Panchayat Raj Institutions in implementation of Rural

Development Programmes

Democracy: Demos means the people and kratos meaning authority. It is the
government by the people, for the people and to the people.

Decentralization: Means distribution of functions and powers from a central

authority to regional and local authorities.

This is popularly known as Panchayat Raj in India

The 73rd Constitutional Amendment:

The 73rd Amendment 1992 added a new Part IX to the constitution titled
“The Panchayats” covering provisions from Article 243 to 243(O); and a new
Eleventh Schedule covering 29 subjects within the functions of the Panchayats.
The passage of the Constitution (7311 Amendment) Act, 1992 marks a
new era in the federal democratic set up of the country and provides
Constitutional status to the Panchayati Raj Institutions . The Act which came
into force on 24 April, 1993 stipulates that Panchayats shall be given powers
and authority to function as institutions of self-government.

Salient features of the Act :

 The gram sabha/village panchayat assembly as a deliberate body to

decentralized governance.
 A 3-tier system of Panchayati Raj for all States having a population of over
20 lakhs.
 All the seats in panchayat filled by election.
 Regular Panchayat elections every 5 years.
 Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes in proportion
to their population and not less than 113 seats for women
 State Finance Commission to make recommendations on financial powers
of the Panchayats.
 To promote bottom up planning, the DPC in every district.
 Independent State Election Commissions.
 Indicative list of 29 items has been given by 11th schedule of constitution.
Powers and responsibilities of Panchayats:
 Preparation of plan for economic development and social justice.
 Implementation of schemes and rural development programmes for economic
development and social justice in relation to 29 subjects given in Eleventh
Schedule of the Constitution.
 To levy, collect and appropriate taxes, duties, tolls and fees.

The panchayats receive funds from three sources – (i) local body
grants, as recommended by the Central Finance Commission, (ii) funds for
implementation of centrally-sponsored schemes, and (iii) funds released by the
state governments on the recommendations of the State Finance Commissions.

Panchayati Raj is a system of governance in which gram panchayats are

the basic units of administration. It has 3 levels: village, block and district. At
the village level, it is called a Panchayat, at the taluk level it is Taluk Panchayat
and at district level it is Zilla Panchayat.

Village Panchayat

. It is the lowest tier of panchayat raj system. It is a local body working for
the good of the village. The number of members usually ranges from 7 to 31;
occasionally, groups are larger, but they never have fewer than 7 members.

Gram sabha

Gram sabha is constituted by all members of a village over the age of 18

years.The Gram Sabha elects the Gram Panchayat a council of elected members
taking decisions on issues key to a village's social, cultural and economic life:
thus, a Gram Panchayat is also a village's body of elected representatives. The
council leader is named Sarpanch in Hindi, and each member is a Gram
Panchayat Sadasya or Panch. The panchayat acts as a conduit between the
local government and the people. Decisions are taken by a majority
vote (Bahumat). It is said that in such a system, each villager can voice his
opinion in the governance of his village. Decisions are taken without lengthy
legal procedures and the process remains for the most part transparent.
Panchayat is an ancient Indian word that means Five Persons ( Headman ).

18 + enrolled in voters list – member of gram sabha.

Elected member – Member of Gram/Village panchayat.
 4 gram sabha meetings – 26th January, 1st May, 1st August, 2nd October.
Sources of revenue:
1. Tax revenue
2. Non tax revenue
3. Assigned and shared revenue.
4. Grants – Central finance committee Grant, State finance committee
grant, development grants under centrally sponsored and state
project.

Taluka Panchayat

Taluk Panchayat is a local government body at the tehsil or Taluka level

in India. It works for the villages of the Tehsil or Taluka that together are called
a Development Block. Itis the link between the Gram Panchayat and the district
administration. There are a number of variations of this institution in various
states. It is known as Mandal Praja Parishad in Andhra Pradesh, Taluka
panchayat in Gujarat.

Constitution

It is composed of ex-officio members (all sarpanchas of the area, the MPs

and MLAs of the area and the SDO of the subdivision), coopted members
(representatives of SC/ST and women), associate members (a farmer of the area,
a representative of the cooperative societies and one of the marketing services)
and some elected members.

The Taluk Panchayat is elected for 5 years and is headed by the chairman
and the deputy chairman. The common departments in the General
administration are: Finance, Public works, Agriculture, Health, Education,
Social welfare, Information Technology and others. A government appointed
officer is the executive officer to the taluk panchayat and the chief of its
administration.

Functions
 Implement schemes for the development of agriculture.
 Establishment of primary health centres and primary schools.
 Supply of drinking water, drainage, construction/repair of roads.
 Development of cottage and small-scale industries and opening of cooperative
societies.
 Establishment of youth organisations.
Sources of income

The main sources of income of the Taluka panchayat are grants-in-aid

and loans from the State Government.

Standing committees:

1. General standing committee

2. Finance and Audit.

3. Social justice.

Zilla Panchayat

Zilla Panchayat looks after the administration of the rural area of the
district and its office is located at the district headquarters. It is headed by the
"District Collector" or the "District Magistrate" or the "Deputy Commissioner". It
is the link between the state government and the taluk panchayats.

Constitution

Members of the Zilla Panchayat are elected from the district on the basis
of adult franchise for a term of five years. Zilla Panchayat has minimum of 50
and maximum of 75 members. There are seats reserved for Scheduled Castes,
Scheduled Tribes, backward classes and women. The Chairmen of all the
Taluka Panchayat form the members of Zilla Panchayat. It is headed by a
President and a Vice-President.

Functions

1. Provide essential services and facilities to the rural population and the
planning and execution of he development programmes for the district.

2. Supply improved seeds to farmers. Inform them of new techniques of training.

Undertake construction of small-scale irrigation projects and percolation
tanks. Maintain pastures and grazing lands.

3. Set up and run schools in villages. Execute programmes for adult literacy.
Run libraries.

4. Start Primary Health Centers and hospitals in villages. Start mobile hospitals
for hamlets, vaccination drives against epidemics and family welfare
campaigns.
5. Construct bridges and roads.

6. Execute plans for the development of the scheduled castes and tribes. Run
ashram shalas for adivasi children. Set up free hostels for scheduled caste
students.

7. Encourage entrepreneurs to start small-scale industries like cottage

industries, handicraft, agriculture produce processing mills, dairy farms, etc.
implement rural employment schemes.

8. They construct roads, schools, & public properties. And they take care of the
public properties.

9. They even supply work for the poor people.(tribes, scheduled caste, lower
caste)

Sources of income:
1. Taxes on water, pilgrimage, market etc.
2. Fixed grants from the state government.
Committees:
1. General Standing committee
2. Planning and production.
3. Cooperation and industries.
4. Education
5. Womens welfare
6. Social welfare
7. Communication.
8. Taxation and finance.
Organizational set up of Panchayat Raj System in India:
Official Elected
Zilla Panchayat District Collector Zilla Pramuch
Taluka Panchayat BDO/TDO Taluka Pramukh
Village Panchayat Panchayat Secretary Sarpanch
Kisan Call Centre
Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture,
Govt. of India launched KCC’s on 21st January 2004 to deliver extension
services to farmer community.
To response issues raised by farmers in the local language. There are
call centres for all states.
History
Farmer call centre started in A.P on 1st July 2003. Government of A.P
launched Parishkaram (solution to problems) call centre with agriculture
services as pilot project with expert scientists of N.G. Ranga Agricultural
University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad.
Objectives
1. To harness/disseminate the knowledge in the field of Agriculture.
2. Provide an enabled dynamic encyclopaedia for use by farmers.
3. To create an agricultural information databases of farmers.
4. To provide an opportunity in the transformation of Indian agriculture
to a sustainable one.
5. To trap traditional knowledge system and then applicability in the
farmers field.
Features of KCC
1. Information to farmers in local language.
2. Country/Nation wise common toll free number 1800-180-1551.
3. Round the year service all days in a year 6 am to 10 pm.
4. Call conferencing services with experts.
5. Coverage – Pan India, including all mobile numbers.
Operative mechanism of KCC
Level I – Agricultural graduates

Level II – Subject Matter Specialists

Level III – Nodal Officers (SAU’s)

Three levels of KCC:
Level I – 6.00 am to 9.00 pm (on gazetted holiday)
Level II – 9.00 am to 6.00 pm (All working days during office hours)
SMS’s at Research stations, ATIC, KVK’s, Agriculture college)
Level III – The Management group
KCC in Gujarat:
Level I – 12
Level II – 48
Level III – 02
Total 62 individuals/officers

In order to harness the potential of ICT in Agriculture, Ministry of

Agriculture launched the scheme "Kisan Call Centres (KCCs)" on January 21,
2004. Main aim of the project is to answer farmers' queries on a telephone
call in their own dialect. These call Centres are working in 14 different
locations covering all the States and UTs. A countrywide common eleven
digit Toll Free number 1800-180-1551 has been allotted for Kisan Call
Centre. This number is accessible through mobile phones and landlines of
all telecom networks including private service providers. Replies to the
farmers' queries are given in 22 local languages.
Call center services are available from 6.00 am to 10.00 pm on all
seven days of the week at each KCC location. Kisan Call Centre agents
known as Farm Tele Advisor(FTAs), are graduates or above (i.e. PG or
Doctorate) in Agriculture or allied (Horticulture, Animal Husbandry,
Fisheries, Poultry, Bee-keeping, Sericulture, Aquaculture, Agricultural
Engineering, Agricultural Marketing, Bio-technology, Home Science etc. and
possess excellent communication skills in respective local language.
Queries which cannot be answered by Farm Tele Advisor(FTAs) are
transferred to higher level experts in a call conferencing mode. These experts
are subject matter specialists of State Agriculture Departments, ICAR and
State Agricultural Universities.
A Kisan Knowledge Management System (KKMS) to facilitate correct,
consistent and quick replies to the queries of farmers and capture all the
details of their calls, has been developed . Kisan Knowledge Management
System (KKMS) has its independent web site http://dackkms.gov.in . The
Kisan Call Centre (KCC) Agents working at various KCC locations
throughout the country have access to this web site through their specific
ID's & Pass-Word provided to them.

