Mtumiaji:Doc James/Folate
| Jina la Utaratibu la (IUPAC) | |
|---|---|
| (2S)-2-[[4-[(2-Amino-4-oxo-1H-pteridin-6-yl)methylamino]benzoyl]amino]pentanedioic acid[1] | |
| Data ya kikliniki | |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
| MedlinePlus | a682591 |
| Kategoria ya ujauzito | A(US) |
| Hali ya kisheria | OTC (US) |
| Njia mbalimbali za matumizi | By mouth, IM, IV, sub-Q |
| Data ya utendakazi | |
| Uingiaji katika mzunguko wa mwili | 50–100%[2] |
| Kimetaboliki | Liver[2] |
| Utoaji wa uchafu | Urine[2] |
| Vitambulisho | |
| Nambari ya ATC | ? |
| Visawe | FA, N-(4-{[(2-amino-4-oxo-1,4-dihydropteridin-6-yl)methyl]amino}benzoyl)-L-glutamic acid, pteroyl-L-glutamic acid, folacin, vitamin B9,[3] and historically, vitamin Bc and vitamin M[4] |
| Data ya kikemikali | |
| Fomyula | C19H19N7O6 |
| |
| Data ya kimwili | |
| Densiti | 1.6±0.1[5] g/cm³ |
| Kiwango cha kuyeyuka | 250 °C (482 °F) (decomposition) |
| Solubility in water | 1.6 mg/L (25 °C) mg/mL (20 °C) |
Folate, pia inajulikana kama vitamini B9 na folacine,[6] ni moja ya vitamini B.[2] asidi ya folia ya utengenezaji, ambayo hubadilishwa kuwa folic acid na mwili, hutumiwa kama kiongezi cha lishe na katika kuimarisha chakula kwani ni imara zaidi wakati wa usindikaji na uhifadhi. [7] Folates inahitajika kwa mwili kufanya DNA na RNA na kuchakata asidi amino muhimu kwa ajili ya kugawanywa kwa seli.[3][8] Kwa kuwa wanadamu hawawezi kutengeneza foli, inahitajika katika lishe, na kuifanya iwe virutubisho muhimu. [9] Hupatikana kwa asili katika vyakula vingi.[6][3] Kiwango cha kupendekezwa cha kila siku cha foleni kwa watu wazima nchini Marekani ni 400 micrograms kutoka kwa vyakula au virutubisho vya lishe. [3]
Folic acid hutumiwa kutibu anemia inayosababishwa na upungufu wa folic acid. [2] Asidi ya folic pia hutumiwa kama kiongezi na wanawake wakati wa ujauzito ili kupunguza hatari ya kasoro za tube ya neva (NTDs) katika mtoto.[2][10] Viwango vya chini katika ujauzito wa mapema vinaaminika kuwa sababu ya zaidi ya nusu ya watoto waliozaliwa na NTDs. [3] Zaidi ya nchi 80 hutumia utajiri wa lazima au wa hiari wa vyakula fulani na asidi folic kama hatua ya kupunguza kiwango cha NTDs. [11] Uongezaji wa muda mrefu na kiasi kikubwa cha asidi folic huhusishwa na kupunguza kidogo hatari ya kiharusi[12] na hatari kubwa ya saratani ya kibofu.[13] Kuna wasiwasi kwamba kiasi kikubwa cha asidi ya folic ya ziada inaweza kuficha upungufu wa vitamini B<sub id="mwTw">12</sub>. [3]
Kutotumia kutosha folic acid inaweza kusababisha upungufu wa folic acid. [3] Hii inaweza kusababisha aina ya anemia ambapo seli nyekundu za damu huwa kubwa sana.[3] Dalili zinaweza kujumuisha hisia za uchovu, moyo kupapasa, upungufu wa pumzi, vidonda wazi kwenye ulimi, na mabadiliko katika rangi ya ngozi au nywele. [3] Ukosefu wa folates katika watoto unaweza kutokea ndani ya mwezi mmoja wa ulaji mbaya wa lishe. [14] Kwa watu wazima, jumla ya kawaida ya foli ya mwili ni kati ya 10 na 30 mg na viwango vya damu vya juu kuliko 7 nmol / L (3 ng / ml).[3]
Folate ilipatikana kati ya 1931 na 1943.[15] Ni katika Orodha ya Shirika la Afya Ulimwenguni ya Dawa Muhimu. [16] Gharama ya jumla ya virutubisho katika nchi zinazoendelea ni kati ya $ 0.001 na 0.005 kwa dozi kama ya 2014.[17] Neno "folic" linatokana na neno la Kilatini folium (linalomaanisha jani) kwa sababu ilipatikana katika mboga za majani yenye kijani kibichi. [18]
Marejeo
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- ↑ "Folic Acid". The PubChem Project. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 7 Aprili 2014.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 "Folic Acid". Drugs.com. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 1 Januari 2010. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 8 Agosti 2017. Iliwekwa mnamo 1 Septemba 2016.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 <"Fact Sheet for Health Professionals – Folate". National Institutes of Health. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2 Aprili 2011.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ Welch AD (1983). "Folic acid: discovery and the exciting first decade". Perspect. Biol. Med. 27 (1): 64–75. doi:10.1353/pbm.1983.0006. PMID 6359053. S2CID 31993927.
