Heredity – passing on of traits from parents to offspring.

Genetics – study of heredity

Traits – observable characteristics
Genes – specific segment
Meiosis – sex cells
Incomplete Dominance – occurs when one allele is unable to express its full phenotype in a
heterozygous individual.
Codominance – form of dominance in which two alleles are equally strong and are both visible
in the hybrid genotype.
Sex-Linked Traits – gender
(Drosophila Melanogaster) – fruit flies
Sex-Influenced Traits – autosomal traits that are influenced by sex.
Sex-Limited Traits – autosomal traits found in only one sex.
Biodiversity/biological diversity – variety of life-forms that thrive on Earth.
Ecosystem Biodiversity – refers to a community of plants, animals and other living things
particularly physical and chemical environment.
Species diversity – number of different species living in an area.
Species – group of similar organisms that are able to breed and produce viable offspring under
natural conditions.
Genetics diversity – variation in genes that exists within species.
Extinction – state wherein the entire population of a species no longer exists.
Mass Extinction – abnormal large losses of life within a specific period.
Ordovician-Silurian Extinction – caused by the formation and melting of glaciers.
Late Devonian Extinction – the exact cause of this extinction is still unknown.
Permian-Triassic Extinction – some scientists believe that this catastrophe may have been
caused by the impact of an asteroid.
Triassic-Jurassic/End Triassic Extinction – have been the result of massive lave flood coming
from the central Atlantic magmatic province.
Cretaceous-Tertiary Extinction – this may have been triggered by an asteroid impact. This
impact has caused climate change and volcanic eruptions.
Anthropogenic Causes of Extinction – those that are directly or indirectly caused by humans.
Habitat Destruction – major cause of species extinction. This is happening both on land and in
water and has already resulted in almost 80 percent extinction.
Invasive Species – organisms that are not naturally from one particular environment or
habitat. They are brought by humans into an ecosystem usually to solve a problem.
Pollution – introduction of harmful chemicals and compounds to the environment – water, air
and land.
Diseases and Parasitism – humans unconsciously introduce infectious diseases and parasites to
the ecosystem by transporting plants and animals from one place to another.
Overexploitation – humans have relied on Earth’s natural resources for survival since
prehistoric times.
Sun – considered the ultimate source of energy.
Producers – plants, therefore, are able to make their own food.
Consumers – living things that depend on plants for food.
Cellular Respiration – process that breaks down food molecules to produce energy.
Chlorophyll – leaves are green because they contain the green pigment.
Chloroplasts – chlorophyll contained chloroplasts, special structures that absorb sunlight.
Carotenoids – the red, orange, or yellow color is attributed to the pigments.
Light-Dependent Reaction (Light-Trapping Phase) – the energy from the excited electrons is
then used to bind a phosphate to adenosine diphosphate (ADP).
Light-Independent Reaction (Sugar-Building Phase) – in this stage, carbon dioxide (CO2)
absorbed by plants attaches to a five-carbon sugar, ribulose biphosphate (RuBP), to become
an unstable six-carbon compound.
Photosynthesis – determined by the plant’s general health and maturity.
Respiration – opposite of photosynthesis.
Reading – it is making meaning from print
- The action or skill of reading written or printed matter silently or aloud.
- Process of looking at a series of written symbols and getting from them.
Reading Techniques:
Scanning – it is reading a text quickly in order to fine specific information.
- It is a specific reading skill which is often used in combination with others such as
skimming and intensive reading.
- Scanning is sweeping your eyes (like radar) over part of a text to find specific pieces
of information.
- When you are looking only for a specific fact or piece of information without reading
everything.
- Scanning also allows you to find details and other information in a hurry.
Skimming – it refers to looking only for the general or main ideas and works best with non-
fiction (or factual) material.
- You read only what is important to your purpose.
- It refers to the process of reading only main ideas within a passage to get an overall
impression of the content of a reading selection.
- Skimming involves running your eye very quickly over large chunks of texts.
Context Clues – hints found within a sentence, paragraph or passage that use to understand
meaning of a new word.
- Hints that an author gives to help defines a difficult or unusual word within a word.
- It provides further information about a word or phrase that helps readers
understand its meaning.
Different Types of Context Clues:
Definition/Description Clues – the new term may be formally defined or sufficient explanation
may be given within the sentence or in the following sentence.
Example Clues – sometimes when a reader finds a new word, an example might be found
nearby that helps to explain its meaning.
Synonyms Restatement Clues – the reader may discover the meaning of an unknown word
because it repeats an idea expressed in familiar words nearby.
Contrast/Antonym Clues – an opposite meaning context clue contrasts the meaning of a
familiar term.
Mood/Tone Clues – the author sets a mood, and the meaning of the unknown word must
harmonize with the word.
Experience Clues – sometimes a reader from experience how people or things act in a given
situation.
Analysis/Structure Clues – construct a word can be direct clues to meaning.
Fragments – a part of a sentence that has an independent thought. Lacks of verb, subject, and
predicate.
Morality Play – a kind of drama with personified abstract qualities as the main characters.
Pagkonsumo – paggamit ng mga produkto o serbisyo.
Produksyon – paglikha ng mga produkto o serbisyo.
Mga Salik Na Nakakaapekto sa Pagkonsumo
1.) Pag-aanunsyo – pagbibigay in impormasyon upang hikayatin ang mga tao na tangkilikin
ang produkto o serbisyo.
Uri ng Pag-aanunsyo
Bandwagon – pagpapakita ng dami ng tao na nagtatangkilik sa isang produkto.
