# Examination Projection
PA
1 Hand PA Obl.
Lateral
PA
2 Finger
Lateral
AP
3 Thumb
Lateral
PA
4 Wrist
Lateral
AP
5 Forearm
Lateral
AP
6 Elbow
Lateral
AP
7 Humerus
Lateral
AP
8 Shoulder Y View
Axial
9 Clavicle AP
10 AC Joints AP
AP
11 Scapula
Lateral
AP
12 Toe
Lateral
AP
13 Foot AP Obl.
13 Foot
Lateral
AP Axial
14 Calcaneous
Lateral
AP
15 Ankle AP Mortise
Lateral
AP
16 Leg
Lateral
AP Standing
AP Supine
17 Knee Lateral
Skyline
Rosenberg
AP
18 Femur
Lateral
AP
19 Hip
Lateral
AP
20 Pelvis
AP Frog leg
PA
21 Chest AP
Lateral
AP Supine
22 Abdomen AP Erect
KUB
AP
23 Ribs PA
Obl
RAO
24 Sternum
24 Sternum
Lateral
AP Open Mouth
AP Axial
25 C Spine
Obl
Lateral
AP
26 T Spine
Lateral
AP
27 L Spine Lateral
Obl
AP
28 SI Joints
Obl
AP
29 Sacrum
Lateral
AP
30 Coccyx
Lateral
Cadwell
31 Skull
Lateral
Waters
32 Facial Bones
Lateral
33 Nasal Bones Lateral
Waters
34 Sinuses
Lateral
SID
Minimum SID = 102 cm (40 inches)
Minimum SID = 102 cm (40 inches)
Minimum SID = 102 cm (40 inches)
Minimum SID = 102 cm (40 inches)
Minimum SID = 102 cm (40 inches)
Minimum SID = 102 cm (40 inches)
Minimum SID = 102 cm (40 inches)
Minimum SID = 102 cm (40 inches)
Minimum SID = 102 cm (40 inches)
Minimum SID = 102 cm (40 inches)
Minimum SID = 102 cm (40 inches)
Minimum SID = 102 cm (40 inches)
Minimum SID = 102 cm (40 inches)
Minimum SID = 102 cm (40 inches)
Minimum SID = 102 cm (40 inches)
Minimum SID = 102 cm (40 inches)
Minimum SID = 102 cm (40 inches)
Minimum SID = 102 cm (40 inches)
Minimum SID = 102 cm (40 inches)
Minimum SID =183 cm (72 inches)
Minimum SID = 102 cm (40 inches)
Minimum SID = 102 cm (40 inches)
Minimum SID = 102 cm (40 inches)
Minimum SID = 102 cm (40 inches)
Minimum SID = 102 cm (40 inches)
Minimum SID = 102 cm (40 inches)
Minimum SID = 102 cm (40 inches)
Minimum SID = 102 cm (40 inches)
Minimum SID = 102 cm (40 inches)
Minimum SID = 102 cm (40 inches)
Minimum SID = 102 cm (40 inches)
Minimum SID = 102 cm (40 inches)
Minimum SID = 40 inches (102 cm); may increase to 44 to 48 inches (112 to 123 cm) to reduce divergence of x-ray beam and to
Minimum SID = 102 cm (40 inches)
Minimum SID = 102 cm (40 inches)
Minimum SID = 102 cm (40 inches
Minimum SID = 102 cm (40 inches)
SID = 123 to 183 cm (48 to 72 inches), increased SID reduces magnification
Minimum SID = 102 cm (40 inches)
Minimum SID = 102 cm (40 inches)
Minimum SID = 102 cm (40 inches)
Minimum SID = 102 cm (40 inches)
Minimum SID = 102 cm (40 inches)
Minimum SID = 102 cm (40 inches)
Minimum SID = 102 cm (40 inches)
Minimum SID is 183 cm (72inches)
Minimum SID is 183 cm (72inches
Minimum SID is 183 cm (72inches
Minimum SID = 102 cm (40 inches)
Minimum SID = 102 cm (40 inches)
Minimum SID = 102 cm (40 inches)
102 cm (40 inches) / 183cm (72inches)
102 cm (40 inches) / 183cm (72inches)
102 cm (40 inches) / 183cm (72inches)
Minimum SID = 102 cm (40 inches)
SID = 102 cm (40 inches) / 152 to 183 cm (60 to 70 inches)
Minimum SID = 102 cm (40 inches)
Minimum SID = 102 cm (40 inches)
SID = 152 to 183 cm (60 to 72 inches)
SID = 152 to 183 cm (60 to 72 inches)
Minimum SID = 102 cm (40 inches)
Minimum SID = 102 cm (40 inches)
Minimum SID = 102 cm (40 inches)
Minimum SID = 102 cm (40 inches)
Minimum SID = 102 cm (40 inches)
Minimum SID = 102 cm (40 inches)
Minimum SID = 102 cm (40 inches)
Minimum SID = 102 cm (40 inches)
Minimum SID = 102 cm (40 inches)
Minimum SID = 102 cm (40 inches)
Minimum SID = 102 cm (40 inches)
Minimum SID = 102 cm (40 inches)
