Dates to 1800 - a timeline

Dates 1800-1850 - a timeline (this page)

Dates 1850-1900 - a timeline

Print calendar for month of any year (interface to Unix "cal" command)

[410] [1492] [1498] [1503] [1515] [1517] [1534] [1543] [1558] [1559] [1588] [1598]
[1607] [1620] [1621] [1623] [1625] [1626] [1628] [1629]
[1630] [1631] [1633] [1634] [1635] [1636] [1637] [1638] [1639] [1640] [1641]
[1642] [1644] [1645] [1646] [1647] [1648] [1649] <-Scarlet Letter period
[1650] [1651] [1653] [1654] [1655] [1656] [1657] [1658] [1659]
[1660] [1661] [1662] [1667] [1675] [1676] [1677] [1678]
[1680] [1681] [1684] [1685] [1686] [1687]
[1688] [1689] [1691] [1692] [1693] [1694]
[1700] [1701] [1702] [1703] [1721] [1727] [1734]
[1736] [1740] [1748] [1749] [1754] [1758] [1773]
[1775] [1776] [1784] [1791] [1793] [1794]
[1795] [1796] [1797] [1798] [1799] [1800] [1803]
Hawthorne born-> [1804] [1805] [1806] [1807] [1808] [1809] [1810] [1811]
[1812] [1814] [1816] [1817] [1818] [1819] [1820]
[1821] [1822] [1823] [1824] [1825] [1826] [1827] [1828] [1829] [1830] [1831]
[1832] [1833] [1834] [1835] [1836] [1837] [1838] [1839] [1840] [1841]
[1842] [1843] [1844] [1845] [1846] [1847] [1848] [1849]
[1850] [1851] [1852] [1853] [1854] [1855] [1856] [1857]
[1858] [1859] [1860] [1861] [1862] [1863] [1864]<-Hawthorne dies
[1865] [1866] [1869] [1870] [1871] [1872] [1874] [1876] [1877]
[1878] [1879] [1882] [1884] [1885] [1886] [1888] [1889] [1891] [1895]
[1900] [1903] [1926] [1934]

1800: April 2...Vienna: Beethoven performs 1st Piano Concerto and 1st Symphony; April 14..Washington, D.C.: Congress establishes library; Paris: first coffee percolator invented; March 20...Alessandro Volta publishes description of first battery
1803: May 25...Boston, Mass.: Ralph Waldo Emerson born
1804: Feb. 12.....Prussia: the great philosopher Kant dies; May 14...St. Louis: Jefferson sends Lewis and Clark to explore Louisiana Purchase to the Pacific; May 18...Paris: Napoleon becomes Emperor; July 4.... Salem, Mass., 27 Union St.: Nathaniel Hathorne, Jr., born to Nathaniel Hathorne and Elizabeth Clarke Manning Hathorne; U.S.: Alexander Hamilton killed by Aaron Burr in duel
1805: U.S. ends Barbary War with Tripoli; England, Wordsworth publishes The Prelude; Oct. 21... Battle of Trafalgar, Lord Nelson wins but dies
1806: Hartford, Conn.: Noah Webster publishes dictionary
1807: Feb. 27...Portland, Me.: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow born; U.S. stops exports with Embargo Act as ships seized by England and France in Napoleonic Wars; New York: Fulton launches steamboat Clermont
1808: Feb.?...Dutch Guiana: Nathaniel Hathorne's father, a ship captain, dies of yellow fever; U.S.: African slave trade ended by act of Congress
1809: Salem, Mass.: 12 Herbert St.: Nathaniel Hathorne, his mother, and sisters move in with the Mannings; Feb. 12...Kentucky: Abraham Lincoln born; Mar. 31...Russia: Nikolai Gogol born
1810: England: Walter Scott publishes The Lady of the Lake
1811: St. Louis: Largest earthquake in U.S. history rocks Mississippi and Ohio; Concord, Mass.: William Emerson dies; November...England: Luddite uprisings begin
1812: Apr. 19...Concord, Mass.: militia assembles to take part in war with British; June 18...War of 1812 between U.S. and Britain officially begins
1813: Salem, Mass.: Nathaniel Hathorne is taught at home by Joseph Worcester, following an injury to his foot that requires crutches for the next two years.; England, Jane Austen publishes Pride and Prejudice
1814: Washington, D.C.: British burn capitol; Waltham, Mass.: first textile mill built
1815: June 18...Belgium: Napoleon meets his Waterloo; June 22...Paris: Napoleon abdicates again, Louis XVIII is restored to throne
1816: Raymond, Me.: Nathaniel Hathorne lives near Sebago Lake
1817: Albany, N.Y.: work begins on Erie Canal; U.S.: Great Lakes demilitarized by Rush-Bagot Treaty; July 12...Concord, Mass.: Henry David Thoreau born; July 18...England: Jane Austen dies; Dec. 17...Haverhill, Mass.: John Greenleaf Whittier born; Dec. 31...Portsmouth, N.H.: James T. Fields born