- ↑ "Folic Acid". ChemSrc. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 28 Agosti 2021. Iliwekwa mnamo 8 Agosti 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Folate". Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University. 2014. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 19 Agosti 2021. Iliwekwa mnamo 17 Machi 2018.
Folate is a water-soluble B-vitamin, which is also known as vitamin B9 or folacin.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ Choi JH, Yates Z, Veysey M, Heo YR, Lucock M (Desemba 2014). "Contemporary issues surrounding folic Acid fortification initiatives". Prev Nutr Food Sci. 19 (4): 247–60. doi:10.3746/pnf.2014.19.4.247. PMC 4287316. PMID 25580388.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ Bailey LB, Caudill MA (2012). "Folate". Katika Eardman JW Jr, MacDonald IA, Zeisel SH (whr.). Present Knowledge in Nutrition, Tenth Edition. Ames, IA: ILSI Press/Wiley-Blackwell. ku. 321–342. ISBN 978-0-470-95917-6.
- ↑ Pommerville, Jeffrey C. (2009). Alcamo's Fundamentals of Microbiology: Body Systems. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. uk. 511. ISBN 9780763787127. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 8 Septemba 2017.
- ↑ Bibbins-Domingo K, Grossman DC, Curry SJ, Davidson KW, Epling JW, García FA, na wenz. (Januari 2017). "Folic Acid Supplementation for the Prevention of Neural Tube Defects: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement". JAMA. 317 (2): 183–189. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.19438. PMID 28097362.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ Wald NJ, Morris JK, Blakemore C (2018). "Public health failure in the prevention of neural tube defects: time to abandon the tolerable upper intake level of folate". Public Health Reviews. 39: 2. doi:10.1186/s40985-018-0079-6. PMC 5809909. PMID 29450103.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ↑ Li Y, Huang T, Zheng Y, Muka T, Troup J, Hu FB (Agosti 2016). "Folic Acid Supplementation and the Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials" (PDF). Journal of the American Heart Association. 5 (8): e003768. doi:10.1161/JAHA.116.003768. PMC 5015297. PMID 27528407. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo (PDF) mnamo 27 Aprili 2021. Iliwekwa mnamo 8 Agosti 2020.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ Wien TN, Pike E, Wisløff T, Staff A, Smeland S, Klemp M (Januari 2012). "Cancer risk with folic acid supplements: a systematic review and meta-analysis". BMJ Open. 2 (1): e000653. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000653. PMC 3278486. PMID 22240654.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ Marino BS, Fine KS (2009). Blueprints Pediatrics (kwa Kiingereza). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. uk. 131. ISBN 9780781782517. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 8 Septemba 2017.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ Pond, Wilson G.; Nichols, Buford L.; Brown, Dan L. (2009). Adequate Food for All: Culture, Science, and Technology of Food in the 21st Century (kwa Kiingereza). CRC Press. uk. 148. ISBN 9781420077544.
Folic acid's discovery started in 1931...
- ↑ World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
- ↑ "Folic Acid". International Drug Price Indicator Guide. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 22 Januari 2018. Iliwekwa mnamo 1 Septemba 2016.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ Chambers Concise Dictionary. Allied Publishers. 2004. uk. 451. ISBN 9788186062364. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 8 Septemba 2017.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)