- McDermott, John J (2002). Reading the Pentateuch: a historical introduction. Pauline Press.
- Van Seters, John (2004). The Pentateuch: a social-science commentary. Continuum International Publishing Group.
- Van Seters, John (1998). "The Pentateuch". Katika Steven L. McKenzie, Matt Patrick Graham (mhr.). The Hebrew Bible today: an introduction to critical issues. Westminster John Knox Press.
- Ska, Jean-Louis (2006). Introduction to reading the Pentateuch. Eisenbrauns.
Viungo vya nje
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- Toleo katika lugha asili:
- במדבר Bamidbar - Numbers Archived 14 Mei 2012 at the Wayback Machine. (Hebrew – English at Mechon-Mamre.org)
- Tafsiri za Kiyahudi:
- Numbers at Mechon-Mamre Archived 6 Juni 2012 at the Wayback Machine. (Jewish Publication Society translation)
- Numbers (The Living Torah) Archived 1 Agosti 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Rabbi Aryeh Kaplan's translation and commentary at Ort.org
- Bamidbar - Numbers (Judaica Press) translation [with Rashi's commentary] at Chabad.org
- Tafsiri za Kikristo:
Mwanzo * Kutoka * Walawi * Hesabu * Kumbukumbu * Yoshua * Waamuzi * Ruthu * Samueli I * Samueli II * Wafalme I * Wafalme II * Mambo ya Nyakati I * Mambo ya Nyakati II * Ezra * Nehemia * TobitiDK * YudithiDK * Esta * Wamakabayo IDK * Wamakabayo IIDK * Yobu * Zaburi * Methali * Mhubiri * Hekima DK * SiraDK * Wimbo Bora * Isaya * Yeremia * Maombolezo * BarukuDK * Ezekieli * Danieli * Hosea * Yoeli * Amosi * Obadia * Yona * Mika * Nahumu * Habakuki * Sefania * Hagai * Zekaria * Malaki
Alama ya DK inaonyesha vitabu vya deuterokanoni visivyopatikana katika matoleo yote ya Biblia.
- ↑ Huo pia ni mfano wa Agano Jipya, ambapo askofu hawezi kuchunga waamini peke yake, bali anahitaji msaada wa viongozi wa daraja za chini, yaani makasisi na mashemasi (Mdo 6:1-6).
- ↑ Hamu hiyo ikatimia siku ya Pentekoste: katika Kanisa wote wanapewa Roho Mtakatifu na kuwa manabii, hata wanawake na watoto (Mdo 2:16-18).
- ↑ Kijicho kitasumbua daima taifa la Mungu, hata katika Agano Jipya (1Kor 12:1-31; 14:37-38).
- ↑ Ufafanuzi wa tukio hilo ulitolewa na Yesu mwenyewe: ndiye aliyeinuliwa juu ya mti wa msalaba ili watakaomtazama kwa imani wapate kuishi (Yoh 3:14-15).