DOCKS AND HARBOR
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Introduction
Water Transportation is concerned with conveyance of people
and goods in vehicles that float upon water.
Waterways have great historic importance in the development of
civilizations and in the growth of nations.
Rivers and seas provided primitive man with his first facility for
mass transportation of goods.
Waterways can be classified broadly as Oceanic waterways and
inland waterways.
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Oceanic waterways are concerned with the conveyance of people and
goods primarily across the ocean between continents or island.
Inland waterways consist of water transportation on rivers, lakes and
canals within the main land.
River transportation became popular in India since 1855.
The total perennial waterways in India are 65,600 km out of which
41,600 km are of rivers and 24,000 km canals.
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Advantages of Water Transportation
• Around the world 82% of International trade in tons and 94% of
world trade in tons-kilometers are moved by shipping and thereby
through ports.
• Specific function, objectives and the advantages derived from water
transportations facilities are summarized below:
Easiest and cheapest mode of communication by utilization of natural
surfaces of canals, rivers and oceans, as the element of friction
during traction and maintenance are less than road transport.
Require cheap manual, wind and steam motive power.
Higher load carrying capacity for bulky and heavy commodities.
Development of industry.
Development of commerce and expansion of trades.
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Development of agriculture.
Development of natural resources and their effective use.
Discovery of new island is possible.
Development of economic progress and international contact.
Provide enhanced mobility and promotes social and political
unity.
Assistance in the problem of national defense.
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Disadvantages of Water Transportation
It requires more time due to slow speed and circuitous routes. Final
docking stages require greater skill.
Mountainous rivers and waterfalls hinder water transportation.
Require better position fixing and obstruction detecting systems to
avoid surface collision.
Frequent storms results in great loss of life and material.
Rapid growth in demand which is more than the capacity of
existing facilities.
Vessels oil spillage, noise smoke and fumes cause pollution and
endanger marine lives.
Uncertainty problem, like energy shortage problem due to political
and natural causes.
Energy conservation concern because of energy problem of
transportation development.
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Modern trends in Water Transportation
Integration of transportation system and the environment.
Application of system analysis.
Optimization using operations research techniques.
Computer application for data processing and analysis.
Minimization of energy use.
Increased utilization and efficiency of existing facilities.
Compatibility between water transportation and other modes
through the use of innovative equipments.
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Environmental Impact System (EIS)
1. Determine Existing Conditions
2. Predict Future Effects
3. Consider Alternatives
4. Present Resource Commitments
5. Identify Environmental Monitoring Processes to be
used if action is implemented.
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Port authorities, Bodies and Associations
National Association of port Authorities
National Coast Guard
National Bureau of Customs
Immigration and Naturalization Service
National maritime Administration
The Bureau of Foreign Commerce
Interstate Commerce Commission
Department of Agriculture
Quarantine
Security Associations
Waterfront Commissions
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Port
• A port is an area where marine terminal facilities are
provided.
• The terminal is served by rail-road, highway or inland
waterway connections.
• The ports can be either natural or artificial.
• They can also be either river ports or seaports.
• There are 12 major, 21 intermediate and 226 working
minor ports in India.
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Requirement of Good Port
It should have easy connections with rail and highway so that commodities
may be transported to and from the port easily and quickly.
It should be situated at a place where a surrounding area is fertile with a
good density of population. The passage to open sea must have sufficient
depth and width must be suitably marked to aid navigation.
Ships reaching harbor must be able to anchor while waiting for a berth to
discharge or take on cargo, fuel and supplies.
The port must possess adequate facilities for handling and storing the
commodities passing through the port.
The port must have facilities for servicing the ships.
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Harbour
• A harbor is a partly enclosed protected water area to
provide safe and suitable accommodation for vessels
seeking refuge, supplies, refueling, repairs or the transfer
of cargo.
• Harbor classification:
o Natural harbour
o Semi-natural harbour
o Artificial harbour
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SEA
BREAK WATER
LAND SEA
LAND
PORT
CONFIGURATION
Natural Harbour Artificial Harbour
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Requirements of A Good Harbor
• Ship channels, natural or artificial, must have sufficient depth for
the draft of vessels.
• Land masses or breakwaters must be provided to protect against
the destructive wave action.
• The bottom should furnish secure anchorage to hold ships against
the force of high winds.
• The harbor entrance should be so wide as to permit ready passage
for shipping and so narrow as to restrict the transmission of
excessive amounts of wave energy in time of storm.
