ATENEO DE MANILA SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL S.Y. 2018-2019 

12-PRO BIOLOGY LT1 REVIEWER  4) Forensic Science​ - can be 

   used to predict eye color, hair 
Topics:   color, and skin type 
● Careers in Biology   
● Advancements in Biology   MORE ADVANCEMENTS  
● Fields of Study    
● Filipino Biologists   Genetic Engineering and Cloning -​  
● Microscopy and Microscopic  entails obtaining a DNA sample from 
Measurements   a subject and creating an exact 
● Laboratory Tools and  replica of it using lab techniques  
Techniques   - Advantages:​ better harvests, 
● Lab Safety & Guidelines  most desirable traits 
● Bioethics   guaranteed,  
  - Disadvantages:​ resistance to 
CAREERS IN BIOLOGY  diseases is the same (cloning), 
Computer analysts and designers   ethical concerns for human 
● In demand in the field of  GMO’s 
bioinformatics   In-Vitro Fertilization​ - involves 
Lawyers and Legal experts  getting a sperm and egg cell and 
● Environmental science  fertilizing them in a test tube; after, 
● Proving someone innocent  the fertilized egg is put back in the 
(specializing in forensics)   mother’s womb 
Public Servants   - Advantages:​ allows couples 
Insurance Companies   who have difficulty conceiving 
● Analyze genes in order to  to conceive 
determine who is at risk for  - Disadvantages:​ expensive, not 
specific diseases   100% guaranteed, painful for 
● Human genome advancement   the female, possible 
Media (magazines, television, etc.)  complications 
● Writers and journalists who  Chemotherapy -​ form of cancer 
specialize in life sciences  treatment which slows down the 
● Adept in biological issues   growth of cancer cells; affects the 
● Nat Geo, Discovery Channel,  entire body and has several side 
etc.  effects 
  - Advantages:​ inhibits the 
ADVANCEMENTS IN BIOLOGY  growth of cancer cells 
1) Diseases hidden in the ice  - Disadvantages:​ side effects 
are waking up​ - viruses could  such as nausea, hair loss, etc., 
potentially cause a mass  late side effects (varying on the 
extinction   kind of chemotherapy drug) 
2) Pandas are no longer an  like infertility, heart problems, 
endangered species​ -  etc 
rehabilitated bamboo habitats  Plastic Surgery​ - surgical specialty 
within China   involving the restoration, 
3) Bring back memories with an  reconstruction, or alteration of the 
RNA injection   human body 

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ATENEO DE MANILA SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL S.Y. 2018-2019 

- Advantages:​ attainment of  9) Physiology -​ normal function 

desired features,  of the parts of organisms 
correction/reconstruction of  (organ systems)  
parts damaged by health  10) Paleontology -​ fossil records  
issues  11) Microbiology -​ bacteria, fungi, 
- Disadvantages:​ cost, risks and  protists and other 
possible complications such as  microorganisms 
infections and implant leakage  12) Molecular Biology and 
Vaccines / Vaccination​ -  Biotechnology ​- biomolecules 
administration of antigenic material  and its applications (stem cell 
to stimulate an individual's immune  research, viruses) 
system to develop adaptive  13) Taxonomy and Systematics ​- 
immunity to a pathogen  classification of organisms 
- Advantages:​ prevents the  based on their distinct 
spread of diseases  characteristics  
- Disadvantages:​ not 100%  14) Phycology ​- algae and other 
guaranteed, mild reactions to  seaweeds  
the vaccine, natural immunity  15) Mycology -​ fungi  
(ex: contracting chicken pox to  16) Marine Biology ​- animals, 
develop antibodies) > artificial  specifically marine species 
immunity (vaccines)  (dolphins, whales, fish, etc.) 
   
FIELDS OF STUDY IN BIOLOGY  FILIPINO BIOLOGISTS 
  1) Dr. Fe Del Mundo (Pediatrics) 
1) Anatomy ​- deals with the  -​ ​First woman to enter 
parts and structure or  Harvard Medical College 
organisms   -​ ​Created the f​ irst pediatric 
2) Cell Biology/Cytology ​- parts  hospital in the Philippines 
and function of cells   - Researched on: dengue, 
3) Botany -​ deals with plants  rubella fever 
(photosynthetic / autotrophic  -​ ​Contributions: ​jaundice 
& contain chloroplasts)  relieving machine, bamboo 
4) Zoology -​ animals and their  incubator 
behavior   2) Dr. Pedro Escuro (Rice 
5) Histology -​ study of living  Breeding) 
tissues   -​ ​Father of Rice Breeding ​in 
6) Ecology -​ environment and  the Philippines  
the interrelationship of  -​ ​Isolation of nine rice 
organisms   varieties t​ hat were eventually 
7) Evolution ​- origin of man and  commercially released 
differentiation of different  -​ ​Contributions: modified 
types of organisms; adaptation   pedigree method, became an 
8) Genetics ​- heredity; how  IRRI consultant 
parents pass on characteristics    3) Dr. Angel Alcala (Marine 
Biology) 