Minimum SID = 102 cm (40 inches)
Minimum SID = 102 cm (40 inches)
Minimum SID = 102 cm (40 inches)
Minimum SID = 102 cm (40 inches)
Minimum SID = 102 cm (40 inches)
Minimum SID = 102 cm (40 inches)
CR perpendicular to IR, directed to third MCP joint
CR perpendicular to IR, directed to third MCP joint
CR perpendicular to IR, directed to second MCP joint
CR perpendicular to IR, directed to PIP joint
CR perpendicular to IR, directed to PIP joint
CR perpendicular to IR, to first MCP joint
CR perpendicular to IR, directed to first MCP joint
CR perpendicular to IR, directed to midcarpal area
CR perpendicular to IR, directed to midcarpal area
CR perpendicular to IR, directed to mid-forearm
CR perpendicular to IR, directed to mid-forearm
CR perpendicular to IR, directed to mid-elbow joint, which is approximately 2 cm (3/4 inch) distal to midpoint of a line between
CR perpendicular to IR, directed to mid-elbow joint (a point approximately 4 cm [1 1/2 inches] medial to easily palpated poster
CR perpendicular to IR, directed to midpoint of humerus
CR perpendicular to IR, centered to midpoint of humerus
CR perpendicular to IR, directed to 1 inch (2.5 cm) inferior to coracoid process
CR perpendicular to IR, directed to scapulohumeral joint (2 or 2 1/2 inches [5 or 6 cm] below top of shoulder)
CR is directed perpendicular to the axilla and the humeral head to pass through the glenohumeral joint
CR perpendicular to midclavicle
CR perpendicular to midpoint between AC joints, 1 inch (2.5 cm) above jugular notch
CR perpendicular to midscapula, 2 inches (5 cm) inferior to coracoid process, or to level of axilla, and approximately 2 inches (5
CR to midvertebral border of scapula
Angle CR 10° to 15° toward calcaneus (CR perpendicular to phalanges). If a 15° wedge is placed under the foot for parallel part-
CR perpendicular to IR. CR directed to interphalangeal joint for first digit and to proximal interphalangeal joint for second to fift
Angle CR 10° posteriorly (toward heel) with CR perpendicular to metatarsals. Direct CR to base of third metatarsal.
CR perpendicular to IR, directed to base of third metatarsal
CR perpendicular to IR, directed to medial cuneiform (at level of base of third metatarsal)
Direct CR to base of third metatarsal to emerge at a level just distal to lateral malleolus. Angle CR 40° cephalad from long axis o
CR perpendicular to IR, directed to a point 1 inch (2.5 cm) inferior to medial malleolus
CR perpendicular to IR, directed to a point midway between malleoli
CR perpendicular to IR, directed midway between malleoli
CR perpendicular to IR, directed to medial malleolus
CR perpendicular to IR, directed to midpoint of leg
CR perpendicular to IR, directed to midpoint of leg
CR is directed to midpoint between knee joints at a level 12 inch (1.25 cm) below apex of patellae
Align CR parallel to articular facets (tibial plateau); for average-size patient, CR is perpendicular to IR. Direct CR to a point 1/2 in
Direct CR to a point 1 inch (2.5 cm) distal to medial epicondyle
Direct CR to a point midway between patellae
CR is directed to midpoint between knee joints at level 12 inch (1.25 cm) below apex of patellae when a bilateral study is perfo
CR is directed to Midfemur area
CR is directed to th midpoint of femur
CR is directed to 1 to 2 inches (2.5 to 5 cm) distal to midfemoral neck (to include all of orthopedic appliance of hip, if present).