The major topics handled by KCC experts

1. Disease and pest control for different crops grown in the region.
2. Good agricultural practices, livestock management, fishery etc.
3. Best practices in agriculture in the state as well as of other states.
4. Crop related information in agriculture, horticulture, animal
husbandry aromatic plants, spices, plantation crops, cash crops, etc.
5. Vermi-compost, organic farming, including organic plant protection,
etc.
6. Information on HYV seeds and nutrient management for different crops,
7. Market related information for different crops in the state.
8. Farmer support programmes which are being implemented by the
government and
9. Agriculture related information that impacts farmers, farming practices,
etc.
Rural Development Programme:
Rural development traces back its history to the 17th century. A
religious society of people known as “Friends” or “Quackers” has emerged as
a movement in this direction for first time in England and then in other parts
of the world. The Quakers were a kind of rebel. Quaker movement in the mid
of 17th century emphasizes that every human has an infinite dignity.
The Quaker constituted the international group, functioning as a
global level. They devoted themselves to alleviation of human miseries,
resulting from war, natural calamities, famines, earthquakes. The rural
development first started in India by Rachel Metcalfe. She left England in
1866 and came to India with meagre resources and with no previous
arrangements for launching a project of social reconstruction. In last quarter
of the nineteenth Century, a few more quakers arrived in India to actively
participate in reconstruction of the society. But the unfortunate part was
that the famines of 1895-96 and 1899-1900 converted these Quakers into
simple relief workers.
First attempt to Rural development in India made in 1885 with
objective of bringing immediate relief and development of rural areas in
Baroda. In 1922, the Swaraj Ashram was established in Baroda by Mr.
Maganlal Gandhi.
Meaning, Concept and Objectives of Rural Development:
Rural refers emphatically to population living in the area of low
density and to small settlements or rural includes persons living outside
urban areas and in farms.
Development refers growth or maturation. It implies gradual and
sequential developmental phase of change.
Concept of Rural development:
1. As a concept – development of rural areas.
2. As a phenomenon – Interaction between institutional factors.
3. As a strategy – Approach to bring positive change in rural life.

Rural development Definition:

Rural development is defined as a dynamic process of development of
rural people through various programmes and projects.
 According to World Bank rural development is a strategy designed to
improve the economic and social life of a specific group of people by
extending the benefits of development to the poorest among those who seek
livelihood in the rural areas.

According to Finance Ministry rural development is systematic and

integrated use of national resources enabling every person to engage himself
in production and social useful occupation and earn income that will meet at
least the basic needs.
According to National Commission on Agriculture rural
development means development of an area and the people through
optimum development and utilization of local resources by bringing about
necessary institutions, structures and attitudinal changes and by delivering
package of services to improve all fields of the rural poor and rural weak.
The term rural development connotes overall development of rural
areas with a view to improve the quality of life of rural people.

Objectives of rural development:

1. To achieve enhanced production and productivity in rural area.
2. To bring about a greater socio-conomic equity.
3. To bring about a spatial balance in social and economic development.
4. Improvement in the economic environment, conducive to growth and
happiness.
5. To develop broad based community participation in the process of
development.
Components of rural development:
1. Seeks to transform all the sectors of rural economy i.e, the primary,
secondary and tertiary sectors.
2. Concerned with the improvement of the standard of living of the
ruralities through health and medical facilities, employment
opportunities and including vocational training, educational facilities
etc.
3. It brings about significant improvement in socio-economic conditions
of the scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, the landless agricultural
labours and the marginal and small farmers.
Essential aspects of rural development:
1. A development is possible through use of better seeds, adequate
fertilizers, manures and pesticides, adequate supply of water and
effective implementation of land reform measures.
2. By effecting changes in the socio-economic institutions, rural
development seeks to change the socio-economic structure of the rural
community.
3. The effectiveness of the rural development programme necessitates
political non-interference. The persons associated with the
programmes should be given adequate freedom to carry out their plans
and programmes with undivided attention.
4. The success of the rural development programmes depends on the co-
operative orientation and attitude among the ruralites.
5. Rural development programme demand the active participation of
ruralites/rural people.
Scope and Importance of rural development:
Rural development is a dynamic process, which is concerned with the
rural areas. These include –
Agricultural growth, putting up of economic and social infrastructure,
fair wages as also housing and house sites for the landless, village planning,
public health, education and functional literacy, communication etc.
Rural development is an national necessity and has considerable
importance in India.
The rural development in India is needed:
1. To develop rural area as a whole in terms of society, culture, economy,
technology and health.
2. To develop living standard of rural mass.
3. To develop rural youth, children and women.
4. To develop and empower human resource of rural area in terms of
their psychology , skill, knowledge, attitude and other abilities.
5. To solve the problems faced by the rural mass for their development.
6. To develop infrastructure facility of rural area.
7. To provide minimum facility to rural mass in terms of drinking water,
education, transport, electricity and communication.
 8. To develop rural institutions like panchayats, cooperatives, post,
banking and credit.
9. To develop rural industries through the development of handicrafts,
small scale industries, village industries, rural crafts, cottage
industries and other related economic operations in the rural area.
10 . To develop agriculture, animal husbandry and other agriculture
related areas.
11 . To restore uncultivated land, provide irrigation facilities and motivate
farmers to adopt improved seed, fertilizers, package of practices of crop
cultivation and and soil conversation methods.
12 . To develop entertainment and recreational facility to rural mass.
13 . To develop leadership quality of rural area.
14 . To develop rural marketing facility.
15 . To minimize gap between the urban and rural in terms of facilities
availed.
16 . To improve rural people’s participation in the development of state
and nation as a whole.
17 . To improve scopes of employment for rural mass.
18 . For the sustainable development or rural area.
19 . To eliminate rural poverty.
20 . To empower them.
Problems in rural development:
(A) People related:
1. Traditionalism in thinking.
2. Poor awareness/no understanding.
3. Low level of education.
4. Deprived psychology and scientific orientation.
5. Lack of confidence.
6. Existence of unfelt needs.
7. Personal ego.
(B) Agriculture related problems:
1. Lack of expert awareness or knowledge or skill or attitude towards
newer innovations.
2. Unavailability of inputs on time.
3. Reward less mind setting of farmers.
4. Insufficient extension and experts staff.
5. Multi dimensional tasks to extension personnel.
6. Small size of land holdings.
7. Land fragmentation.
8. Unwillingness to work and stay in rural areas.
9. Lack of perceived attributes in Agricultural innovations.
(C) Infrastructure related problems:
Water, electricity, transport, educational institutions, communication,
health, employment, storage facility.
(D) Economic problems:
1. High cost of technology.
2. High cost of inputs.
3. Underprivileged rural industries.
(E) Social and cultural problems/Leadership related problems:
1. Leadership among the hands of inactive and incompetent people.
2. Self interest of leaders.
3. Biased political will.
(F) Administrative problems:
1. Political interference.
2. Lack of motivation and interest.
3. Unwilling to work in villages.
4. Improper utilization of budget.
5. No proper monitoring of programmes and lack in their implementation.
 AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SYSTEMS Training & Visit System (1979)
It was felt that sustained high levels of agricultural production and
incomes could not be possible without an effective agricultural extension
service supported by agricultural research that is relevant to farmers' needs.
With this concept Daniel Benor, the World Bank expert developed the
Training and Visit (T and V) system for extension services to a wide range of
agricultural and administrative environments in developing countries.
In Tamil Nadu this system was introduces as a pilot project in Madurai
district and Sivagangai divisions of the then Ramnad district on 1.4.1980.
This system was extended to all the districts of the state from 1.9.81. This
scheme was aided by World Bank.
Objective
The purpose of T and V system of agricultural extension is to build a
professional extension service that will be capable of assisting farmers to
raise production and increase their incomes and of providing appropriate
support for agricultural development. A key means to this end is the creation
of a dynamic link between farmers, professional workers, and researchers.
Some of the key features are outlined below. Salient Features
Professionalism
Appropriate advice would help farmers to increase their income. This
would come from an extension service that is professional at all levels.
Extension staff must keep in close touch with relevant scientific
developments and research in order to formulate specific recommendations.
This can be achieved only if each extension worker is fully and continously
trained. The T and V system fulfills this requirement.
Single line of Command
The extension service must be under single line of technical and
administrative command ie., under the Department of Agriculture. However,
support is required from teaching and research institutions, input supply
and other agricultural support organisations and local government bodies,
but all extension workers should be responsible administratively and
technically to a unit within only one department.
Concentration of Effort
Only by concentrating on the tasks at hand the impact of extension
become visible and progress can be sustained. All staff of the department will
only work on agricultural extension.
Non-extension activities like supply of inputs, data collection, etc., will
dilute the concentration of effort. These supporting activities are , of course,
important to agriculture, but are the responsibility of other specialist staff
who are trained and work full time in these fields.
Time-bound work
Messages and skills must be taught to farmers in a regular, timely
fashion, so that farmers will make best use of the resources at their
command. Subjects for two fortnights are learned by the Subject Matter
Specialist (SMS) at monthly zonal workshops. These recommendations are
then presented to VEWs at the two fortnightly training sessions. VEW visit
his farmers regularly on a fixed day once in a fortnight and teach the
messages and skills.
Field and Farmer Orientation
To serve farmers effectively, an extension service must be in contact
with them. This contact must be regular and on a schedule known to
farmers. Under this system, farmers served by a VEW are divided into
groups; each group is visited on a fixed day once in every two weeks by the
VEW. All other extension workers, including SMS, are to spend a large apart
of their time in farmer's field.
Regular and Continuous Training
Regular and continuous training of extension staff is required both to
teach, and discuss with them. The training sessions ie., fortnightly training
and monthly workshops are key means of bringing actual farmers problems
to the attention of research.
Linkage with Research
Effective extension depends on close linkages with research. Linkages
are two-ways. Problems faced by farmers that can not be solved by extension
workers are passed on to researchers for an immediate solution or
investigation. The joint effort of research and extension staff help to
formulate production recommendation.
Working Pattern
T and V system was introduced in 1974 in Rajasthan Canal areas in
Rajasthan and Chambal Area in Madhya Pradesh. Then 13 states introduced
this system. All the States extended this system in 1985.
Organisation Pattern (Administrative
Structures) Training Pattern
The monthly zonal workshop is the main venue of inservice training for
SMS and of regular contact between extension and research workers. The
chief means of continuously upgrading and updating the professional skills
of VEWs and AO s is the fortnightly training sessions.
Pre-Seasonal Trainings++
Before the commencement of Kharif and Rabi seasons, pre-season
trainings are conducted every year at research stations. The latest
techniques pertaining to the season are passed on to the extension
functionaries in this training programme.

