B2

Exam questions and answers

Topic you need to know about:
Chapter 1: cells, tissues and organs
Chapter 2: organisms in the environment
Chapter 3: enzymes
Chapter 4: energy from respiration
Chapter 5: simple inheritance in animals
and plants
Chapter 6: old and new species
 Chapter 1: cells, tissues and organs
1. What three components (organelles) are found in plant cells but not
animal cells?
2. What does a 1. specialised cell mean?and vacuole
Cell wall, chloroplasts
3. Where is DNA found in a 2. A cell that has a particular function, e.g. a root hair
cell?
cell is a plant cell that absorbs water and minerals
4. What is the function of 3. the
In cell
whereas
membrane?
the nucleus
a palisade cells are plant cells
5. What is the function 4. ofItchloroplasts?
is selectively permeable (also known aswhere
semi- most
photosynthesis
permeable) occurs.what substances can go
and it decides
6. What green liquid is found in the chloroplasts?
in or5. out.
It is where light energy is
7. What is found in the vacuole?absorbed for photosynthesis
6. chlorophyll
8. What is the function of 7. the
Cellvacuole?
sap (it contains sugars, salts and water)
9. How are root hair cells adapted forthe
8. It keeps theircellfunction?
firm
9. They
10.
13. Xylem
Bakingabsorb
are
bread!made
water upand
of empty
minerals dead cells and
10. What is the difference between xylem
from the soil.
transport
and phloem?
water from the roots to the stem and the
11. What is the function of a microscope?
leaves. Phloem is made up of living tissue and
12. Do bacterial cells have a 12. NO!11.
nucleus? bacterial
transportsMicroscopes
foodcells don’t
magnify
substances have anaimage
(like nucleus, their
glucose) to growing
13. What can we use yeast for? DNA15. is(make
The
tissue.free to
it roam
movementlook bigger).
in particles
of the cytoplasm
Thingsfromsuch
or in
as the form
a high
16. Organs
ofconcentration
alike?
plasmid.
cells needto are
toabe made up of lots of
14. What does a yeast cell look lowmagnified so that
concentration through a
cells.
they Thebe
can definition
seen of an organ is
easily.
15. Describe diffusion? 17. Root (provides
semi-permeable membrane. anchorage and where water and
groups of tissues (that means
16. What are organs made from? minerals are absorbed from the soil), stem (holds
different types of tissues) working
the leaf upright), leaf (where photosynthesis
17. Name four organs in plants. together for a particular function.
occurs) and flower (involved in reproduction).
18. What is a cell?
18. The basic unit of life
Draw an animal cell and plant cell

The blue is found in both cells and the three words in black are
only found in plant cells.
Draw a yeast cell
Draw a bacterial cell
A- remember, diffusion is from a
high concentration to a low
concentration.
 Cytoplasm

Cell
membrane

nucleus
 Cell wall
Cell membrane

genes / genetic
material /
chromosome Cytoplasm
 Cell wall

Cell membrane

Cytoplasm

vacuole
 Nucleus

Cytoplasm
any two from:
two required for 1 mark
• P
• R
• T
1. has) cell wall (1)

2. (has) vacuole or large / permanent vacuole

do not allow chloroplasts because even though it
is a plant cell, it is found underground (it is a root
cell) so it cant photosynthesise if it is not
exposed to the sun!
Root hair
No

- diffusion if from a HIGH concentration

to a LOW concentration (i.e. DOWN a
concentration gradient)
- The sulphate ions would LEAVE the
root by diffusion
 Nucleus

Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
any two from:
• (contain mitochondria
• many (mitochondria)
• respiration (occurs in
mitochondria)
any two from:
• transport up / against
concentration gradient / low to high
concentration
• uses energy
• use of protein / carrier
large(r) surface area
accept have carriers