CR is directed to midfemoral neck (center of IR)
Midway between level of aSiS and the symphysis pubis
CR is directed to 3 inches (7.5 cm) below level of ASIS
Midsagittal plane at level of T7
CR to level of T7
Midthorax at level of T7
Center of IR to level of iliac crests
2 inches (5 cm) above iliac crest
Center of IR to level of iliac crests
3 or 4 inches (8 to 10cm) below jugular notch (level of T7)
(7 to 8 inches [18 to 20 cm] below vertebra prominens
Midway between lateral margin of ribs and spine
CR is directed to level of T2 to T3
Midway between the jugular notch and xiphoid process)
Direct CR through center of open mouth
Directed to the level of lower margin of thyroid cartilage to pass through C4
Directed to C4 (level of upper margin of thyroid cartilage)
CR is directed horizontally to C4 (level of upper margin of thyroid cartilage)
CR is directed to T7 (1 to 2 inches [3 to 5 cm] below sternal angle)
CR is directed to T7 (1 to 2 inches [3 to 5 cm] below sternal angle)
CR is directed to level of iliac crest (L4-L5 interspace)
CR is directed to L3 at the level of the lower costal margi
Center to level of iliac crest (L4-L5)
CR is directed to midline about 2 inches (5 cm) below level of ASIS
CR is directed 1 inch (2.5 cm) medial to upside ASIS
Direct CR 2 inches (5 cm) superior to pubic symphysis
Directed 3 to 4 inches (8 to 10 cm) posterior to ASIS
Direct CR 2 inches (5 cm) superior to symphysis pubis
3 to 4 inches (8 to 10 cm) posterior and 2 inches (5 cm) distal to ASIS
CR is center to exit at nasion
Center to a point 2 inches above eam
CR is directed to exit at acanthion
CR to zygoma, midway between outer canthus and EAM
CR is centered to 12 inch (1.25 cm) inferior to nasion
CR is directed and centered to exit at acanthion
Point midway between outer canthus and eam
ojections
Angulation
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
10° to 15° toward calcaneus
None
10° posteriorly
None
None
40° cephalad
None
None
None
None
None
None
None / 5° to 10° caudad on thin patient
None
5° to 7° cephalad for lateral recumbent projection
Caudad, 30° from horizontal (CR 30° to femora).
10° caudad
None
None / CR perpendicular to femur
None / CR is perpendicular to IR.
None
None
None
None / CR is perpendicular to IR.
Yes/+/- 5 caudad to be perpendicular to long axis of sternum.
None / CR is perpendicular to IR.
None
None / CR horizontal, to center of IR
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
15° to 20° cephalad.
15° caudad or cephalic
None
None
None
None
None
None
30° to 35° cephalad
NA / but 15° to 20° cephalad to demonstrate clearere parts
15° cephalad
None
10° caudad
None
15° caudad / 25° to 30° caudad
None
None /CR is centered to IR
None
None /CR is aligned perpendicular to IR
None /Align horizontal CR perpendicular to IR
None /Align horizontal CR perpendicular to IR
Grid (Yes/ No)
No Grid
No Grid
No Grid
No Grid
No Grid
No Grid
No Grid
No Grid
No Grid
No Grid
No Grid
No Grid
No Grid
Grid, (nongrid, detail screen for smaller patient)
Grid, (nongrid, detail screen for smaller patient)
Grid
Grid, vertical, CR to centerline
Grid (CR to centerline of grid)
Grid
Grid or nongrid (depending on size of shoulder)
Grid
Grid
No Grid
No Grid
No Grid
No Grid
No Grid
No Grid
No Grid
No Grid
No Grid
No Grid
Nongrid (unless lower leg measures >10 cm)
Nongrid (unless lower leg measures >10 cm)
Grid
Grid or Bucky, >10 cm, Nongrid, tabletop, <10 cm
Grid or Bucky, >10 cm, Nongrid, tabletop, <10 cm
Nongrid (grid is not needed because of air gap caused by increased OID
Grid
Grid
Grid
Grid
Grid
Grid
Grid
Grid
Grid
Grid
Grid
Grid
Grid
Grid
Grid
Grid
Grid
Grid
Grid
Grid
Grid / Optional
Grid / Optional
Grid
Grid
Grid
Grid
Grid
Grid
Grid
Grid
Grid
Grid
Grid
Grid
Grid
Grid
Grid
Grid
Grid
Grid
Co
Collimate on four sides to our margins of hand and wrist
Collimate on four sides to hand and wrist
Collimate on four sides to our margins of hand and wrist
Collimate on four sides to area of affected finger and distal aspect of metacarpal
Collimate on four sides to area of affected finger and distal aspect of metacarpal
Collimate on four sides to thumb area, including the first metacarpal
Collimate on four sides to thumb area, including the first metacarpal
Collimate to wrist on all four sides; include distal radius and ulna and midmetacarpal area
Collimate on four sides, including distal radius and ulna and metacarpal area
Collimate lateral borders to actual forearm area with minimal collimation at both ends to avoid cutting off anatomy at either jo
included on IR.