Monthly Zonal Workshop (MZW): This MZW is held for two days to build up
the technical skills of SMS regularly in the field of their specialisation. The
objective of this MZW is to cover six basic activities:
1. to review the rate of adoption of recommended practices by farmers, and
the problems in adoption of recommended practices;
2. to note the difficulties faced by SMS in presenting and explaining
recommendations;
3. to formulate and discuss recommended practices for major crops for the
ensuing two fortnights;
4. to review the climatic, input and marketing situations of the area that
may affect the adaption of recommended practices;
5. in the practical and field sessions, train SMS to carry out recommended
practices themselves; and
6. to discuss the progress and results of the farm trials.
Monthly Workshops should be held at research station that is
conveniently located in the district from which participants are drawn. It is
held for two days. The day of MZW should not be the days of fortnightly
training sessions at sub-division level. Two full days are recommended for
the workshop to discuss carefully the topics presented and their own work
experiences, reviews current field problems, finalise recommendation, etc.
The maximum number of participants should be about thirty-five.
The participants are from extension service and university scientists.
The participating extension staff would by the ADAs, SMS at the district and
divisional level (taluk). The JDA will be the coordinator and he is responsible
for overall effective planning of the workshop. The trainers will be
researchers from SAUs and research station who are thoroughly conversant
with local crops and technology as well as an experienced person working on
major crops of the area. Guest trainers can also be included.
The MZW comes out with recommendations for the next two fortnights.
SMS will teach these recommendations to Aos and AAOs in fortnightly
training session.
Fortnightly Training
All Village Extension Workers (VEWs or AAOs) and Agricultural
Officers (Aos) participate in one-full day training for each fortnight. This is
the chief means of continuously upgrading the professional skills of
extension workers and of infusing them with confidence to meet farmers.
With an effective training the extension workers learn the specific
recommendation that will be discussed with farmers over the coming
fortnight. Without these recommendations, their visits are likely to be
generalised and undirected and, therefore, of little use to farmers.
Fortnightly training sessions have two main objectives: one is to present
specific recommended practices for the coming fortnight to the AO s and
AAOs. The other objective is to act as a link between field level extension
staff and research via SMS. This session is also used for regulating the input
supplies.
This session can be held in research station, department farms or
farmers field depending on the facilities available. AO s and AAOs must learn
and practice the skills involved in the recommended technologies. Materials
and equipments needed for teaching should be brought to the training site
for each sessions.
Visit Schedules
Contact Farmers
Frequent contact between a Village Extension Worker (VEW) or AAO
and all farmers in his area is not possible. Therefore visit of VEW focuses on
a small, selected number of farmers called 'contact farmers' in each farmers'
group and along with any other farmers who are willing and interested to
attend his visit and seek his advises. The contact farmers, normally,
constitute about 10 per cent. These contact farmers are selected by VEW
based on the following characteristics: they should represent proportionately
to main socio-economic and farming conditions of their group and regarded
by other farmers as able and worthy of imitation; they should be practicing
farmers; they should be willing to adopt the recommendations in their land
and allow other farmers to observe the practices and explain the practices to
them; as far as size and composition of farmers' groups, they must come
from different families; and their farms should be dispersed throughout the
group area.
Purpose of Visit
VEW's field visits have two chief purposes. One purpose; which is
primary, is to advise and teach farmers and encourage them to adopt
improved agricultural technology that is relevant to their resources and
skills; the second purpose is to enable extension staff and through them,
researchers to be closely and continuously acquainted with farm conditions
and problems so that production recommendations and agricultural
research are relevant to actual farmers' needs. On field visits, all extension
workers should listen as much as they talk.
Formation of circles
First step to organise visit schedule of VEW is to define the circle of his
operation. The circle should be a compact and continuous area. Each VEW
is responsible for a manageable number of farm families. The number of
farm families per VEW may range from 300 to 1500 depending on the actual
field situations. Under the present conditions of Tamil Nadu a VEW may
cover effectively 800 to 1000 farm families. The criteria fixed in hilly tracts is
1:250 farm families; 1:400 farm families in irrigated areas and 1:800 farm
families in dry areas.
Scheduling Visits
Once VEW circles are established and contact farmers identified the
visit can be scheduled easily. His circle is divided into eight groups. VEW
visits each group in his circle for a full day once in a fortnight. With a fixed
schedule for visiting a particular group, farmers will expect the VEW on the
specific day at the established time. A typical schedule of VEW is given
below:
Fortnight I Fortnight II
I week II week I week II week
MONDAY G1 G5 G1 G5
TUESDAY G2 G6 G2 G6
WEDNESDAY G3 G7 G3 G7
THURSDAY G4 G8 G4 G8
FRIDAY Depot review FT Depot review FT
SATURDAY HOLIDAY HOLIDAY HOLIDAY HOLIDAY
SUNDAY HOLIDAY HOLIDAY HOLIDAY HOLIDAY
The visit schedule is the same for all fortnights. Alternative Fridays are
used for fortnightly training. The remaining two Fridays are used by the
VEW for depot review and to meet SMS and discuss with them, or to meet
AO and appraise the progress or to make extra visits in case if he has missed
any visit due to illness and so on. All the farmers in the circle must be fully
aware of the day, time, place and purpose of the VEW visit.
Conduct of Visits
Visits should be field oriented. Most of the farmers who meet VEW
should meet him in their fields. The time of the visit should be the time when
farmers are in their fields. In Tamil Nadu, VEW makes field visits in the
forenoon and meets as many farmers as possible and in the afternoon he
makes himself available in a common place in the village so that farmers
who want to discuss with him can do so.
Demerits of T & V System
1. The approach was too staff-intensive, some states faced difficulty t
provide such a large number of staff members.
2. The emphasis was only on the development of agriculture, thus,
neglecting other enterprises and aspects of family and rural development.
In States having separate Directorates of Horticulture, Social
Conservation etc., flow of information to the farmers relating to these
disciplines was scanty
3. The approach is mainly confined to the farmers. The youth and farm
women were almost neglected.
4. There was a problem of coordination with the research institutions and
supply agencies.
5. The system was more suitable to the institutions where the process of
development was just started. It has less relevance to the developed areas.
6. Information for the farmers in many cases were of routine type, which
made sustenance of their interest in the programme difficult.
7. In training, emphasis was on technology and very little on extension
methods, management techniques etc., which are also needed.
8. Emphasis was on personal contact of the extension worker with a few
selected farmers, to the exclusion of almost all other extension methods
and aids.
9. The existing village leadership and village institutions have been
neglected.
10. Inadequate linkage with first-line extension programmes of the ICAR and
Agricultural Universities.
Broad Based Extension System ( BBE )
(Introduced under Tamil Nadu Agricultural Development Project -
TNADP)
This system has been introduced in Tamil Nadu State from 1.4.1991.
Government of Tamil Nadu has entered into an agreement with World Bank
through Government of India for implementing the project for seven years
from 1991.
Need for Broad Based System
The Training and Visit system recognised the farm family approach
rather than 'crop approach' and 'area approach'. In irrigated areas the village
extension workers have full time job because the agricultural crops occupy
9-10 months in a year. In dryland the village extension workers do not have
full time opportunities since the crops occupy 4-6 months. The messages
delivered to the farmers were crop oriented and less importance was given to
allied activities.
How broad based extension is an important over T & V System?
This system aims at rectifying the defects. Role of subject matter
specialist is amplified and they are invited to formulate messages suitable to
their land based activities. The village extension workers will have full time
job by offering messages during lean season. The concept of broad based
education lies in formulating and delivering composite messages to the
farmers to meet the needs of their full agricultural environment.
Principles of broad based extension
1. Adoption of an integrated farming systems approach for the generation of
relevant composite messages.
2. Broadening the range of subjects from agricultural crops to all allied
subjects.
3. Improvement of the effective communication of the farming community.
4. Introduction of resource based planning down to sub-division level.
5. Encourages participation of non-governmental organisation in all
agricultural extension activities.
Objectives of the broad-based extension
1. To increase the farm income.
2. To solve problems of the farming community.
3. To make extension system more cost effective.
4. To upgrade the quality of the extension workers.
5. To popularise integrated farming system approach.
Scope of the broad based extension system
The activities of all land based departments will be unified in the long
run. Duplication of efforts and unhealthy competitions will be avoided.
Agricultural department offers full support to the activities of all the line
departments.
Methodology: Broad based extension system help the farmers in getting
multiple message needed to improve their overall economy besides helping to
grow agricultural crops. Thus, the farmers are encouraged in sericultural
activities, growing good fodders, animal husbandry activities and growing
fish in the farm ponds etc. These activities enable the farm community to get
extra income.
Need for the broad-based extension:
This system was formed to encourage the activities of the farmers.
Different departments compete with one another and they have proposed to
increase the staff component to contact as many farmers as possible. World
Bank and Government of India thought to utilise the well established
extension agency and bringing all extension and land based activities
together.
Role of Subject Matter Specialist:
District level subject matter specialists were positioned under the T &
V system. They were SMS agronomy, SMS plant protection, SMS information
and training and SMS training and visit. One additional SMS is responsible
for the activities of oilseeds, horticulture etc., SMS have to expand their
horizon. For instance SMS agronomy has to expand his activities to areas
like mulbery cultivaition, fruit trees, fodder cultivation etc. In areas where
SMS is not available trainers from that particular department will act as
SMS in that particular department will act as SMS in that particular subject.
Organisational set up:
The extension system created under T & V system will be maintained.
The VEW, AO, Taluk level SMS, District level SMS will be operating. There
will be only marginal changes in the strength of field functionaries. The ratio
of one VEW to farm families will be brought down and thus there will be
marginal increase of VEW.
Operational guidelines:
The monthly zonal workshop, fortnightly training, and fixed
programme of field visits will be continued without any change. In the
monthly zonal workshop SMS will help to formulate messages which are
location specific.
 Rural and Agricultural Development efforts in India
Pre- Independence Era
Department of Agriculture came Govt. of India June 1871
into existence
Rutal Reconstruction scheme in Sir Daniel Hamilton 1903
Sundarban (Bengal)
IARI of Pusa (Bihar) Govt. of India 1905
First Agriculture College of India at Krishi Vidyapeeth 1907
Pune (Maharashtra) Rahuri
Sriniketan Project Rabindranath Tagore 1921
Morthendam Project Dr. Spencer Hatch 1921
Sevagram Attempt M.K. Gandhi 1921
Gurgaon Attempt F.L. Brayne 1927
Royal Commission Govt. of India 1928
Indian Council of Agricultural Govt. of India 1929
Research (ICAR)
Baroda Village Reconstruction B.T. Krishnamchari 1932
Project
ICAR of New Delhi Govt. of India 1935
Reserve Bank of India (RBI) Govt. of India 1935
Indian Village Scheme (IVS) Arthor T. Mosher 1945
Independence Era
Grow More Food Campaign Govt. of India 1947
(GMFC)
Etwah Pilot Project Albert Mayer 1948
Nilokheri Project S.K. Dey 1948
Firka Development Scheme Madras Govt. 1946-47
Planning Commission Govt. of India 15 March,
1950
Reproduction and Child Health Govt. of India 1951
Programme
Bhoodan Movement Vinoba Bhave 1952
Community Development Govt. of India Oct 2, 1952
Project (CDP)
Key Village Scheme (KVS) Govt. of India 1952
National Extension Service Govt. of India Oct 2, 1953
Central Social Welfare Board Govt. of India 1953
(CSWB)
Hill Cattle Development ICAR 1955
Programme (HCDP)
Krishi Gyan Kendra (KGK) ICAR 1955
Khadi and Village Industries Govt. of India 1957
Commission (KVIC)
Village Housing Scheme (VHS) Govt. of India 1957
Multipurpose Tribal Development Govt. of India 1958
Block Programme
Panchayat Raj System Govt. of India Oct 2, 1959
First Agricultural University of the Govt. of India 1960
country at Pantnagar (UP)
Intensive Agricultural District Govt. of India 1960-61
Programme (IADP)/Package
programme
Intensive Applied Nutrition Govt. of India 1964
Programme (IANP)
Intensive Cattle Development Govt. of India 1964-65
Programme
National Demonstration Project ICAR 1964-65
Agricultural Price Commission Govt. of India 1965