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ATENEO DE MANILA SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL S.Y. 2018-2019 

-​ ​Invented artificial coral reefs  -​ ​Discovered 32 species of 

that helped preserve the  parasites 
Philippines’ aquatic  -​ ​Popular work: “Digenetic 
ecosystems  Trematodes of Philippine 
-​ ​Contributions: artificial coral  fishes” 
reefs, identified reptile and  8) Dr. Gregorio Velasquez 
amphibian species,  (Phycology) 
preservation of giant clams,  -​ ​Contributions: ​intensive 
marine reserves  study of the Philippine 
4) Dr. Dolores Ramirez  blue-green algal species 
(Genetics)  -​ ​Researched on: seaweed 
-​ ​Known for her  resources of the PH seas, 
“MACAPUNO”​ studies  ecology of the PH 
-​ ​Researched on the genetics  myxophyceae 
of Macapuno (genetic tumor  9) Dr. Clara Lim-Sylianco 
of the coconut endosperm),  (Biochemistry) 
biochemical resistance to  -​ ​Pioneered the research on 
Cercospora leaf spot in mung  carcinogenic agents found in 
bean, and other PH plants like  food, drugs, insecticides, 
rice, coconut, banana,  environmental pollutants 
sugarcane, etc,  -​ ​Specialized in biochemistry, 
5) Dr. Dioscoro Umali (Plant  mutagenesis, molecular 
Breeding)  nutrition 
-​ ​Father of Philippine Plant   
Breeding  MICROSCOPY AND MICROSCOPIC 
-​ ​Known as the “​ mango hero”  MEASUREMENTS 
for making mangoes available   
all year round  Definition of Terms: 
-​ ​Contributions:  Microscopy​ - Using microscopes to 
improvement of rice, corn, and  view objects and areas of objects that 
other economic plants;  cannot be seen with the naked eye. 
agriculture and rural  Resolution​ - Shortest distance 
development  between two points on a specimen 
6) Dr. Jose Velasco (Plant  that can still be observed as separate 
Physiology)  entities 
-​ ​Elon-elon​ flowered during  Magnification ​- Process of enlarging 
short days when there was ​less  something in appearance, but not 
than 12 hours of light  physical size 
-​ ​Discovered the cause of  Working Distance​ - Distance from 
cadang-cadang​ – an element  the objective lens to the stage; as 
in soil toxic to the plant  magnification increases, working 
7) Dr. Carmen Velasquez (Fish  distance decreases  
Physiology)    
-​ ​Discovered the ​presence of 
parasites in Philippine food 
fishes 

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ATENEO DE MANILA SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL S.Y. 2018-2019 

● Adjusting and focusing begins 

with the LPO (easier) 
● LPO (yellow) = 10-15x  
HPO (blue) = 45-60x 
 
Equations / Formulas 
 
Total Magnification 
T M = eyepiece × objective  
   
  HPO FOV (in μm) 
LP O M agnif ication
Field of View​ - measurement of the  H P O F OV = HP O M agnif ication × LP O F OV  
diameter    
Total Magnification​ - the specimen  Estimated Specimen Size (in μm) 
being observed is enlarged this many  S ize = N1 HP O F OV  
times (sig figs do not apply since this   
is a physical quantity)  TYPES OF MICROSCOPES 
Specimen Size​ - can be estimated   
using the LPO or HPO FOV,  Compound Light Microscope 
depending on which objective was  ● Uses two lenses: the ​eyepiece 
used  and ​objective  
  ● The image moves opposite to 
the adjustment made to the 
slide 
● 2D, detailed image 
● prepared specimens on a 
cover slip glass (dry mount or 
wet mount) 
● Eyepiece: 10x 
  LPO: 10x 
HPO: 40x 
● Different Parts: 
Mechanical -​ supports/adjusts 
Magnifying​ - enlarges the 
image of the specimen 
  Illuminating​ - provides light 
   