release energy or make ATP

do not accept ‘makes energy’
any two from:
• large surface / area or many villi or have
microvilli
accept big surface / area
• thin surface or thin wall or surface 1-cell thick
or
capillaries near surface or permeable or partially
permeable
accept they are thin
do not allow thin cell wall
• many blood vessels or many capillaries or
capillary network
or good blood supply
ignore ‘constant blood flow’ owtte
ignore extras eg moist or reference to gases
• have enzymes
ignore release enzymes
• accept reference to lacteal as 5th point
• allow reference to having mitochondria
Because the plant cells have a higher concentration of mineral ions than the
pond water.
Diffusion happens from a HIGH concentration to a LOW concentration.
So the plant cells couldn't absorb the mineral ions, they would actually lose
the mineral ions by diffusion and they would go into the pond water.
The only way the plant cells could ABSORB the mineral ions from the pond
water is by ACTIVE TRANSPORT which happens from a low concentration
to a high concentration
 Cell
Nucleus
membrane
- energy released or energy transferred or respiration
allow provides or gives energy do not allow produces energy or makes
energy
- near to the site of movement or energy available quickly
- accept allows more mitochondria to fit in
(mitochondria) packed (around
filament) or efficient arrangement
for tube 1:
- expands or gets firmer or bigger or inflates
- it gains water
- because the concentration of water is less than its surroundings
make sure answer is about water movement and not sucrose solution
for tube 2:
- gets floppy or flaccid or contracts
- it loses water
- because the concentration of water is greater than its surroundings
 A

diffusion
Cell wall
cell membrane

Genetic material

cytoplasm
Topic you need to know about:
Chapter 1: cells, tissues and organs
Chapter 2: organisms in the environment
Chapter 3: enzymes
Chapter 4: energy from respiration
Chapter 5: simple inheritance in animals
and plants
Chapter 6: old and new species
 Chapter 2- organisms in the environment
1. What is the word 1. carbon
equation dioxide
for +photosynthesis?
water (+ light energy) → glucose + oxygen
2. What is the chemical equation 2. 6CO2 +for6H2Ophotosynthesis?
(+ light energy) C6H12O6 + 6O2
3. 3.
Do plants respire? yes! All living things need to respire (MRS GREN remember!)
4. Plants that have leaves which have green AND white bits. It is only
4. What is a variegated leaf?
the green parts that would photosynthesise.
5. One of the products of photosynthesis is glucose. What can it be turned
into? 5. Plants need the glucose they produce during photosynthesis for
respiration.
6. What is the test
7. The
6. Any for
quickest starch?
excess wayglucose
to measure
in plants theisrate
converted
of photosynthesis
into starch. To is to
test for
Glucose can be converted into insoluble starch, insoluble fats or
7. How can we measure
measure
starch,
insoluble
theadd
oils.
the
rate rate
brown
14.
of photosynthesis
at which
iodine oxygen
advantages:
solution.(the
bigger
in the
Ifproduct)
starch laboratory?
isispresent,
yield, growth of
produced.
crops
it will turn
8. A factor
blue-black. that reduces the rate of photosynthesis. This could be:
8. What is a limiting
9. When factor?
an enzyme
all year(which
round is a protein) no longer
(and when certain crops are works properly
light,
11.
12. carbon
Starch dioxide
Greenhousesis orpolytunnels
produced
or temperature.
from extra
are (excess)
places where
glucose.the
9. What does the 10.
term
because
13.
It
The
cant
has be
is ‘denature’ dissolved.
beenofput
produced
amount mean?
in the
out
crops
This
of wrong
is important
season,condition
produced.
as
(e.g.
they usually it When
extra
sell
environment
glucose
has
forbeen