National Dairy Development Board Govt. of India 1965
High Yielding Variety (HYV) Govt. of India 1965-66
Programme
Well Construction Programme Govt. of India 1966
Green Revolution Govt. of India 1966
Multiple Cropping System Govt. of India 1966-67
Farmer Training and Education Govt. of India 1966-67
Programme
Farmer Training and Education Govt. of India 1966-67
Centre
Rural Work Programme Govt. of India 1967
Tribal Development Block Govt. of India 1968
Rural Manpower Programme Govt. of India 1969
State Farmers Corporation of India Govt. of India 1969
Short Stay Home for Women and Govt. of India 1969
Girls
Nationalization of Four Banks Govt. of India 1969
Rural Electrification Corporation Govt. of India 1969
Operation Flood – Phase I Govt. of India 1970
National Nutritional Anaemia Govt. of India 1970
Prophylaxis Programme (NNAPP)
Cotton Corporation of India (CCI) Govt. of India 1971
Balwadi Nutrition Programme Govt. of India 1970-71
Scheme of Agriculture Census Govt. of India 1970-71
Drought Prone Area Programme Govt. of India 1971
Small Farmers Development Govt. of India 1971
Agency
Section of Extension Education in ICAR 1971
ICAR
All India Coordinated Research Govt. of India 1971
Project on Pigs
Integrated Tribal Development Govt. of India 1971
Project (ITDP)
Jute Corporation of India (JCI) Govt. of India 1971
Crash Scheme for Rural Govt. of India 1971
Employment (CSRE)
Tribal Area Development Govt. of India 1972
Programme (TADP)
Pilot Project for Tribal Govt. of India 1972
Development (TADP)
Accelerated Rural Water Supply Govt. of India 1972-73
Programme (ARWSP)
Tribal and Hill Area Development Govt. of India 1973-74
Programme (THADP)
Farmer Service Society (FSS) Govt. of India 1973
Department of Agricultural Govt. of India 1973
Research and Extension (DARE)
Training and Visit System (T&V) Govt. of India 1974
Command Area Development Govt. of India 1974
Programme (CADP)
Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) ICAR 1974
Operational Research Project (ORP) ICAR 1974
Integrated Child Development Govt. of India 1975
Scheme (ICDS)
National Commission on Govt. of India 1975-76
Agriculture (NCA)
Special Livestock Production Govt. of India 1975
Programme
Minimum Needs Programme (MNP) Govt. of India 1977
Food for Work Programme (FFW) Govt. of India 1977
National Institute for Rural Govt. of India 1977
Development
Integrated Rural Development Govt. of India 1978-79
Programme (IRDP)
Training Rural Youth for Self Govt. of India 1979
Employment (TRYSEM)
Operation Flood Phase II Govt. of India 1979
Lab to Land Programme (LLP) ICAR 1979
National Agricultural Research Govt. of India 1979-80
Project (NARP)
District Rural Development Agency Govt. of India 1980
(DRDA)
National Rural Employment Govt. of India 1980
Scheme
Prime minister Twenty Point Govt. of India 1980
Programme
Coconut Development Board Govt. of India 1981
National Bank for Agriculture and Govt. of India 1982
Rural Development (NABARD)
New Twenty Point Programme Govt. of India 1982
(NTPP)
National Agricultural Extension Govt. of India 1983
Project (NAEP)
Farmer Agriculture Service Centre Govt. of India 1983
(FASC)
Watershed Development Council Govt. of India 1983
(WDC)
National Oilseeds and Vegetable Govt. of India 1984
Oils Development Board
(NOVODB)
National Fund for Rural Govt. of India 1984
Development (NFRD)
National Horticulture Board (NHB) Govt. of India 1985
Operation Flood Phase III Govt. of India 1985
National Remote Sensing Agency Govt. of India 1985
(NRSA)
National Oilseed Development Govt. of India 1985
Project (NODP)
Industrial Reconstruction Bank of Govt. of India March 1985
India
Indira Aavaas Yojana (IAY) Govt. of India 1985-86
Krishak Bharti Cooperative Ltd. Govt. of India 1986
Council for Advancement of Govt. of India 1986
People’s Action and Rural
Technology (CAPART)
Central Rural Sanitation Govt. of India 1986
Programme (CRSP)
Self Employment Programme for Govt. of India 1986
Urban Poor (SEPUP)
National Pulse Development Govt. of India 1986
Project (NPDP)
National Policy on Education (NPE) Govt. of India 1986
Operation Black board Govt. of India 1987
National Policy on Child Labour Govt. of India 1987
Technology Mission on Dairy Govt. of India 1988
Development
National Institute of Agricultural Govt. of India 1988
Marketing
National Literacy Mission (NLM) Govt. of India 1988
Adult Education Programme (AED) Govt. of India 1988
Million Well Project Govt. of India 1988-89
Jawahar Rojgar Yojana (JRY) Govt. of India 1989
Mahila Samakhya Scheme (MSS) Govt. of India 1989
Technology Mission on Pulses ICAR 1989-90
(TMP)
Integrated Watershed Development Govt. of India 1989-90
Programme (IWDP)
National Watershed Development Govt. of India 1990-91
Project for Rainfed Areas
Agriculture and Rural Debt Relief Govt. of India 1990
Scheme (ARDRS)
Broad based Extension System Tamil Nadu 1991
National Child Survival and Safe Govt. of India 1992
Motherhood Programme (NCSSMP)
Oil palm Development Programme Govt. of India 1992
Employment Assurance Scheme Govt. of India 1993
(EAS)
Members of Parliament Local Area Govt. of India 1993
Development Scheme
Rashtriya Mahila Kosh (RMK) Govt. of India 1993
Mahila Samriddhi Yojana (MSY) Govt. of India 1993
Pradhan Mantri Rozgar Yojana Govt. of India 1993
(PMRY)
Technology Development Mission Govt. of India 1993
(TDM)
Reproductive and Child Health Govt. of India 1994
Programme (RCHP)
Scheme of Infrastructural Govt. of India 1994
Development in Mega Cities
(SIDMC)
Poverty Alleviation Programme Govt. of India 1994
(PAP)
District Primary Education Govt. of India 1994
Programme (DPEP)
Watershed Development Govt. of India 1995
Programme (WDP)
Pulse Polio Immunization Govt. of India 1995
Programme
Institute Village Linkage ICAR 1995
Programme (IVLP)
National Social Asistance Govt. of India 1995
Programme (NSAP)
Accelerated Maize Development Govt. of India 1995
Programme
Sangam Yojana Govt. of India 1996
Group Life Insurance Scheme in Govt. of India 1996
Rural Areas
Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Govt. of India 1996-97
Programme
Agriculture Technology ICAR 1998-99
Information Centre (ATIC)
Swarnajayanti Gram Swarojgar Govt. of India 1999
Yojana (SGSY)
Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) Govt. of India 1999
Agriclture Technology ICAR 1999
Management Agency (ATMA)
National Forest Action Programme Govt. of India 1999
(NFAP)
Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana Govt. of India 1999
(JGSY)
Kishor Vaigyanik Protsahan Govt. of India 1999
Yojana (KVPY)
National Agriculture Technology ICAR 1999
Project (NATP)
Annapurna Yojana Govt. of India 1999-00
National Population Policy (NPP) Govt. of India 2000
 Community Development Project or Programme (CDP)
1. The Community Development Programme was launched in India on 2nd
October, 1952 (GOI) with 55 Community Development Projects (CDPs0.
2. Each project had an operational area of about 400 to 500 square miles,
comprising 300 villages and a population of about 2 lakhs.
3. The project area was divided into 3 development blocks, each consisting
of about 100 villages and a population of 60 to 70 thousand.
4. The project was headed by a Project officer, and a number of subject
matter Extension Officers in the disciplines of agriculture, animal husbandry,
cooperation, industries, rural engineering, social education etc. each project had
about 60 multi-purpose.
5. Village Level Workers (VLWs), one for each group of 5 to 10 villages. They
were government appointed extension functionary at the lowest level. Who were
nearest to the people. The multipurpose VLWs were common to the development
departments engaged in rural work.]
Concepts of Community Development:
The term Community Development appears to have originated from
Cambridge in England. In 1948, the Cambridge Summer Conference on African
Administration recommended this term defining it as a movement designed to
promote better living for the whole community with the active participation, if
possible on the initiative of the community, but if this initiative is not
forthcoming spontaneously, by the use of techniques for arousing and
stimulating it in order to secure its action and enthusiastic response to the
movement.
The United Nations (1956) defined Community Development as the
process by which the efforts of the people themselves are united with those of
the governmental authorities to improve the economic, social and cultural
conditions of the communities, to integrate these communities into the life of
the nation and to enable them to contribute fully to national progress.
Taylor and others (1965) conceived Community Development as the
method by which people who live in local villages or communities are involved in
helping to improve their own economic and social conditions and thereby
become effective working groups in programmes of national development.
Objectives of Community Development Programme in India:
The Ministry of Community Development and Cooperation, Government of
India (1962) stated the specific objectives of the community development
programme as follows :
1. To assist each village in having effective panchayats, cooperatives and
schools; and
2. Through these village institutions plan and carry out integrated, multi-
phased family, village, block and district plans for :
a. Increasing agricultural production
b. Improving existing village crafts and industries and organizing new
ones,
c. Providing minimum essential health services and improving health
practices,
d. Providing recreational facilities and programmes,
e. Improving housing and family living conditions, and
f. Providing programmes for village women and youth.
Principles of Community Development:
In a report of the United Nations Economic and Social Council, the guiding
principles of community development were summarized as follows :
1. Activities undertaken must correspond to the basic needs of community;
the first project should be initiated in response to the expressed needs of
the people.
2. Full and balanced community development requires concerted action and
the establishment of multipurpose programmes.
3. Changing attitudes in people are as important as the material
achievement of community projects during the initial stages of
development.
4. Community development aims at increased and better participation of the
people in community affairs, revitalization of existing forms of local
government and transition towards effective local administration.
5. The identification, encouragement and training of local leadership should
be a basic objective in any programme.
6. Greater reliance on the participation of women and youth in community
projects invigorates development programmes.
 7. To be fully effective, self-help projects for communities requires both
intensive and extensive assistance by the government.
8. Implementation of community development programme on a national
scale requires adoption of consistent policies, specific administrative
arrangements, recruitment and training of personal mobilization of local
and national resources and organization of research, experimentation and
evaluation.
9. The resources of voluntary and non-governmental organizations should
be fully utilized in community development programmes at the local,
national and international levels.
10. Economic and social progress at the local level necessitates parallel
development on a wider national scale.
Activities of Community Development Programme
The following rural community development activities are undertaken in
such varying degrees (within the limits of the available funds), as are advisable
under the circumstances peculiar to each block (Ensminger 1972-105-07):
Agricultural and related matters:
1. Reclamation of available virgin and waste land.
2. Provision of water for agriculture through irrigation canals, tube wells,
surface wells, tanks, lift irrigation from rivers, lakes and pools etc.
3. Development of rural electrification.
4. Provision of commercial fertilisers.
5. Provision of quality seeds.
6. Promotion of improved agricultural techniques and land utilisation.
7. Provision of veterinary aid.
8. Provision of technical information, materials and bulletins on
agriculture.
9. Provision for the dissemination of information through slides, films, radio
broadcast and lectures.
10. Provision of improved agricultural implements.
11. Provision of marketing and credit facilities.
12. Provision breeding centres for animal husbandry.
13. Development of inland fisheries.
14. Promotion of home economics.
15. Development of fruit and vegetable cultivation.
16. Provision of soil survey and information.
17. Encouragement of the use of natural and compost manures.
18. Provision of arboriculture, including plantation of forests.
Communications:
1. Provision of roads.
2. Encouragement of mechanical road transport services.
3. Development of animal transport facilities.
Education:
1. Provision of compulsory and free education, preferably basic education, at
the elementary stage.
2. Provision of high and middle schools.
3. Provision of adult and library services.
Health:
1. Provision of sanitation (including drainage and disposal of wastes) and
public health measures.
2. Provision for the control of malaria and other diseases.
3. Provision of improved drinking water supplies.
4. Provision of medical aid for the ailing.
5. Antenatal care of expectant mothers and midwifery services.
6. Provision of generalised of public health services and education.
Training:
1. Refresher courses to improve the existing standard of artisans.
2. Training of agriculturists
3. Training of extension assistants.
4. Training of artisans.
5. Training of supervisors, managerial personnel, health workers and
excutive officers for project.
Social welfare:
1. Organisation of community entertainment.
2. Provision of audio-visual aids for instruction and recreation.
3. Organisation of sports activities.
4. Organisation of melas ( village fairs)
5. Organisation of the cooperative and self-help movement.
 Supplementary Employment:
1. Encouragement of cottage industries and craft as the main or subsidiary
occupation.
2. Encouragement of medium and small-scale industries to employ surplus
hands for local needs, or for export outside project areas.
3. Encouragement of employment through trade, auxiliary and welfare
services.
4. Construction of brick kilns and sawmills to provide building materials for
local needs.
Housing:
1. Demonstration and training in improved techniques and designs for rural
housing.
2. Encouragement of improved rural housing on a self –help basis.