1818: Portland, Me.: Nathaniel Hathorne attends school; U.S.: Cumberland Road opens; England: Mary Shelley publishes Frankenstein
1819: Salem, Mass.: Nathaniel Hathorne returns to prepare for college, attends Samuel Archer's school; Apr. 11...England: Coleridge meets Keats; June 20...U.S.: First steamship crossing of Atlantic by Savannah; U.S.: Economic Panic causes depression; Aug. 1...New York: Herman Melville born; England: the future Queen Victoria born; England: Percy Shelley publishes The Cenci
1820: Salem, Mass.: Nathaniel Hathorne tutored by Benj. Oliver; U.S.: Missouri Compromise--Missouri admitted to union as slave state, Maine free; U.S.: Washington Irving publishes "Rip van Winkle"; England: Percy Bysse Shelley writes "Prometheus Unbound"
1821: Feb. 23...Rome: Keats dies; May 5...St. Helena: Napoleon dies; Brunswick, Me.: Nathaniel Hathorne studies at Bowdoin College with Longfellow, Pierce; Cambridge, Mass.: Ralph Waldo Emerson graduates from Harvard; Italy: Shelley dies
1822: Joseph Nic�phore Niepce takes first permanent photograph; July 2...South Carolina: Vesey's Rebellion of slaves fails; Africa: Liberia founded as refuge for freed American slaves; Jean-Francois Champollion deciphers part of Rosetta stone
1823: Dec. 2...U.S.: James Monroe pronounces Monroe Doctrine to keep European powers from Americas; U.S.: John Howard Payne publishes the song, "Home, Sweet Home"; Germany: Beethoven composes Ninth Symphony; New York: Cooper publishes The Pioneers; England: Lord Byron publishes Don Juan
1824: Apr. 19..Byron dies; Dec. 1...U.S.: Presidential election deadlocks, goes to House; John Quincy Adams prevails; Sequoya defines Cherokee alphabet
1825: Brunswick, Me.: Nathaniel Hathorne graduates, Bowdoin College; Salem, Mass.: Nathaniel Hathorne lives with mother and sisters, writes; Boston: Caleb Snow publishes A History of Boston; Boston: John Winthrop's Journal turns up, is published; Oct. 26...Albany, N.Y.: Erie Canal opens; England: first railway opens; France: Pierre-Fidele Bretonneau performs first successful tracheotomy; Russia: Nicholas I becomes Czar
1826: July 4....U.S.: Thomas Jefferson and John Adams die; U.S.: James Fenimore Cooper publishes The Last of the Mohicans; England: Thomas Malthus publishes expanded Essay on Population; Boston, Mass.: Elizabeth Palmer Peabody volunteers as Rev. William Ellery Channing's secretary for the next few years
1827: Mar. 26...Germany: Beethoven dies; Germany: Heinrich Heine publishes book of lieder; U.S.: Poe publishes Poems, Tamerlane; Salem: Joseph B. Felt publishes The Annals of Salem; U.S., England: Audubon publishes first The Birds of North America
1828: Boston, Mass.: Nathaniel Hathorne anonymously publishes Fanshawe, a romantic novel of college life (later he tried to recover all copies; it was republished after his death); Conn.: Noah Webster publishes An American Dictionary of the English Language
1829: Paris: Rossini's William Tell opens; New York: William Cullen Bryant becomes editor of Evening Post; Mexico: After Spanish troops are repelled by Santa Anna, slavery is abolished; Carbondale, Pa.: first steam locomotive begins service; Boston: "Siamese twins" arrive; later, they are displayed in Barnum's circus
1830: October....Nathaniel Hathorne publishes "Sights from a Steeple" in The Token; November....Salem, Mass.: Nathaniel Hathorne publishes "The Hollow of the Three Hills" in The Salem Gazette; Nathaniel Hathorne adds "w" to spelling of last name after this date; U.S.: Sarah Josepha Hale writes "Mary Had a Little Lamb"; England: Charles Lyell publishes Principles of Geology; U.S.: W. E. Channing publishes "The Importance and Means of a National Literature"; France: Stendahl publishes The Red and the Black; Germany, Europe: rebellions put down, Louis-Phillipe crowned in France