a plant can
is turned
needs
be controlled
15. more
into
overheated) starch. energy,
independent-
and tosogrow
theit crops
breaksall
change,
protein down
yearthe
dependent-
unfolds round.
starch
and doesn’tintofunction.
glucose again so it
10. What does insoluble mean? more), save money and energy on transport
canmeasure,
be used in respiration.
control- keep thethat
samemean?
11. Starch is an ‘energy store’. What
costs- crops does
produced locally instead of having
(always more to be than one)
transported in from other countries.
12. What are greenhouses and polytunnels?
13. State what ‘yield’ means.disadvantages: expensive to run, lots of energy
needed (lighting, heating etc).
14. State the advantages and disadvantages of manipulating environmental
conditions in which plants grow.
15. What is the difference between independent, dependent and control
variable?
 Chapter 2 continued- communities of organisms and their
environment
1. Mean is the average, median is the middle number (we
1. What is the differencehave to between
organise themmean, into order first)
median and mode means the
and mode?
most common.
2. 2+3+4+2+4= 15/5= 3 (30 is an anomaly)
2. Work out the mean: 2, 3, 4,thermometer
3. A 2, 4, 30
3. How can temperature be 4. 5.
Chemical analysis
measured?
Light6.meter or lightliving,
sensor.
Bio means diversity means a
4. How can the amount of nutrients in soil be measured?
range of something. So biodiversity
5. How can the amount of light be measured?
means a range of living things.
6. What is biodiversity?
7. What does ‘sampling’ mean?
8. What is a quadrat and what is it used for?
9. State the difference between reliability and validity.
7.
10. Name two sampling12.Instead
methods.
These of counting
are something in
used to investigate a WHOLEinhabitat,
CHANGES e.g.
populations
11. What10.
does the
biasfrom number
9.mean one and
Reliability ofhappens
how
area woodlice,
tocan this
another. we Achoose
bewooden
when avoided?
piece is
there anmore
of areaof
string and
or aonly
cord
something.count
is can
So
Sampling
13. 8. Ais quadrat
Successiontrying to
is find
a metal
out or
the number or of
plastic
a particular
frame organisms
that
12. Whatinisana areathe
transect?
placed
for
11.
be
by
numberinnot
example,
Try
used
only anisif
to
counting
in
the
that
area-
the
sampling
process
SMALL
e.g.
greater
getcertain
human
by
the
(remember
which
area-
youpatches
want to
number
manipulation
communities
this
find
sampling
and
isof
then
called
outquadrat
involved.
is using
colonise
howSAMPLING.
the
counting number
counts
Random
the the
numbers
13. Describe an ecosystem
Then
succession.
of we
daisies
done, the and
use are
the
changes
better then
number
from
the replaced
and
asampling over
ESTIMATE
field area,
estimation. to avoidtime
a rocky by
the other
number
seashore, ofyou
so
to estimate sampling
number
the
communities total.
of and systematic
organisms in a small such bias
as in placing
using a quadrat
woodlice in the TOTAL AREA.
However, placeValidityaareas
quadrats.
and
what then cord
means along
estimating
do you this
whether way.
sample?
the you Then
numberhaveofyou place quadrats
answered
organisms the at or
in question
the total
- You canregular
not.
area). SoThe
do this intervals
itbylinks
quadrat
random and
with cansample
sampling- them.
reliability.
be anything
youIf can
you
from have
use more
10cm,
a computer reliability,
50cm to get
1m
you
randomalong should
numbers eachand have
side.
thenmorethisvalidity.
will generate coordinates and you use
these numbers to find out where you should place your quadrats.
- You can also do this by systematic sampling- a grid is placed on the
area you want to find out the total number of organisms of, and
then you mark out the quadrats at equal points.
Carbon dioxide