National Extension Service:

Rural development activities under Government sponsorship was started
with the introduction of community development programme on 2nd October
1952. Within a few months of the launching of these pilot projects, it was
prominently experience that the people were ready even keen, for the
programme. The people in all the project areas responded enthusiastically and
indeed much beyond the expectations of the Government and the sponsors of
the programme. This fact emphasized the need for a rapid extension of the
programme to other parts of the country. But the country’s resources were not
sufficient to sustain a comprehensive plan of the same magnitude as
contemplated in the first 355 projects. The Government therefore decided to
launch alongside the community development programme another programme
which was somewhat less intensive in character, called the National Extension
Service programme. The National Extension Service programme was formulated
in April 1953 and it was inaugurated one year after the 55 community projects
that is, on October 2, 1953.
Since the basic idea underlying both the community development and
National Extension Service programme was the same, the two were integrated
under one agency at the Centre as well as in the states. The idea behind the
National Extension Service Programme was to cover the entire country within a
period of about 10 years, that is to say, by 1960-61.
 The National Extension Service (NES) programme was launched by GOI
with the idea of having wider coverage at less cost and more peoples’
participation. The NES and the community development programmes have
uniform unit of operation which is called a development block. Each NES block
had about 100 villages and about 60000 to 70000 population spread over an
area of 150 to 170 sq. miles. The NES block was headed by a Block
Development Officer (BDO) and had a number of Extension Officers (EOs). For
the NES blocks funds were drastically reduced and the number of multipurpose
of VLWs was brought down to 10. NES was through of as the agency and CD as
the method to bring about socio-economic transformation of the rural people.
The momentum gained by the NES programme was intensified by
converting some selected NES blocks to Community Development Blocks (CDB).
The programme was initiated in 1954. The NES blocks which produced good
results and where peoples’ participation had been in abundance, were selected
for the purpose. In these blocks funds were increased and some additional staff
was provided.
The National Extension Service Development Blocks in which outstanding
work is done are converted into intensive development blocks for which a sum
of Rs. 10 ½ lakhs has been provided. The criteria for promotion into intensive
Development Blocks are the extent of people's participation judged by their
contribution made in cash, kind, and labour, the progresss of expenditure, and
the availability of properly trained personnel.