1831: Canterbury, N.H.: Nathaniel Hawthorne visits Shaker community; U.S.: Samuel Francis Smith writes "America"; England: Charles Darwin begins trip around world in Beagle; Nov. 11...Virginia: Nat Turner's Rebellion of slaves fails
1832: Mar. 22...Germany: Goethe dies; second part of Faust is published; Sept. 21...Scott dies; September....Salem, Mass.: Nathaniel Hawthorne takes a trip to New Hampshire, the Erie Canal, and Niagara Falls; November....Washington, D.C.: Andrew Jackson, Democrat, elected President; New York: horse-drawn rail cars start operation; Nov. 29..Louisa May Alcott born
1833: Aug. 5...England: Emerson visits Coleridge; Aug. 23...London: Slave-owning illegal in realm after one year; U.S.: Oberlin College becomes first coeducational college; Boston: Massachusetts ends tax support for churches; London: Charles Babbage invents first calculating machine; Denmark: Han Christian Anderson publishes his first fairy tales
1834: Salem, Mass.: Nathaniel Hawthorne finishes The Story Teller, a group of stories in a frame narrative (although rejected and manuscript lost, some of the stories were later published in magazines and collections); U.S.: Davy Crockett publishes autobiography of frontier life; Paris: Braille invented; July 25...England: Coleridge dies
1835: Salem, Mass.: Nathaniel Hawthorne publishes "Young Goodman Brown" in New-England Magazine; U.S.: Samuel Morse invents telegraph; Halley's Comet reappears; Paris: Louis Daguerre invents daguerrotype photography; Concord, Mass.: Ralph Waldo Emerson remarries and moves to town; Concord, N.H.: John Greenleaf Whittier, a Massachusetts legislator and abolitionist, is attacked by mob; Nov. 30...Florida, Mo.: Samuel Clemens (Mark Twain) born; Paris: Alexis de Tocqueville publishes first volume of Democracy in America
1836: Boston, Mass.: Nathaniel Hawthorne edits and mostly writes American Magazine of Useful and Entertaining Knowledge; Mar. 6....San Antonio: Mexican army captures Alamo in Texas Republic; Davy Crockett killed; Boston: Ralph Waldo Emerson publishes his first book, Nature, written at the Old Manse in Concord; Cambridge, Mass.: Longfellow becomes professor of modern languages at Harvard; November....Washington, D.C.: Martin Van Buren, Democrat, elected President; U.S.: Samuel Colt invents revolver; Paris: Arch of Triumph completed; U.S.: Alonzo Phillips patents phosphorous match
1837: Jan. 7...J. Pierpont Morgan born; Boston: Nathaniel Hawthorne edits Peter Parley's Universal History; March 6..Nathaniel Hawthorne publishes Twice-Told Tales, a collection of stories previously published in magazines; Salem, Mass.: Elizabeth Palmer Peabody visits Hawthorne's sister, who she believes wrote Twice-Told Tales; Salem, Mass.: Nathaniel Hawthorne meets Sophia Peabody; U.S.: Economic Panic begins long depression; mills and banks close, including, the next year, Hawthorne's publisher; Cambridge, Mass.: Thoreau graduates from Harvard; Japan: Tokugawa shogun Ienari resigns; New York: Samuel Morse patents and demonstrates telegraphy with Morse code, which was actually invented by his assistant, Alfred Lewis Vail; Massachusetts: Mount Holyoke Female Seminary, first college for women, opens; England: Queen Victoria begins long reign
1838: Nathaniel Hawthorne writes for Democratic Review; Washington, D.C.: Hawthorne's friend, Jonathan Cilley, is killed in a duel; U.S.: First regular steamship service across Atlantic; Jan. 4...Tom Thumb born; will star in P.T. Barnum's circus; England: Dickens publishes Oliver Twist; U.S.: Poe publishes Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym; Boston: Prescott publishes History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella; July 15..Cambridge, Mass.: Emerson delivers Divinity Hall Sermon; November...Boston, Mass.: Elizabeth Palmer Peabody persuades George Bancroft to offer Nathaniel Hawthorne a job; Nathaniel Hawthorne and Sophia Peabody become secretly engaged