Oxygen
carbon dioxide concentration - since atmospheric concentration very
low / value give e.g. 0.03%
- allow carbon dioxide used up
- temperature high
- allow if light chosen as a factor
- light intensity high
allow If temperature chosen as a factor
6 6 6

any two of
• (presence of) chlorophyll or (amount of)
chloroplasts
accept green leaves (or other green parts)
• (sufficient) light (intensity)
• (light) of a suitable wavelength
any light other than green light

• control by osmosis
• the movement of gases
• Through stomata

* near the upper surface

* contain (a great) many or
more chloroplasts
* (so) contain the most chlorophyll
+ light = + photosynthesis
+ light = + photosynthesis to a limit
limit depends on temp/CO2 levels
+ CO2 = + photosynthesis
+ temp = + photosynthesis
P, R or T (give two only)
 oxygen

light

chloropyll

Carbon dioxide

water
 Sugar/carbohydrate

It can be stored OR
It is insoluble

Either of:
- Uses it in respiration
- Turns it into cellulose
- Turns it into protein
- Turns it into lipids

photosynthesis

One from:
- They are thin
- They have a large surface area
- They are flat
- They have stomata
- They have air spaces
- They have chloroplasts
- They have veins
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

1 mark each for any of the following

ideas:

lower CO2 concentration

lower light intensity

decrease water availability

alter light wavelength or colour

accept more green light

 June

April
- Does not contain chlorophyll
- which is needed to absorb light or
energy
e.g. mussels/caddis/ loach

water
Carbon dioxide

light
water oxygen

Keep temperature constant

 absorbs light/to produce food

e.g.
has chlorophyll/chloroplasts
has elongated shape to absorb light
water oxygen
keep temperature constant
 Continued from previous slide
(same question)

a factor other than temperature is limiting

do not accept water 1
eg carbon dioxide
 Continued from previous slide
(same question)

a factor other than temperature is limiting

do not accept water 1
eg carbon dioxide
any one from:
• (type of / amount of) soil / minerals /
nutrients / pH
• amount of water / time of watering
• space between plants / plants and wall
• time for growth
 any one from:
• increase / give light
• increase temperature / make warmer
• increase / give CO2
any two from: • add fertiliser / nutrients / minerals / named
• cheaper
allow grow faster / more grown
• better quality / flavour
ignore size
• available all year
accept converse if clear that answer refers to use of British tomatoes
allow ‘Fair Trade’
any two from:
• greater distance or more food
miles or more transport
idea of more needed only once
• transport needs (more) energy / fuel
• reference to eg greenhouse effect / global
warming / pollution / CO2 release / carbon footprint
ignore ozone
Water Oxygen
 water oxygen

Chlorophyll (cant get a mark for saying chloroplast as it is a component not

a substance. You can get a mark if you say chlorophyll which is found inside
chloroplasts though

light intensity / temperature is high enough for higher rate

or light /
temperature is not limiting
low CO2 available or not enough CO2
available or rate would be higher with more CO2
temperature
allow water / rain
allow (too) cold / hot as a minimum
allow wave length / frequency / colour
ignore ions
ignore heat
carbon dioxide/CO2

through the roots/root hairs

do not accept leaves

oxygen
glucose can be used for respiration by the plant

production of fat or oil

production of cellulose

production of proteins
2.2
Topic you need to know about:
Chapter 1: cells, tissues and organs
Chapter 2: organisms in the environment
Chapter 3: enzymes
Chapter 4: energy from respiration
Chapter 5: simple inheritance in animals
and plants
Chapter 6: old and new species
 Enzyme
Use of Detail reactionChapter3-
catalysed
Advantage
enzymes where produced
Disadvantage
enzymes salivary glands, pancreas, small
Amylase starch → sugars
Biological Contain proteases
(a carbohydrase) 1. Amino
Helps acids
to remove Might
intestineirritate some
2.
detergent and lipases. Work stains- 3.Proteins
A transition
areare metal
found people’s
inthat
nuts, skin.
speeds
seeds The
up a meats
and
4.
5. Enzymes
chemical also
reaction made
speed up
up ofchemical
proteins reactions.
not
better at lower Lower temp
6. An enzyme stomach,
needed (like enzymes
a pancreas,
catalyst may
it small
go
speedsintoup a
protease proteins → amino -acids The
metals hormone insulin is a protein
(like catalysts)
temperatures than - reaction,
Reduces energy
Antibodies butare intestine
it isproteins
found
rivers inandtheharm
body and
themade
1. What is a protein
lipids made
non-biological → up of?
costs
fatty - up
7.
acids
of a protein)
Proteins
Something
+ are made
that water
fits thelife.
ininto Using and
ribosomes
an enzyme lowcan
2. lipase
Name five uses/functions 8. The
of proteins best
- Enzymes
be conditions.
in our
broken pancreas,
down body.
are Enzymes
proteins
or two morework
orsmall best at can
intestine
substrates
detergents. So glycerol temperature may not kill
body temperature-
be added together to 37 degrees C.
make a bigger different
molecule.
3. What is a catalyst?
reduces energy pathogens on clothes.
enzymes work best at different
9. When an enzyme no longer works and pH’s. e.g.
4. Howcosts.
is an enzyme similar to a proteases
catalyst?
11. lipidswork fatty acids and
cannot
12. catalyse
Proteinsbest at a low
a reaction.
amino pH
acidsItglycerol
and
has by lipases
lipases
become
(proteases)
5. What is an enzyme different from
work
Helps a catalyst?
best
13.
unfolded
baby’s atsohigher pH’s.
Carbohydrates/starch
the active
digestive site has beenglucose
ruined.
Baby Proteases used in 14. It makes
May
conditions
trigger
in the
allergic
small intestine
6. What does the term ‘biological catalyst’
system to cope mean?
(carbohydrases
with or amylases)
baby food
food 7. What is a substrate? to pre- 15. Creates
alkaline reactions
an acidic
(because food environment
that comesinfrom the the
digest the food. protein. stomach
stomachneeded
is acidic forand enzymes
then it to work
goes to properly
the small
8. What does optimum mean?
The enzyme intestine and theEnzymes
enzymes insuch the small
Slimming
9. What does denature mean? Fructoseintestine is sweeter
work best at alkaline conditions).
as
isomerase can in humans?
than glucose, so a
foods10. Describe digestion Bile is produced isomerase
in the liver, stored are in the gall
11. What convert glucose
do lipids breakinto smaller
down to and how? amount is
bladder and goesexpensiveinto the small tointestine
producewhen
12. What fructose.
do proteinsFructose
breakisdown
needed.
to andtheThis
how? makesenters (used
food it! to convert
sweeter so you need fructose syrup a
13. What do carbohydrates break down to and how? glucose into fructose)
14. What less
areofthe
it. functions of bile?
useful ingredient in
slimming foods.
15. What is the function of hydrochloric acid in digestion?
16. What are the uses of enzymes in industry?
 What are enzymes?
• Enzymes are proteins found in the body.
• They speed up chemical reactions like digestion.
• We can refer to enzymes as ‘biological catalysts’
• All enzymes are specific (they only act on one type of reaction)
• A lot of them end in ‘ase’, but not all of them
• Enzymes are not used in the reaction, they just speed it up. So
they can be re-used