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HARBOUR LAYOUT
A harbour has the following constituent parts :
(a) An entrance channel, 100-300 m wide
(b) A turning basin, diameter 400-600 m
(c) A breakwater, which protects the harbour from waves
(d) Docks, where ships berth
BREAKWATER
SEA
ENTRANCE CHANNEL
BREAKWATER
BERTH
BERTH
DOCK
LAND BERTH BERTH BERTH BERTH LAND 15
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Harbor classification based on Utility
• Refuge harbor
• Commercial harbor
• Fishery harbor
• Military harbor
Harbor classification based on Location
• Sea or Ocean harbor
• River or estuary harbor
• Canal harbor
• Lake harbor
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GUIDING CONSIDERATIONS IN PLANNING
The following factors have a bearing on planning water transport
facilities :
(a) Availability adequate land to accommodate the facilities
now required and in the future.
(b) Availability of good port connectivity by rain and road to the
hinter land.
(c) Adequacy of channel depth to allow ships of the size expected
to enter and exit.
(d) Protection from wind and waves.
(e) Availability of stone materials nearby for building breakwaters.
(f) Assured traffic potential.
(g) Nature of cargo to be handled, whether oil, bulk dry cargo
(lime cement, coal, ores), general cargo and containers.
(h) Environmental impact on marine life. 18
PORT PLANNING METHODOLOGY
Formulation of Objectives
Collection of data on Economic Indicators
Traffic Study
Formulation of Transport Models
Selection of Policy Variable
Demand Forecast
Technology Assessment
Engineering Surveys and Investigations
Development of Alternative Plans
Economical and Financial Analysis
Selection of Best Alternatives
Implementation
Continuing Study and Updating 19
DOCK
Docks are artificial enclosures for the reception of ships.
Three types of docks are found :
(a) Harbour Docks, or Wet Docks, which are enclosed and
are sheltered basins.
(b) Repair Docks, or Dry Docks where ships are repaired.
(c) Floating Dry Docks, which are structures which can be
depressed and lifted and rendered dry for repair of ships
in the open ocean.
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JETTY
Jetty is piled projection which just out from shore or
berth vessels alongside.
It acts as a docks that projects into the water.
Vessels may use a jetty on both sides whereas wharf is
used for docking or one side only.
Jetty word is used for structure which has
characteristics both of a breakwater and of a training
wall.
The structural design of jetty is similar to that of
breakwater.
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BREAKWATER
A breakwater is an artificial structure constructed in
the sea to protect ships from the effect of waves
and storms.
Three types of breakwaters are common :
(a) Vertical sided.
(b) Rubble mound
(c) Composite, with rubble mound as foundation and
a vertical sided wall above it.
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TRANSIT SHEDS AND WAREHOUSES
• These are sheds constructed as steel frames or RCC
frames with a steel truss, with galvanized iron or
asbestos cement sheets. Transit sheds may be single or two
storied. They are constructed about 8-25 m away from the
dock wall to house a rail track, roads, and gantry cranes.
• Warehouses are constructed at a distance of 10-25 m away
from the transit sheds.
• The whole area between the dock wall and the transit shed,
and between the transit shed and warehouse is paved. A
cement concrete pavement or concrete block pavement is
long-lasting and maintenance-free.
• Good lighting and fire lighting arrangements are needed
inside transit sheds and warehouses. 23
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WAREHOUSE
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TRANSIT SHED 7M WAREHOUSE
25M
SHIP 25M 25M 25M
SPACE FOR ROAD, RAIL AND SPACE FOR ROAD
GANTRY CRANES AND RAIL
Transit Shed and Warehouse Location
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CONTAINER HANDLING GANTRY CRANES 27
NEW GENERATION WHARF CRANES
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WHARF:
A wharf is a wall built along a shoreline to receive
ships from the sea directly, for facilitating loading and
unloading.
Since sea can have tidal variation, the wharf can be
suitable only where the tidal variation is small. It is ideal
for river transport.
DOLPHINS:
Dolphins are marine structures for positioning vessels.
They are formed into a cluster of piles, which are
wrapped in a galvanized cable. They are designed to
resist the forces due to impact of ships.
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LIGHTHOUSE:
• Light houses are permanent structures located on
land or in an island or rock outcrop to warn against
dangerous promontories, points and bars. They are
specially provided at entrances to bays and harbours.
The lights are fixed or revolving. They are generally
built like a tower, designed to resist forces of wind,
wave and current. There is a main entrance door at
the bottom and a flight of winding stairs leading to
the light.
• At locations where permanent light houses cannot be
built, light ships are employed. Such ships are of
staunch constructions and need to be steady under
severe storm conditions.
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