Intensive Agricultural District Programme (IADP):

Intensive Agricultural District Programme popularly known as
“Package Programme” was thus launched in the country from Kharif 1960-61
(GOI). On a pilot basis in seven selected districts. The Central idea behind the
IADP was that increased agricultural productivity shall lead to economic growth,
which shall bring welfare to the society.
The programme aims at combining technical know-how, credit and
production supplies for stepping up agricultural production.
The preparatory stage in IADP consisted of the following steps :
i. Selection of district. Criteria for selection were –
a. Assured water supply
b. Not exposed to natural hazards
 c. Should have well developed cooperative credit structure.
d. Should have maximum potential to show increased production
within the shortest possible time.
ii. Strengthening of the cooperative institutions
iii. Creating general awareness amongst the people
iv. Selection, appointment and posting of staff
v. Training of staff
vi. Organizational and resources bench mark survey
vii. Assessing the needs for supplies
viii. Construction and/or hire of godowns
ix. Strengthening of transport arrangements
x. Establishment of agricultural implements workshop, seed and soil testing
laboratories and implementation of local works programme having a
direct bearing on production increase.
xi. Implementation of the programme is to be done to a phased way. In the
first year 20 percent and by the end of 5 years, 65 percent area is to be
covered.
The distinctive features of IADP were as follows :
i. Through factors of production were known earlier, they were not
provided simultaneously, timely and adequately.
ii. Essential input like fertilizers etc. to be made available 100 percent of
the requirement.
iii. Previously credit was available only to the credit-worthy farmers. In
this programme, any farmer who joins the programme has a farm
production plan and has the potential to get increased yield, will be
given credit.
iv. In selected areas more agricultural and cooperative staff will be posted.
v. Composite demonstrations instead of single factor demonstrations.
Economics of the demonstrations will be worked out.
vi. Periodical training of staff
vii. Analysis and evaluation.
Achievements:
1. The cultivators were provided simultaneously with all supplies and services
at right time and in adequate quantities through co¬operatives.
2. Marketing and storage facilities were developed within bullock cart distance.
3. Covered all the important cash crop grown in the district, although emphasis
was laid in the increase of food grains crops.
4. Rapid increases in agricultural production were achieved in all the IADP
districts.
5. Involvement of small farmers and package approach was achieved.
6. 45% of the village and 30% of the total cultivated area in the selected district
was covered by this programme.
7. Intensive efforts were made to use improved seeds and fertilizers over the
entire area and encourage the adoption of improved farm practices.
The shortcoming (threats) of the IADP were as follows :
i. Educational approach to reach the cultivators was lacking.
ii. Training programme of staff was not clear. In many cases, the VLWs
were found below standard and were not able to impress the farmers.
iii. Staffs were not clear about the methods to reach the cultivators. The
staffs were target minded even in filling up agricultural production
plans.
iv. Posting of staff was not adequate and timely.
v. Workshop, seed testing and soil testing laboratories were not
functioning to the required level.
vi. Transport and land development programmes were not progressing
satisfactorily
vii. Cultivators were not using insecticides, fungicides and seed treatment
of their own.
viii. There was problem of communication.
ix. Cooperatives were not functioning well.
x. There was lack of action research.
xi. There was very little programme in animal husbandry, fisheries etc.
xii. Stereotyped farm production plans
xiii. Very little participation by women in the programme.

Drought Prone Areas Programme (DPAP):

The Drought Prone Areas Programme, formerly known as Rural Works
Programme, was initiated in 1970-71 (GOI) as a Non-Central Sector Scheme.
Seventy –four (74) districts have been identified as drought prone and they
have been grouped under 54 units. The programme aimed at mitigating the
severity of scarcity conditions by executing rural works to generate
employment. The programme was confined to that area which was originally
taken up under the Rural Works Programme.
1. The Drought Prone Areas Programme was in operation in 627 blocks of
96 districts in 13 States during 1994-95.
2. On the recommendation of the Hanumatha Rao Committee, 384 new
blocks were brought into the purview of this programme and 64 were
transferred from DPAP to DDP.
3. Consequently, coverage of the programme was extended to 947 blocks
of 164 districts in 13 States in 1996-97.
4. With the reorganization of States, districts and blocks, at present the
programme is under implementation in 972 blocks of 182 districts in 16
States.
The basis objectives of the programme are as follows:
1. Reducing the severity of the impact of drought.
2. Stabilising the income of the people, particularly weaker sections of
the society.
3. Restoring the ecological balance.
4. The basic objective of the programme is to minimize the adverse
effects of drought on the production of crops and livestock and
productivity of land, water and human resources thereby ultimately
leading to the drought proofing of the affected areas.
5. The programme aims at promoting overall economic development
and improving the socio-economic condition of the resource poor
and disadvantaged sections inhabiting the programme areas
through creation, widening and equitable distribution of the
resource base and increased employment opportunities.
In the fifth plan, the main thrust is to restore the proper ecological
balance in the drought prone areas. Some of the important elements
envisaged in this integrated approach are
a) Development and management of water resources
b) Soil and moisture conservation
c) Afforestation
d) Restructuring the cropping pattern and pasture development
 e) Changes in agronomic practices
f) Livestock and dairy development and
g) Development of small farmers, marginal farmers and agricultural
labourers.
Under the new strategy of rural development adopted in the Sixth Plan,
DPAP was merged with the Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP).
Considering the innovativeness and utility of DPAP, the World Bank provided
35 million US dollars under an agreement for six projects in the states of
Rajasthan, Maharastra, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka.
An interdisciplinary task force was set up by the GOI in June 1980 to
review the scope and coverage of the programme. As of 1996-97, the
programme was in operation in 947 blocks of 155 districts in 13 states.
An expenditure of Rs. 1,742 crores has been incurred under the
programme since its inception in 1973-74 to 1994-95, and 57.29 lakh ha of
land had been covered under the three core activities of land development,
water resources development, and afforestation over the same period of time
(GOI1997 b:41-45)

Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY):