catalase amylase pepsin trypsin

How much can you remember so far?
proteins
1. Enzymes are _______. this means that
you can’t use different enzymes on the
same reaction.
2. All enzymes have an ______active site.
re used
3. Enzymes can be _________ as they
don't take part in the reaction other
than speeding it up.
4. Another term for an enzyme is a
biological catalyst
_________ _________.
Label me
Summary of Enzyme Location and Action
Catalyses the
Enzyme Location
breakdown of:

salivary glands
Carbohydrase
pancreas starch into sugars
(Amylases)
small intestine

stomach
proteins into amino
Protease pancreas acids
small intestine
pancreas lipids (fats and oils)
Lipase into fatty acids and
small intestine glycerol
 mouth or saliva

starch Maltose or glucose

Small intestine

Fats/lipids Fatty acids or glycerol

salivary
accept pancreas

pancreas
accept small intestine or ileum
- work at low temperatures / save energy
- work at low or atmospheric pressures / need less expensive equipment

any two from:

• easily broken down by high temperature / low pH
• difficult to separate from water-soluble products
• very expensive to buy
pancreas produces lipase
which breaks down / digests fats into fatty acids and
glycerol
liver produces bile / hydrogen carbonate
which neutralises acids / makes alkaline
provides optimum / best / most effective pH for lipase /
enzyme action
bile emulsifies fats / description
increasing the surface area for lipase / enzyme to act on
any five for 1 mark each
(digestion is in stomach / liver / pancreas – penalise only
once)
pros e.g.:
gum trees survive therefore less soil erosion
therefore food webs not disrupted
if no culling, whole Koala population may die
easier to cull because Koalas are difficult to catch
cons e.g.:
Koala’s ‘right to life’ / ethical issue
better to transfer to reserves on mainland than kill
could use tranquillisers to catch without killing
could allow population to stabilise naturally
max 4 of the above; max 3 pros or cons.
digested / broken down / made soluble
by protease enzyme
in stomach in small intestine / from
stomach / from pancreas
into amino acids
amino acids / small molecules absorbed
into blood
10
liver
 liver

mouth or salivary glands or small intestine or pancreas

Pancreas (accept small intestine)

stomach or small intestine or pancreas

- teeth breakdown food

accept chewing

- amylase or saliva (breaks down starch)