1839: Aug. 19...Paris: daguerreotype process made public by French government at extraordinary joint Academy and Legislature meeting; Boston, Mass.: Nathaniel Hawthorne works as measurer in Custom House for historian George Bancroft, Collector of the Port; lives at 54 Pinckney St., 8 Somerset Place; England: Samuel Cunard founds steamship line; England: Carl August Steinheil builds first electric clock; Washington, D.C.: Congress outlaws dueling; U.S.: Charles Goodyear discovers vulcanization of rubber; Boston: Longfellow publishes Hyperion and Voices of the Night; China: Opium War with England begins; Kirkpatrick MacMillan introduces first modern bicycle with brakes and pedals, though with iron tires; U.S.: Poe publishes "The Fall of the House of Usher"
1840: Boston, Mass.: Nathaniel Hawthorne publishes children's books of stories, Grandfather's Chair, Famous Old People, and Liberty Tree; March..Concord, Mass.: Bronson Alcott moves family from Boston after Temple School fails; Louisa May Alcott enrolls in Thoreau's Concord Academy; July...Boston, Mass., 13 West St.: Elizabeth Palmer Peabody opens bookshop; Concord, Mass.: Margaret Fuller publishes The Dial, with Thoreau poem; November....Washington, D.C.: William Henry Harrison, a Whig, elected President; dies after one month and John Tyler takes office; May 1..England: first adhesive (penny) stamp introduced; Belgium: Antoine Joseph Sax invents saxophone; Boston: Durgin Park restaurant opens; Boston: Richard Henry Dana publishes Two Years Before the Mast; Scotland: James Nasmyth invents steam hammer; Florence: Giovanni Battista Amici introduces oil immersion microscope; England: Duchess of Bedford institutes afternoon tea ritual; France: Pierre Joseph Proudhon publishes socialist What is Property?; China: Opium War
1841: April-Nov....Boston, Mass.: Nathaniel Hawthorne lives at Brook Farm, a utopian community, 670 Baker St., West Roxbury; Thoreau declines invitation to join; New Bedford, Mass.: First Japanese immigrant to U.S. arrives; California: first covered wagon train arrives; Syracuse, N.Y.: first state fair opens; Concord, Mass.: Emerson publishes first volume of Essays; U.S.: Cooper publishes The Deerslayer; U.S.: Channing's Works published; New York: New York Tribune begins publication; London: a photograph first appears in a newspaper; London: Punch begins publication; Paris: arc light street lamps demonstrated
1842: Jan 11....Concord, Mass.: John Thoreau dies in Henry's arms after Jan 1 razor cut leads to lockjaw; May...U.S.: Poe's "Masque of the Red Death" appears; July...Concord, Mass.: Thoreau's Natural History of Massachusetts draws Hawthorne's attentions; England: Darwin composes abstract of theory of evolution; July 9....Boston, Mass., 13 West St.: Nathaniel Hawthorne marries Sophia Peabody; July 9....Concord, Mass.: Nathaniel and Sophia Hawthorne move into the Old Manse, rented from Emerson, with garden dug by Thoreau; Tahiti: Herman Melville deserts ship, later signs onto Nantucket whaler; U.S. and Britain settle boundary disputes; Massachusetts child labor law limits under-12 to 10 hours a day; Concord, Mass.: Bronson Alcott travels to England; Concord, Mass.: Emerson publishes Essays (Second Series); Boston: Longfellow publishes Ballads
1843: U.S.: Mormons begin practicing polygamy; England: William Wordsworth appointed poet laureate; U.S.: John Greenleaf Whittier publishes Lays of My Home; April 15...Cambridge, Mass.: Henry James born; May 1..Boston, Mass., 13 West Street: Mary Peabody marries Henry Mann; June 1..Concord, Mass.: Bronson Alcott moves family to Fruitlands utopian community in Harvard, Mass.; July 13....Boston, Mass.: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow marries Frances Appleton at 39 Beacon St.; November...Concord, Mass.: Thoreau publishes "Paradise (to be) Regained," criticizing technological utopianism; Denmark: Soren Kierkegaard publishes Either-Or; U.S.: Poe publishes "The Black Cat"; New Britain, Conn.: Frederick Stanley founds bolt factory, first steam power in area; Paris: first "millionaire", tobacco baron Pierre Lorillard, dies; Boston: Prescott publishes History of the Conquest of Mexico; London: John Stuart Mill publishes A System of Logic; London: Charles Dickens publishes A Christmas Carol; California: John Fremont establishes Oregon Trail; London: John Bennett Lawes produces superphosphate, first artificial fertilizer; Charles Macintosh and Thomas Hancock produce first waterproof clothes; Germany: Samuel Schwabe describes sunspot cycle; New York: Jerome Increase Case introduces threshing machine; England: James Joule develops mechanical theory of heat; London: The Economist begins publication
1844: January..Harvard, Mass.: Alcotts leave Fruitlands; Concord, Mass.: Una Hawthorne born to Nathaniel and Sophia Hawthorne; April 30...Thoreau accidentally sets fire in Concord woods; November....Washington, D.C.: James Polk, Democrat, elected President; May 24...Washington, D.C.-Baltimore: Samuel Morse demonstrates first telegraph line; Hartford, Conn.: Horace Wells first uses nitrous oxide as dental anesthetic; Paris: Karl Marx meets Friedrich Engels; First book published to include photographic illustrations, Pencil of Nature; Germany: Mendelssohn composes Violin Concerto; U.S.: Poe publishes "The Purloined Letter"; Iceland: Last great auk killed
1845: Concord, Mass.: Nathaniel Hawthorne edits Journal of an African Cruiser for Horatio Bridge, USN.; Jan....New York: Rainbow, first clipper ship, launched; Jan. 29...U.S.: Poe publishes "The Raven"; Mar. 3...U.S.: Florida becomes 27th state; Mar. 4...Washington, D.C.: Polk inaugurated; May...Pittsburgh: first wire cable aqueduct suspension bridge opens; June 8...Nashville, Tenn.: former President Andrew Jackson dies; July 4....Concord, Mass.: Henry David Thoreau moves into Walden Pond home; Aug. 28...Washington, D.C.: Scientific American starts publication; October 2....Concord, Mass.: Hawthornes leave Old Manse; Salem, Mass.: Nathaniel Hawthorne moves family into mother's home; Ireland: Potato famine begins; immigrants come to U.S.; Paris: Alexandre Dumas publishes The Count of Monte Cristo; West Boylston, Mass.: Erastus Bigelow opens power loom factory for carpets; Poland Springs, Me.: water is first bottled here; England: Charles Darwin publishes Voyage of the Beagle
1846: Jan. 13...Texas: U.S. begins war with Mexico; U.S.: Nancy Johnson invents first hand-cranked ice cream maker; March....New York: Herman Melville publishes Typee; Apr. 13...U.S.: Pennsylvania Railroad officially chartered; Salem, Mass.: Nathaniel Hawthorne becomes Surveyor of Port in Custom House; June 5....New York: Nathaniel Hawthorne's Mosses from an Old Manse published by Wiley and Putnam; June 15...U.S.: Oregon Treaty establishes 49th parallel as boundary with Canada; June 19...Hoboken, N.J.: first official baseball game; June 22...Boston, Mass.: Julian Hawthorne born to Nathaniel and Sophia; July...Concord, Mass.: Thoreau spends night in jail in protest of Mexican War tax; Aug. 10....Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution opens (founded by 1829 bequest from James Smithson, who never came to America); Aug 31...Maine: Thoreau visits Mount Kathahdin in Maine; Sept. 10...Elias Howe patents first sewing machine; Sept. 23...Germany: John Galle discovers Neptune; Oct. 16...Boston: Ether demonstrated as anesthetic for surgery; Russia: Dostoyevsky's Poor Folk published; England: Corn Laws repealed
1847: Salem, Mass.: Nathaniel Hawthorne moves family to Mall Street, along with mother and sisters; Feb. 11...Thomas Alva Edison is born; Mar. 9...Vera Cruz, Mexico: first amphibious landing by U.S. Army; U.S. captures Mexico City; Gen. Winfield Scott and Gen. Franklin Pierce command troops; July 24...Salt Lake City, Utah: Mormons found city; Sept. 6....Concord, Mass.: Henry David Thoreau leaves Walden; Oct. 1...Nantucket, Mass.: Maria Mitchell discovers comet; Cambridge, Mass.: Longfellow publishes Evangeline, reviewed by Hawthorne; Chicago: McCormick Harvesting Machinery Co. opens; England: Brontes publish Wuthering Heights, Jane Eyre; Italy: Ascanio Sobrero discovers nitroglycerine; U.S.: Richard March Hoe patents rotary printing press; U.S.: Asa Gray publishes Manual of Botany; Germany: Hermann von Helmhotz publishes law of conservation of energy