 Launched on 1-4-1999 (GOI).
 Largest self employment programme for rural poor
 SGSY was introduced after restructuring and merging the following
programmes
a) Development of Women and Children in Rural Area
(DWCRA)
b) Million Well Scheme (MWS)
c) Training Rural Youth for Self Employment (TRYSEM)
d) Supply of Improved Toolkits to Rural Artisans (SITRA)
e) Ganga Kalyan Yojana (GKY)
Aims/Objectives:
1. To bring the assisted families above poverty line in rural area.
2. To establish a large number of micro-enterprises in the rural area and
building upon the potential of the rural people.
 Target beneficiaries are BPL family members and SHG consisting of
10-20 BPL family members in rural area.
Salient Features:
 It is a holistic programme covering all aspects of self-employment,
i.e. organization of the rural poor into SHG, training and capacity
building activity, credit, technology, infrastructure and
marketing.
 It is a credit - cum subsidy programme, in which credit is critical
component, subsidy being only a minor and enabling element.
 It support for individual and group projects.
Individual Projects:
Subsidy: 30% or Rs.7500/- for general category and 50% or
Rs.10, 000/- for SC/ST
Margin Money Contribution by Beneficiary: No margin money up to
Rs.50, 000/-and 15-25% margin money (including subsidy) for
Rs.50, 000/- and above
Group Project:
Subsidy: 50% or Rs.1.25 Lakhs or Rs.10, 000/- per member for group
schemes consisting 10-20 BPL family members in rural area.
Margin Money Contribution by Beneficiary: No margin money upto
Rs.3.00 Lakhs and 15-25% margin money (including subsidy)
For Rs. 3 Lakhs and above
Implementing Agency: Zilla Panchayat / Taluka Panchayat

High Yielding Variety (HYV) Programme 1965-66 (GOI):

The High Yielding Variety Programme (HYVP) was launched in the
Kharif of 1966-67 with an objective to attain self-sufficiency in food by 1970-
71. The core philosophy of the programme was to increase the productivity of
food grains by adopting latest varieties of inputs of crops. Introduction of
new high yielding varieties of improved seeds and enhanced application of
the fertilizers and extended use of pesticides were its main features.
The High Yielding Varieties Programme (HYVP) was the latest of a
series of Govt. sponsored programmes directed at the general problems of
food-grains shortage and rural poverty in India. The programme aimed at
raising farm productivity and rural earnings. The origin of the High Yielding
Varieties Programme (HYVP) can be traced back to the 1959 Report of the
Ford Foundation Team on `India's Food Crisis and Steps To Meet It' and to
the efforts of the Rockefeller Foundation in breeding fertilizer-responsive
foodgrain varieties for semi-tropical, tropical and monsoon climates.
The former resulted in the Intensive Agricultural District Programme
(IADP) which attempted to raise farm productivity in well endowed districts
by applying a package of inputs consisting mainly of high quality seeds and
chemical fertilizers. The programme produced good results. Nevertheless, the
programme was not so impressive as to solve the food-grain shortage in
India. The problem was deeply felt during the acute shortage of food-grains
which India experienced in 1965-66 and 1966-67. Reading the exigency of
the time, the Union Department of Agriculture, in August 1965, made its
pronouncement of a 'New Strategy' of agricultural development; the HYVP
was to be its major field programme.
The HYVP was a comprehensive package consisting of agricultural
research, irrigation, supply of inputs, (seeds, fertilizers and credit),
intensified agricultural extension services, training and supervision. At the
field level, it was not a single programme; rather five separate programmes,
each designed for a single crop. The crops included paddy, wheat, maize,
sorghum (jowar) and millet (Bajra).
The programme was incorporated in the Fourth Five Year Plan and was
implemented in 1966-67 in selected districts of most of the States. In the
years 1967-68, 1968-69 and 1969-70, the Programme Evaluation
Organisation carried out three extensive rural surveys to judge the efficacy of
the HYVP in infusing resilience to the Indian agriculture.
Objectives: i) To assess the various measures instituted to administer the
HYVP and to provide farmers with adequate and timely supplies of new
inputs and, wherever necessary, the credit for purchase of these inputs.
ii) To take a broad view of the performance of the HYVP in participating
villages and on participating farms.
 Under these two broad objectives, the following specific objectives
were listed for the 1967-68 study.
a) To assess the spread of the HYVs in different parts of the country and to
the extent of the spread.
b) To ascertain the reactions and attitudes of participating cultivators.
c) To study the problems in the implementation of the programme at
different levels of administration, such as State, district, block and village.
d) To assess the adequacy of the measures contemplated for the production
of Seed-Breeders and foundation stock, and arrangements for seed
multiplications.
through the Seed Corporations, State Seed Farms and registered growers.
e) To examine the methods used to estimate requirements of seeds,
fertilizers,pesticides, etc. and the facilities created for adequate and timely
distribution of these to cultivators.
f) To examine the special measures taken to ensure sufficient and timely
credit to participating cultivators for the purchase of seeds, fertilizers, etc.
g) To examine the extent to which extension efforts had been strengthened
in the HYVP areas.
Achievements:
Punjab, Haryana and Western parts of UP were initially selected for the
phased launchingof this strategy. The cultivation of HYV since 1966-67 had
resulted in a substantial increase in foodgrains production. Wheat production
was doubled. Rice production also had a substantial increase, though not as
much as in the case of wheat.The target of coverage of 2.5 crore hectares of area
under HYVs of cereals and millets under fourth five year plan was exceeded. The
coverage was more than four crore hectares.

Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) (1974, ICAR):

History:
1. The Education Commission (1964-66) recommended that a vigorous effort
be made to establish specialized institutions to provide vocational education in
agriculture and allied fields at the pre and post matriculate levels to cater the
training needs of a large number of boys and girls coming from rural areas. The
Commission, further, suggested that such institutions be named as
‘Agricultural Polytechnics’.
2. The recommendation of the Commission was thoroughly discussed:
during 1966-72 by the Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture, Planning
Commission, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) and other allied
institutions.
3. Finally, the ICAR mooted the idea of establishing Krishi Vigyan Kendras
(Agricultural Science Centres) as innovative institutions for imparting vocational
training to the practicing farmers, school dropouts and field level extension
functionaries.
4. The ICAR Standing Committee on Agricultural Education, in its meeting
held in August, 1973, observed that since the establishment of Krishi Vigyan
Kendras (KVKs) was of national importance which would help in accelerating
the agricultural production as also in improving the socio-economic conditions
of the farming community, the assistance of all related institutions should be
taken in implementing this scheme.
5. The ICAR, therefore, constituted a committee in 1973 headed by Dr.
Mohan Singh Mehta of Seva Mandir, Udaipur (Rajasthan), for working out a
detailed plan for implementing this scheme. The Committee submitted its report
in 1974.
6. The first KVK, on a pilot basis, was established in 1974 at Puducherry
(Pondicherry) under the administrative control of the Tamil Nadu Agricultural
University, Coimbatore.
7. At present there are 668 KVKs, out of which 458 are under State
Agricultural Universities (SAU) and Central Agricultural University (CAU), 55
under ICAR Institutes, 100 under NGOs, 35 under State Governments, and the
remaining 17 under other educational institutions.
Mandate of KVK’s:
 On-farm testing to assess the location specificity of agricultural
technologies under various farming systems.
 Frontline demonstrations to establish production potential of technologies
on the farmers’ fields
 Capacity development of farmers and extension personnel to update their
knowledge and skills on modern agricultural technologies.
  To work as Knowledge and Resource Centre of agricultural technologies
for supporting initiatives of public, private and voluntary sectors in
improving the agricultural economy of the district.
 Provide farm advisories using ICT and other media means on varied
subjects of interest to farmers.
 In addition, KVK would produce quality technological products (seed,
planting material, bio-agents, livestock) and make it available to farmers,
organize frontline extension activities, identify and document selected
farm innovations and converge with ongoing schemes and programmes
within the mandate of KVK.
Krishi Vigyan Kendras Portal (kvk.icar.gov.in):
The Government has launched Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) Portal which
will help in monitoring the functioning of KVKs at the National level and in
providing timely information and advisory to the farmers.
Aim:
`The aim of the portal is to transfer the technologies developed by the
agricultural scientists to the farmers in a fast and effective manner using web
and mobile technology as well as to monitor the activities of Krishi Vigyan
Kendras (KVKs).
Objectives:
 To create a platform to monitor the various activities as well as resource
utilization by various KVKs;
 To create a database of the various programmes organized by the KVKs
along with their detailed information and learning resources;
 To help the farmers in resolving their queries using web and mobile
technologies;
 To provide information about various facilities and activities performed by
the KVKs and to provide linkage to other important information such as
weather and market information.
The farmers and the Agricultural Officers may register themselves and
seek different information related to KVKs.
 Lab to Land Programme (LLP) (1979, ICAR):
Launched in 1979 as a part of golden jubilee celebrations of ICAR. The
programme intended to improve the economic condition of small, marginal
farmers and landless agricultural labourers fast…. SC’s and ST’s by transfer of
improved technology developed by agricultural universities and research
institutions.
Objectives:
1. To study and understand the background and resources of the selected
farmers and landless agricultural labourers.
2. To assist the farmers to develop feasible farm plants keeping in view the
availability of technologies, needs and resources of the farmers, and the
resources which could be made available from external sources/agencies.
3. To guide and help the farmers in adopting improved technologies as per their
farm plans and demonstrate to them the economic viability of those
technologies as well as methods of cultivation and farm management.
4. To organize training programmes and other extension activities in relation to
their adopted practices, and prepare them for active participation in agricultural
development programmes of the state departments of agriculture.
5. To make the farmers aware of the various opportunities and agencies which
they could utilize to their economic advantage.
6. To develop functional relations and linkages with the scientists/Institutions
for future guidance, advisory services and help.
7. To utilize this project as a feedback mechanism for the agricultural scientists
and extension functionaries.
Criteria for selection of participating farm family:
1. Blocks/villages/farm families should preferably be selected from IAD blocks.
2. Villages having larger proportion of families belonging to categories of SF,
MF, LL, SC and ST to be selected.
3. Selected villages should be on a cluster village basis and proximity to the
implementing agency to be kept in mind for effective implementation of the
programme.
4. While selecting villages, existence of schools, co-operative society, effective
village panchayats should be kept in mind.
Small farmers: Cultivators with land holding 2.5 to 5 acres of dry land
(1.25 to 2.5 acres of irrigated land).
 Marginal farmers: Cultivators with land holding up to 2.5 acres of dry
land (1.25 acres of irrigated land).
Agricultural Labourer: Without any land holdings but having a homestead
and drawing more then 50% of their income as agricultural wages.
Organization:
For effective implementation and monitoring of the programme, whole
country is divided into 8 zones based on agro climatic conditions, population
and administrative infrastructure. Each zone is headed by a zonal co-ordinator,
who is assisted by two programme officers. The labs to land canters are the
grassroot level units for implementation of the programme.
Four types of implementing agencies are involved in the programme.
1. Agricultural university
2. ICAR Institutes
3. State department of agriculture
4. Voluntary organization

