WORKSHEET #1 – CELLULAR ABERRATION
To be submitted on Aug. 8, 2019 to be encoded in your laptop first
The items with asterisks (*) must be encoded in a long bond paper then submit together with
the long, green long clearbook.
Textbooks:
1. Hinkle & Cheever. (2018). Brunner and Suddarth’s Textbook of Medical-Surgical
Nursing. 13th edition. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, USA.
2. Lemone, P & Burke, K. (2014). Medical-surgical nursing critical thinking in client
care. Singapore: Pearson Education.
Questions to be answered:
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
1. *Research on the top 10 cancer in the Philippines, Asia, and WHO.
2. *What is the etymology of the word “cancer”? Define cancer.
3. *Define oncology.
4. *Describe the components of the cell. (Refer to your Human Anatomy Book)
5. *Discuss and make a diagram of the cell life cycle (from interphase to stages of mitosis:
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase)
6. *Describe the normal cellular differentiation.
7. *What are the functions of the DNA?
8. *Explain the following patterns of cell growth and provide examples:
a. Hyperplasia
b. Metaplasia
c. Dysplasia
d. Anaplasia
e. Neoplasia
9. Study the Characteristics of Benign and Malignant Tumors (See Table 15-1, p. 326,
Hinkle & Cheever)
10. Study Table 15 – 2 Classification of Cancer by Tissue of Origin (Brunner & Suddarth, p.
328)
11. *Explain the following theories of carcinogenesis:
a. *Define the following terms:
- carcinogenesis
- carcinogen
- apoptosis
- angiogenesis
b. *Cellular Transformation and Derangement Theory including the stages of initiation,
promotion, and progression; and two types of genes (oncogenes & tumor-suppressor
genes) affecting mutation
c. *Failure of the Immune Response Theory
ASSESSMENT
12. *Provide brief explanation for each risk factor that contributes to the development of
cancer (find also research articles related to each risk factor from reliable journals).
13. *List the warning signals of cancer according to American Cancer Society
14. *Discuss the following preventive measures for cancer with examples:
a. primary prevention
b. secondary prevention
c. tertiary prevention
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15. *List the 4 purposes for undergoing extensive testing.
16. Study Table 15 – 3 p. 332 on American Society Screening Guidelines for the Early
Detection of Cancer in Average-Risk Asymptomatic People
17. Study Table 15 – 4 p. 334 on Selected Diagnostic Tests Used to Detect Cancer
18. *Differentiate grading from staging of cancer cells.
19. Study Chart 15 -3 on the TNM Classification
INTERVENTIONS
20. *Explain the medical management of cancer in terms of the following and provide
examples:
a. *Surgery
- Diagnostic (biopsy: excisional, incisional, needle)
- Primary Tx: Debulking (See also Table 15 – 5, p. 336 on Selected Techniques
Used for Localized Destruction of Tumor Tissue)
- Prophylactic Surgery including factors that are considered when discussing
possible prophylactic surgery; provide examples
- Palliative Surgery
- Reconstructive Surgery
b. *Radiation therapy
- two types of ionizing radiation
- radiation dosage
- administration of radiation (external & internal)
- toxicity
- nursing management
- protecting caregivers
c. *Chemotherapy
- Classification of Chemotherapeutic Agents (See Table 15-7, p. 343, Hinkle &
Cheever) – don’t encode
- Administration Chemotherapeutic Agents (dosage; chemotherapy treatment
regimens)
- Extravasation (definition; vesicants and examples; precautions; prevention; signs
and symptoms; management)
- Hypersensitivity Reactions
- Toxicity and how it affects the different systems of the body including the
management
- Study Chart 15 -5, p. 349 Safety in Handling Chemotherapy for Health Care
providers – don’t encode
d. *Bone Marrow/Hematopoietic and Stem Cell Transplantation
- types
- nursing management: before, during, and after treatment (caring for recipients and
caring for donors)
e. *Hyperthermia (Thermal Therapy)
- required temperature to kill tumor cells
- How heat is being produced?
- Application
- Side effects
- Nursing Management
f. *Targeted Therapies
- Biologic Response Modifiers: Nonspecific Biologic Response Modifiers,
Monoclonal Antibodies, Cytokines (Interferons, Interleukins, Cancer Vaccines
- Gene Therapy and its approaches
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- Nursing Management
g. *Hormonal Therapy
h. *Complementary, Alternative, and Integrative Health Therapies
21. Read Nursing Care of Patients with Cancer pp. 355 – 373 (Hinkle & Cheever)- don’t
encode
22. Study Chart 15 – 7, Nursing Care Plan, pp. 358 – 370 (Hinkle & Cheever) – don’t
encode
23. *Monitoring and Managing Potential Complications: Infection, Septic Shock, Bleeding &
Thrombocytopenia
24. *Promoting Home, Community-Based, Transitional, and Hospice Care
25. Cancer Survivorship: See Table 15 – 12, p. 380 (Hinkle & Cheever) – don’t encode
26. Oncologic Emergencies (Study Table 15 -13, pp. 381 – 383, Hinkle & Cheever) – don’t
encode
27. Gerontologic Considerations (Study Table 15 -11, p. 380, Hinkle & Cheever) – don’t
encode
ROSELYN S. PACARDO, RM, RN, MM, MAN
Assistant Professor
July 23, 2019