Remarks:  Mechanical  Magnifying  Illuminating 
● Use a ruler to estimate the 
- base   - eyepiece   - mirror  
LPO FOV  - arm  
- objective  - light source 
● Always convert mm to μm   - adjustment knobs  
- body tube  lenses  (bulb) 
1 mm = 1,000 μm  - draw tube   - substage 
● All measurements must have  - revolving  diaphragm  
nosepiece  - iris 
3 significant figures​ (precision  - stage clip  
- inclination joint  condenser 
of ruler 0.1 cm) 

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ATENEO DE MANILA SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL S.Y. 2018-2019 

Parts of a Compound Light  ● Enables you to view a 

Microscope  transparent image  
   
Scanning Electron Microscope  
● Magnifies 100,000x - 200,000x 
● 3D images in grayscale 
● Sends a beam of electrons 
across the specimen from left 
and right 
● The beam of e ​ lectrons 
bounces in all directions​, 
producing a 3D model of the 
specimen’s surface  
● TV screen 
 
Transmission Electron Microscope 
● Magnifies 200,000x - 500,000x 
● Electrons pierce/penetrate 
through surface​, then reflect  
  ● Beams cross within the 
  specimen in order to show the 
Stereomicroscope / Stereoscope  internal structure  
● Known as the ​“dissecting  ● grayscale 2D image​ on a TV 
microscope”   like screen  
● Can be used to to view  ● Very expensive, TEM station is 
animals, plants, etc.  around size of a room 
● No need to prepare the   
specimen  LAB TOOLS 
● Image adjusts with the slide  1) Compound Microscope ​- 
● 3D image ​to view structure   magnifies microscopic 
● Total Magnification: 10x-40x  organisms/specimens  
● Used for dissection  2) Stereomicroscope -​ dissecting 
microscope; used to magnify a 
specimen  
3) Cover slip / Cover glass -​  
container or the specimen to 
be viewed under the 
 
microscope 
 
4) Petri dish ​- container for 
Phase Contrast Microscope 
growing microorganisms and 
● Used to view live specimens 
cells  
● The lighting in the 
5) Test Tube -​ container to small 
background and specimen is 
samples under observation 
differentiated; brightness 
6) Test-Tube rack ​- stand where 
variations  
test tubes are places for 
observation 

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ATENEO DE MANILA SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL S.Y. 2018-2019 

7) Alcohol lamp ​- used for   

heating samples and  3) Polymerase Chain Reaction 
substances  - creates ​copies of DNA​ for 
8) Wire loop ​- used to transfer  molecular screening 
microorganisms (inoculate)  - useful in forensics when 
from one medium to another  there is only one tiny sample 
9) Wire needle -​ used to transfer   
microorganisms (stab  4) Agarose Gel Electrophoresis 
inoculate) from one medium  - ​separate fragments of DNA 
to another   and protein molecules  
10) Graduated cylinder -​ used to  - an electric current is applied 
measure the volume of liquids   to separate the biomolecules 
11) Pasteur pipette -​ used to  by charge  
transfer small amounts of  - DNA and RNA separated by 
liquid   size and length  
12) Dissecting pin -​ used as a   
container to fix the specimen  5) Aseptic Techniques and 
for dissection  Culturing Bacteria 
13) Dissecting scissors ​- used to  - ​Sterile technique​ used in 
cut parts of a specimen during  handling microorganisms and 
dissection   the growth/culturing of cells  
14) Scalpel -​ used to slice parts of  - in order to isolate 
the specimen   microorganisms (control the 
15) Digital balance -​ used to  independent variables) 
measure mass   - pass tools through a flame 
  before using  
SPECIAL TECHNIQUES IN BIOLOGY  - 2 types of medium:  
  A. Agar (solid)​ = inoculation 
1) Wet and Dry Mount of  loop, streaking on a petri dish 
Specimen  B. Broth (liquid)​ = inoculation 
- Preparation to be viewed  needle, stabbing in a test tube 
under the microscope    
- Wet mount so that the cells  6) Dissection and 
retain their structural integrity  Microdissection  
  - Microdissection is dissection 
2) Centrifugation  with the use of a microscope; 
- Used to separate s ​ olid​ from  done at the cellular level 
liquid ​components   
- heavy, denser particles sink  7) Autoclaving 
to the bottom   - ​sterilization of materials 
- 1,000 - 5,000 rpm  used in the lab 
- centripetal force   - kills all living microorganisms 
- conventionally used to  - done at 120°C (above boiling 
separate blood samples  point) at 400 psi for 15 minutes 
(platelets, erythrocytes,   
leukocytes, plasma)   

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ATENEO DE MANILA SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL S.Y. 2018-2019 