Agricultural Technology Information Centre (ATIC) (1998-99, ICAR):

 The cornerstone of India’s agricultural revolution has been the availability
of improved varieties of cereals, oilseeds, pulses, etc. breed of livestock
including poultry and fisheries; horticultural plant materials, and improve
management practice for increase productivity, sustainability and stability of
various crops and livestock enterprises.
 This has raised the search by farmers for future availability of seed,
planting materials and other materials, easy accessibility to diagnostic services
for soil fertility and plant protection, availability of appropriate information
through leaflets and pamphlets and increased scope in sale of consultancy
services.
 Often the farmers are not aware as to whom and where to approach for
field problems. It is felt that the facility of a ‘single window’ approach at the
entrance of the ICAR Institute/State Agricultural Universities will enable the
farmers to have the required information for the solution to their problems
related to the areas in which the concerned institute is involved.
 Because of the dominance of small and resource poor farmers and
concentration of poor people in several sectors, public institutions like ICAR
institutes and SAU’s will continue to play a vital role in supply of information for
increasing the overall productivity in agriculture.
The Agricultural Technology Information Centre (ATIC) is a “single window”
support system linking the various units of a research institution with
intermediary users and end users (farmers) in decision making and problem
solving exercise.
Mandate:
To render farm advisory services through multidisciplinary approach to
problem serving.
To offer single window delivery system for agricultural information as well as
products and technologies developed by the institute in order to develop quality
service to clientele.
To provide all information to the farmers under one roof.
Objectives:
To build up required confidence among farmers and to strengthen linkage
between the institute and the farmers.
To provide diagnostic and advisory services such as soil testing, plant health
clinic, and disease identification and veterinary services etc.
To sale and distribute improved products emerging as a result of research
being done at the institute like seed, plants, livestock, breeds, fish seeds,
poultry trains and processed products ect.
To provide an overview of improved technology through published literatures
and other communication materials.
To overcome technology dissemination loss and to provide direct access to
farmers to improved expertise as well as products of technology.
 Providing an opportunity to the institutes/SAU/s to generate some resource
through the sale of their technologies.
Services provided by ATIC:
 Diagnostic services for soil and water testing, plant and livestock health.
 Supply research products such as seeds and other planting materials,
poultry strains, livestock breeds, fish seed, processed products, etc,
emerging from the institution for testing and adaptation.
 Sale of publications and communication materials as well as audio-visual
aids produced by the research organisation.
 First hand information to the approaching farmers.
 Agricultural Technology Management Agency (ATMA) (1999, ICAR):
The ATMA at district level would be increasingly responsible for all the
technology dissemination activities at the district level. It would have linkage
with all the line departments, research organizations, non-governmental
organizations and agencies associated with agricultural development in the
district. Research and Extension units within the project districts such as ZRS
or substations. KVKs and the key line Departments of Agriculture, Animal
Husbandry, Horticulture and Fisheries etc. would become constituent members
of ATMA. Each Research Extension(R-E) unit would retain its institutional
identity and affiliation but programmes and procedures concerning district-wise
R-E activities would be determined by ATMA Governing Board to be
implemented by its Management Committee (MC).
ATMA is a registered society responsible for technology dissemination at
district level. It is a focal point for integrating research extension and marketing.
It decentralized day to day management of the Agricultural Technology System
(ATS). It allows receiving and expanding project funds entering into contracts
and agreements and maintaining revolving accounts. It has also linkage with all
the line department research organizations nongovernmental organizations and
organizations associated with agricultural development in the districts.
Each ATMA has a governing board. The district collector is the chairman
of the board of the ATMA with other district level officials such as agricultural
veterinary fishery etc as member the farmers woman representative are also
taken ability to take all discussion concerning programme planning resource
allocation.
Objectives :
The objectives of ATMA are:
1. To strengthen research – extension – farmer linkages.
2. To provide an effective mechanism for co-ordination and management of
activities of different agencies involved in technology adaption / validation
and dissemination at the district level and below.
3. To increase the quality and type of technologies being disseminated.
4. To move towards shared ownership of the agricultural technology system
by key shareholders.
5. To develop new partnerships with the private institutions including NGOs.
Salient Features of ATMA :
1. Creating Farmer Advisory Committee to improve feed back.
2. Using NGOs to organize farmers.
3. Encouraging private sector involvement in technology transfer.
4. Validation and refining technologies through research units in the
district.
5. Bottom up planning procedure.
6. Increased use of Information Technology (ARIS, WWW)
7. In-service training to increase staff competence.
8. Developing new Public-Private partnerships.
9. Formation and strengthening of farmer's interest group.
Funding :
The scheme is supported by the Central Government. The funding pattern
is 90% by the central Government and 10% by the state government. The 10%
state’s share shall consist of cash contribution of the State, beneficiary
contribution or the contribution of other non-governmental organizations.

Kishor Vaigyanik Protsahan Yojana (KVPY) (GOI, 1999):

The "Kishore Vaigyanik Protsahan Yojana" (KVPY) is a program started in
1999 by the Department of Science and Technology (DST), Government of India
to encourage students who are studying Basic Sciences to take up research
career in Science. The aim of the program is to identify and encourage talented
and motivated students to pursue career in research.
This program aims to assist the students to realize their potential and to
ensure that the best scientific talent is groomed for research and development
in the country. Generous fellowship and contingency grant are provided to the
selected KVPY Fellows up to the pre Ph.D. level or 5 years whichever is earlier.
In addition, summer camps for the KVPY Fellows are organized in prestigious
research and educational institutions in the country.
The Department of Science and Technology, the nodal agency of the
Government has entrusted the overall responsibility for organizing and running
the KVPY Program to the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore and set up a
Management Committee and a National Advisory Committee (NAC) for
overseeing its implementation. A core committee looks after both the day-to-day
and academic aspects of the KVPY Program.
Objectives:
The objectives of the program are to identify students with talent and
aptitude for research; help them realize their potential in their studies;
encourage them to take up research careers in Science, and ensure the growth
of the best scientific minds for research and development in the country.
Selection procedure:
The selection of students is made from those studying in XI standard to
1st year in any undergraduate Program in Basic Sciences namely
B.Sc./B.S./B.Stat./B.Math./Int. M.Sc./M.S. in Mathematics, Physics,
Chemistry and Biology having aptitude for scientific research. Special groups /
committees are set up at IISc, to screen the applications and conduct an
aptitude test at various centres in the country. Based on the performance in the
aptitude test, short-listed students are called for an interview which is the final
stage of the selection procedure. For receiving a fellowship, both aptitude test
and interview marks are considered.
The merit list is based on 75% weight-age for Aptitude Test marks and 25%
weight-age for the interview marks in the streams SA, SB and SX.
 SA can be written by students studying Science stream in class 11.
 SX can be written by students studying Science stream in class 12.
 SB can be written by students studying Science stream in first year of
graduation
In year 2015-16, 881 students of class 11, 1554 students of class 12 and
96 students of first year of graduation qualified for KVPY scholarship out of
about one lakh students who appeared for the examination.
Rewards:
The students who qualify KVPY Exam are eligible for the fellowship. The
students receive fellowship from 1st year onwards of their graduation. The KVPY
fellows receive Rs. 5000 monthly fellowship from 1st to 3rd year of B.Sc/
B.Stat/ B.S./ B.Maths/ Integrated M.S./M.Sc and an annual contingency grant
of Rs.20,000. After three years the fellowship is enhanced to Rs.7,000 per
month during M.Sc/4th & 5th year of Integrated M.S./M.Sc and an annual
contingency grant of Rs. 28,000.