liver
protease

amino acids
any two from:
• neutralises acid / makes conditions
alkaline / raises pH
• enzymes (in small intestine) work
(more/most effectively)
or stop/prevents enzymes being
denatured
• emulsifies fats/lipids or
description of emulsification
do not accept breakdown unqualified
• larger surface area
Topic you need to know about:
Chapter 1: cells, tissues and organs
Chapter 2: organisms in the environment
Chapter 3: enzymes
Chapter 4: energy from respiration
Chapter 5: simple inheritance in animals
and plants
Chapter 6: old and new species
 Chapter 4- energy from respiration
1. One of the seven life processes. It is a chemical
2. Energy!that
reaction Energy allows in allus toour
WORK!!
3. C6H12O6 +occurs
6O2 → 6CO 2 +of
6H 2O
cells in the
4. glucose + oxygen
mitochondria → carbon
to generate dioxide + water (+ energy)
energy.
1. What is respiration? 5. Mitochondria is the site of respiration where energy
7. you need 6.
is a constant
generated. amount of glucose in your blood.
2. What does respiration 8.
If you generate?
Respiration
have - extra, needs
Building it isoxygen
large
turned and
molecules produces
into glycogen carbon
from smallwhich ones
is
3. What is the chemical dioxide.
equation
insoluble. These gases are
for respiration?
- Muscle also transported
contraction for movement around the
Ifblood.
4. What is the word equation9. Your
you
10. don’t -body
for
Respirationhave gets
Keeping fitter
respiration?
enough
with body and oxygen
glucose you
temperature
little/no are better
in your able to
constant/steady
blood, glycogen
Heart rate-
5. Why are mitochondriacan provide
known
be asyour
the
converted the heart
increased rate
bloodincreases
powerhouses
into glucose. supply
of athatduring exercise
muscles
cell? need
soduring
When your
youcells can get
activity.
exercise, youmore
needoxygen
lots ofand glucose
energy. So and
you the
do
6. What can we use the energy
carbon
from
dioxide
respiration
can be removed
for?faster. Heart rate is
7. What is glycogen andmore 13.
how Lactic
respiration
is acid (which generates energy).
Sohow
11.12.
Most
you fast ofit
glucose
need the produced?
the heart
lactic
more time, beats.
acid
muscles
glucose! (+ energy)
get the energy needed to
8. What is the difference 14.
Breathing Energy
between rate- is generated
breathing
the rate fast
rate
at which and
and youit means
heart we the
rate?
exchange can still do
contract
…so glycogen form isaerobic
converted respiration.
intoeven However,
glucose. if you
9. What happens if wesuddenly
gasesexercise
exercise carbon for a bit longer
regularly?
dioxide and oxygenless if we the
from havent
air got ayour
into big
Anaerobic startrespiration
to exercise produces
vigorously, energy
your muscle
than aerobic
cells
supply of oxygen.
10. What is anaerobic respiration?
body.
won’t
respiration.
have enough oxygen to keep contracting hard. So
During
you
However,
11. What is the difference start exercise,
betweentoitdo
producesbreathing
anaerobic
aerobic energy rate
respiration.
and increases-
FASTER
anaerobic This
thanis the volume
aerobic
when
respiration? you
12. What is the word15. of oxygen
haven't
respiration.
equation
Once wegotfor and
enough
stop carbon
anaerobic
working dioxide
oxygen. The moving
process
respiration?
hard after inreleases
vigorous andexercise,
out of your
energy
lungs
ourwithout
13. What are the products ofincreases.
muscles the areneed
stillfor
anaerobic oxygen deeply.
breathing
respiration? to break down
This the glucose.
is because
ourItbodies
14. What are the advantages
provides
of
the muscles
areanaerobic
trying to gainwith thethe
back
respiration?
energy
extrathey need to
oxygen.
contract.
15. What does an ‘oxygen debt’ mean?
 (aerobic) respiration

carbon dioxide water (vapour)

 respire

Oxygen/glucose Oxygen/glucose

blood
Carbon dioxide/heat
Carbon dioxide/heat
 water vapour

more carbon dioxide

less oxygen

glucose
oxygen lactic
 oxygen

lungs

oxygen
Lactic acid
Topic you need to know about:
Chapter 1: cells, tissues and organs
Chapter 2: organisms in the environment
Chapter 3: enzymes
Chapter 4: energy from respiration
Chapter 5: simple inheritance in animals
and plants
Chapter 6: old and new species
 Chapter 5- simple inheritance in plants and animals