Testimonial – pag-eendorso ng produkto ng kilalang personalidad.
Brand name – pagpapakilala ng produkto batay sa katangian at kabutihan dulot ng pagbili nito.
2.) Dalawang Pagpapahalaga ng tao - ang tao ay nagpapahalaga sa pagtitipid.
3.) Paggagaya (Imitation) – pagbili ng produktong ginaya sa ibang bansa.
4.) Presyo – halaga ng isang produkto
Rehiyonalismo – pagtangkilik ng ibang produkto sa ibang bansa.
Imported – tawag sa produkto ng ibang bansa.
Import Liberalization – pagpasok ng dayuhang produkto sa lokal na pamahalaan
Maaksaya – pagbili ng mga produkto na di nagagamit.
Mapanganib – pagbili ng mga produktong nakapipinsala sa kalusugan.
Tuwiran – pagbili ng produktong nagagamit.
Produktibo – pagbili ng produktong nakalilikha ng iba pang produkto.
Batas na Nagpoprotekta sa mga Mamimili
R.A. 7394 – Consumer Act of the Philippines
P.O. no. 4 – Batas na nagtatag ng (NGA) National Grains Authority
R.A. 2187 – Batas sa Extra Contractual Obligation
R.A. 71 – Batas sa Price Tag
R.A. 7581 – Kilala sa tawag na Price Act
R.A. 6675 – Generic Act of 1998
R.A. 188 – Batas sa Trademark
R.A. 1546 – Batas sa Pagbebenta
R.A. 3740 – Batas sa Pag-aanunsyo
Price Tag – ikinakabit sa produkto para malaman ang presyo
Karapatan sa Pagpili – “Customer is always right”
Expiration Date – nagtatakda kung hanggang kalian ligtas ang produkto
Edukasyon – binibigyan ang mga mamimili ng pagkakataon na dumating sa mga seminar.
Mga Ahensya na Tumutulong sa mga Mamimili
(DTI) Department of Trade and Industry – tumatanggap ng reklamo laban sa pag-aabuso,
paglilinlang at katiwalian ng mga negosyante.
(DepEd) Department of Education – nagbibigay ng impormasyon sa edukasyon sa mga
mamimilio.
(BFAD) Bureau of Food and Drugs – tumatanggap ng reklamo ukol sa expired na gamut.
(DOA) Department of Agriculture - tumatanggap ng reklamo sa mga gulay o prutas na may
halong kemikal.
(DOH) Department of Health
Alokasyon – nagsisilbing sagot sa kakapusan
Konserbasyon – matalinong paggamit ng mga likas na yaman.
Pamumuhunan – ito ay isinasagawa upang higit na pakinabangan ang mga pinagkukunang
yaman.
Pamilihan – ito ang nagpapakita kung paano isinasagawa ang alokasyon.
Piyudalismo – may kinalaman sa pagmamay-ari ng lupa.
Feaudal lord – tawag sa nagmamay-ari ng lupa.
Vassals – ang tawag sa taong nagkakaloob ng serbisyo at nagbibigay proteksyon sa feudal lord.
Fief – pinagkakalooban ng lupa.
Serf – nagsasagawa ng pagbubungkal ng lupa.
Merkatilismo – batayan ng kapangyarihan ng bansa ay ang dami ng supply ng ginto at pilak.
Adam Smith – Ama ng Makabagong Ekonomiks
Invisible Hand- puwersa na nagsasaayos ng pamilihan.
Carthage – dating pangalan ng Tunisia.
The Philippines is a republic with a presidential form of government wherein power is equally
divided among its three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial.
3 Branches of Government:
Legislative – makes the law.
Executive – carries out the law
Judicial – evaluates the law
Legislative branch - authorized to make laws, alter, and repeal them through the power vested
in the Philippine Congress. This institution is divided into the Senate and the House of
Representatives.
Senate – The Senate shall be composed of twenty-four Senators who shall be elected at large
by the qualified voters of the Philippines, as may be provided by law.
House of Representatives – The House of Representatives shall be composed of not more than
two hundred and fifty
Executive branch - carries out laws. It is composed of the President and the Vice President who
are elected by direct popular vote and serve a term of six years. The Constitution grants the
President authority to appoint his Cabinet. members
President – The President leads the country. He/she is the head of state, leader of the national
government, and Commander in Chief of all armed forces of the Philippines. The President
serves a six-year term and cannot be re-elected.
Vice President – The Vice President supports the President. If the President is unable to serve,
the Vice President becomes President. He/she serves a six-year term.
The Cabinet – Cabinet members serve as advisors to the President. They include the Vice
President and the heads of executive departments.
Judicial branch - interprets the meaning of laws, applies laws to individual cases, and decides if
laws violate the Constitution. The judicial power shall be vested in one Supreme Court and in
such lower courts as may be established by law.
Tula – may malalalim na salita na mayroon ding malalim na kahulugan.
Tugma – ito ay makikita sa dulo ng bawat taludtod.
Sukat – bilang ng pantig sa bawat talutod.
Larawang Diwa – malinaw at tiyak na larawan.
Kariktan – maririkit na salita upang mapukaw ang mambabasa.
Talinghaga – paggamit ng matatalinhagang salita upang mas kaakit-akit sa mambabasa.
Larawang Diwa – ito ay ang mga salitang binabanggit sa tula na nag-iiwan ng malinaw at tiyak
na larawan sa isipan ng mambabasa.
Simbolismo – mapanuring isipan
Persona – tumutukoy sa nagsasalita sa tula.