LAB SAFETY & GUIDELINES  

Radioactive Material  
 
A substance that emits 
Pre-Laboratory Preparations 
radiation 
● Clean working area  
Examples:​ radioactive 
● Wear prescribed lab apron and 
carbon, uranium, 
goggles 
curium 
● Always wear closed shoes    
● Locate water sources, gas 
Irritant  
outlets, fire exits, fire 
A substance that 
extinguishers, and first-aid kit  
produces vapors or 
● Neat appearance (tie hair) 
fumes which irritates 
● Eating and drinking are strictly 
the eyes, nose, and 
prohibited  
throat 
● Follow directions and read the 
Examples:​ Phenol, 
steps of the experiment 
Chloroform 
beforehand 
 
 
Hazard Symbols   Corrosive  
Symbol   Description  A substance that eats 
away other substances, 
Explosive  very hazardous to skin 
A substance that reacts  and eyes. Avoid skin and 
violently when heated  eye contact. 
or struck. Avoid placing    Examples: s​ ulfuric acid, 
near flammable  potassium hydroxide, 
materials  NaOH pellets 
  Examples: f​ lash powder, 
propane, gasoline  Hazardous to the 
Environment  
Highly Toxic   A substance that poses 
A substance that is  a potential harm to the 
harmful even in small  environment. It should 
doses   be disposed of properly, 
Examples: M
​ ethanol, 
  applying safety 
Cyanide, Mercury,  standards. 
  Carbon Monoxide,  Examples:​ Carcinogens, 
Chlorine  Chlorofluorocarbons 
(CFC), Batteries 
Highly Flammable  
A substance that  Biohazard 
catches fire easily   A poisonous and 
Examples: p ​ etrol,  infectious substance. 
  kerosene, alcohol  Examples: M ​ edical 
hydrogen    waste, microorganisms, 
urine and blood 
samples 

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ATENEO DE MANILA SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL S.Y. 2018-2019 

BIOETHICS  1) Autonomy 
Ethics  - respect​ for persons and their 
- Greek work ​“ethikos”  inherent rights  
- Deals with concepts of right  - Independence to make o ​ ne’s 
and wrong   decision 
- Standards of how people  - Right to make o ​ wn choices 
ought to act; study of morals  - Should always ask for consent 
- Framework or basis to  or permission first  
interpret what is right and  - UNLESS​ person is not mentally 
wrong  stable or capable to make the 
- Moral compass  decision, the decision falls to 
- FIXED a ​ nd​ UNCHANGING  the family  
Morals  2) Beneficence 
- Latin ​“moralis”  - Maximizing the benefits​ of 
- Manners and character   any treatment  
- Social responsibility  - Helping others 
- Relative (NOT FIXED)​ to time  - Act in the b​ est interest​ of 
and place   others 
- Depends on the v ​ alues of the  3) Non-Maleficence 
community  - Least ​amount of harm 
- Standards used to distinguish  - Not being the d ​ irect cause of 
what is right and wrong (set by  harm 
society)  - Omission is included, such as 
Values  in the case of not treating a 
- Belong to an individual​;  patient immediately  
different set of values for  4) Justice 
different people   - Treat people ​fairly ​and e​ qually 
- Basic and fundamental  - Sharing of resources, risks, and 
beliefs t​ hat guide or motivate  costs ​what is “due” to each 
attitudes or actions   person  
- Influenced by culture and   
upbringing   OTHER FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN 
- Rules by which we make  DISASTER SITUATIONS: 
decisions and prioritize   1) Save the youngest 
- Intrinsic vs. means to an end  2) Choose one out of each group 
  3) Save the weakest 
4 Principles of Bioethics   4) Save the most useful 
● Bio means “life”   5) Respect for relationships 
● Thus, the goal of bioethics is to  6) The government makes the 
always protect life   moral decision for the 
● Ethics → moral standards   community 
● Helps us make challenging   
decisions with regard to  MGA PAALALA!  
biological issues (all life  ● No principle of bioethics is 
sciences)  more important than the other  
 

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ATENEO DE MANILA SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL S.Y. 2018-2019 

● Choose the course of action 

that v​ iolates the least 
number of principles 
● If there is conflicting debate 
between the applications of 
principles in making a 
bioethical decision, the best 
course of action is always to 
SAVE LIVES.  
● Never deliberately take a life 
with no moral or ethical basis 
because a ​ ll life forms have 
the right to live​. 

© ​De Mata, Hizon, Buenaventura, Sy, Madayag, San Diego 9