1848: Salem, Mass.: Nathaniel Hawthorne becomes manager of Lyceum, invites Emerson, Thoreau, Agassiz, Horace Mann, to lecture; Jan. 24...California: Sutter discovers gold; Gold Rush begins, but more so in 1849; Jan. 26...Concord, Mass.: Thoreau delivers lecture, "Civil Disobedience"; Feb. 23...Washington, D.C.: John Quincy Adams dies; China: Taiping Rebellion begins, resulting in 20 million dead; Germany: Revolution put down; many emigrate; Bangor, Me.: John Curtis perfects chewing gum; Mexico cedes territory to U.S. in Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, ending Mexican War; July 19..Seneca Falls, N.Y.: Women's Rights Convention, by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott; New York: Charles Burton creates first baby carriage; Salem, Mass.: Essex Institute founded; New York: utopian Oneida Community is formed; U.S.: Stephen Foster writes song, "Oh, Susanna!"; England: William Makepeace Thackeray publishes Vanity Fair; Europe: Marx and Engels publish Communist Manifesto; Nov. 7....Washington, D.C.: Zachary Taylor, a Whig, elected President (first on first Tuesday in November); Boston, Mass.: Alcott family moves to Pinckney Street; Mrs. Alcott supports family as a visitor to the poor
1849: April 12..U.S.: Walter Hunt patents first safety pin; May 14....Concord, Mass.: E. P. Peabody publishes "Resistance to Civil Government," later retitled, "Civil Disobedience"; May 30....Concord, Mass.: Thoreau publishes A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers; Roxbury, Mass.: Waltham Watch Co. founded; June 7...Salem, Mass.: Nathaniel Hawthorne fired as Surveyor of Port; July 31...Salem, Mass.: Nathaniel Hawthorne's mother dies; Sept. 3....South Berwick, Me.: Sarah Orne Jewett born; September....Salem, Mass.: Nathaniel Hawthorne starts writing The Scarlet Letter; Oct. 7...Edgar Allan Poe dies; Venice: unmanned Austrian balloon drops bombs for first time from air; Brooklyn, N.Y.: Pharmaceutical firm Pfizer, Inc., formed, issues candy-coated dewormer; Paris: Joseph Monier invents reinforced concrete
1850: March 16..Boston, Mass.: Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter published by Ticknor, Reed and Fields; May...Lenox, Mass.: Nathaniel Hawthorne moves family to Tanglewood cottage; U.S.: Emerson publishes Representative Men; July 19..Fire Island, N.Y.: Margaret Fuller dies in shipwreck; Thoreau and Channing, sent by Emerson, can't find remains; June...New York: Harper's Magazine begins publication; July 9....Washington, D.C.: Zachary Taylor dies and Millard Fillmore becomes President, signs the Compromise of 1850, supported by Pierce but not by abolitionists; Aug. 5...Stockbridge, Mass.: Nathaniel Hawthorne meets Herman Melville at a picnic; England: Charles Dickens publishes David Copperfield; England: Elizabeth Barrett Browning publishes Sonnets from the Portuguese; Aug. 28...Weimar, Germany: Wagner's Lohengrin performed (Wagner still in hiding in Switzerland after German revolution fails); Sept. 9...U.S.: California admitted as 31st state; U.S.: Aeta Life Insurance Company issues its first policies; Buffalo, N.Y.: American Express formed; San Francisco: Levi Strauss & Co. founded; Washington, D.C.: Emmanuel Leutze finishes painting Washington Crosses the Delaware, (destroyed in Germany in World War II, but a second version is at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York); England: Francis Dalton invents the teletype; Brooklyn, N.Y.: 16 English sparrows imported to control insects

Other chronologies online