Collimate both lateral borders to the actual forearm area. Also, collimate at both ends to avoid cutting off anatomy at either joi
Collimate on four sides to area of interest.
Collimate on four sides to area of interest.
Collimate on sides to soft tissue borders of humerus and shoulder. (Lower margin of collimation field should include the elbow
Collimate on four sides to soft tissue border of humerus, ensuring that all of shoulder and elbow joints are included.
Collimate on four sides, with lateral and upper borders adjusted to soft tissue margins.
Collimate on four sides to area of interest.
Collimate closely on four sides.
Collimate to area of clavicle. (Ensure that both AC and sternoclavicular joints are included.)
Collimate with a long, narrow light field to area of interest; upper light border should be to upper shoulder soft tissue margins.
Closely collimate on four sides to area of scapula.
Closely collimate to area of scapula
Collimate on four sides to area of interest. On side margins, include a minimum of at least part of one digit on each side of the
Collimate closely on four sides to affected digit.
Collimate to outer margins of foot on four sides.
Collimate to outer margins of skin on four sides.
Collimate to the outer skin margins of the foot to include about 1 inch (2 to 3 cm) proximal to ankle joint.
Collimate closely to region of calcaneus.
Collimate to outer skin margins to include ankle joint proximally and entire calcaneus.
Collimate to lateral skin margins; include proximal one-half of metatarsals and distal tibia-fibula.
Collimate to lateral skin margins, including proximal metatarsals and distal tibia-fibula.
Collimate to include distal tibia and fibula to midmetatarsal area.
Collimate on both sides to skin margins, with full collimation at ends of IR borders to include maximum knee and ankle joints.
Collimate on both sides to skin margins, with full collimation at ends to include maximum knee and ankle joints.
Collimate to bilateral knee joint region, including some distal femurs and proximal tibia for alignment purposes.
Collimate on both sides to skin margins at ends to IR borders.
Collimate on both sides to skin margins, with full collimation at ends to IR borders to include maximum femur, tibia, and fibula.
Collimate tightly on all sides to patellae.
Collimate to bilateral knee joint region, including some distal femurs and proximal tibia for alignment purposes.
Collimate closely on both sides to femur with end collimation to film borders. Include both joints.
Collimate closely on both sides to femur with end collimation to film borders. Include both joints.
Collimate on four sides to anatomy of interest.
Collimate on four sides to anatomy of interest.
Collimate on four sides to anatomy of interest.
Collimate on four sides to anatomy of interest.
Collimate on four sides to area of lung fields.
Collimate on four sides to area of lung fields.
Collimate on four sides to area of lung fields (top border of light field to level of vertebra prominens).
35 × 43 cm (14 × 17 inches), field of view or collimate on four sides to anatomy of interest.
Field of view or collimate on four sides to anatomy of interest /Must include upper abdomen
35 × 43 cm (14 × 17 inches), field of view or collimate on four sides to anatomy of interest.
Collimation Collimate to region of interest.
Collimation Collimate to region of interest.
Collimation Collimate to region of interest.
Collimate to region of sternoclavicular joints.
Long, narrow collimation field, to region of sternum.
Collimate tightly on four sides to anatomy of interest.
Collimate on four sides to anatomy of interest.
Collimate on four sides to anatomy of interest.
Collimate on four sides to anatomy of interest.
Collimate on two sides of anatomy (four sides if possible).
Collimate on two sides of anatomy (four sides if possible).
Collimate on four sides to anatomy of interest.
Collimate on four sides to anatomy of interest.
Collimate on four sides to anatomy of interest.
Collimate on four sides to anatomy of interest.
Collimate on four sides to anatomy of interest.
Collimate on four sides to anatomy of interest.
Collimate on four sides to anatomy of interest.
Collimate on four sides to anatomy of interest.
Collimate on four sides to anatomy of interest.
Collimate on four sides to anatomy of interest.
Collimate on four sides to anatomy of interest.
Collimate on four sides to anatomy of interest.
Collimate on four sides to anatomy of interest.
Collimate on all sides to within 2 inches (5 cm) of nasal bone.
Collimate on four sides to anatomy of interest.
Collimate on four sides to anatomy of interest.
w joints is included on IR.