1. What is a cell? 1.2.The basic unit

A picture thatofshows
life. all of the chromosomes. 22 chromosomes
2. What is a karyotype?3. normal
are In the nucleus.
chromosomes
4. Strands of genetic and one pair that
information are sex chromosomes.
is MADE
3. Where is our DNA found?of5.DNA and CONTAINS
Sections of DNA that genes.
code for our
4. What is a chromosome? 6. characteristics,
Different formse.g. eye same
of the colour. gene. You
5. What is a gene? 7.
mightmitosis-
havecellsproduces
two produced body
alleles forfrom cells
eye colourfor growth
but youand repair.
8.
TWO The mitosis or meiosis.
6. What is an allele? only 9. Adaughter
express cell cells
sex (show) one.are produced and there is ONE cell
10. Specialised
division. The daughter cells-
cellse.g.aresex cells, root
identical to thehairparent
cells,
7. Name two ways in which cells can
neurones
cell. The
divide
daughteretc. are and
cellsallare
describe
specialised each
known as cells.
of them.
DIPLOID as they
8. What is a daughter cell? have two sets of DNA.
9. What is a gamete? Meiosis- produces
11. Cells that CAN gametes from diploid
differentiate intocells.
otherThe types of
10. Describe what a differentiated
daughter
12. Bone
cells. cell
cells is.
are known
marrow
Differentiated stem ascells
cellsHAPLOID
can do
can’t beas they
used
this. tohave
But stemhalf
treat cells
11. What is a stem cell? the 13.
15.
amount We
Showing
leukaemia. ofcan
DNA
The treat
the
frompossible
diseases
research the chromosome
☺
parent
is cell.
on-going toIn combinations
humans,
try and treat in
can.16. Embryos
Gregor have
Mendel embryonic
was a stem
monk. He cells.
spent That’s
many why
years
18.
17. If
children
we are
polydactly-
We have from
transferring
their
having
chromosomes parents.
more cells from
fingers
from our or one
mumtoesperson toSoanother,
12. How can stem cells bemeiosis
used
some occurs
diseases
in humanforin
scientists
studying the
spinal testes
injuries
treatment?
think
inheritance we and
can
using ovaries.
etc.
use
peas.them
He toand
was dad.
treat
trying human
to we
it may
Huntingtons-
have be
alleles rejected
a disease
from our or that
thatand person
affects will need
the nervous medication
system
20. If a issues
13. What are the ethical 19.
disease-
couple has Cystic
a but
behind
understand fibrosis-
historythat
the whyuse amum
ofwould
some affects
destroy
genetic
of stem dad.
cell Different
membranes
the
disease,
cells?
characteristics embryo.
the pairs
womans
would of
embryo
disappear in
all their
alleles can life
produce different characteristics.
can be takenLuckily,
and stem
thescreened
first cells
to see
generation areifeven found
thethen in adults-
potential babyinhas in the bone
alleles for
14. What is variation? SomeSome countries
alleles are have and
dominant- banned
the
reappear
embryonic
characteristic stemthe next
cell
they code
disease.marrow,
thatsquare?
15. What is a punnet which(even
generation can be used to
if their treat didn’t
parents blood show
diseases.
this
forresearch
shows as theythe
whether
characteristic).
think this
individual could
has have
one been
or two a copies
potential
16. What did Gregor Mendelofdo? life.allele.
☺ The couplethe canconcluded
He prepare ifthat theirit child
was due mayto have the disease
something called(e.g.
17. Some alleles are dominant Someand
save money‘inherited some
alleles are
are
or have counselling recessive.
recessive-
factors’. We
What
where
to support the
now callthem)
does this
characteristic
these or
mean?may
the couple
genes.
18. Give examples ofdecide
dominant they
to disorders
goA code
lot offor
through his only
abortion.
work shows when both
was ignored untilchromosomes
after his death of the
as
19. Give examples of May
recessive pair
be used have that
disorders
to test
they didn’t for allele.
other alleles- e.g. eye colour or
understand.
20.What is screening. Stateor
intelligence the pros and
sporting cons.
ability, aborting babies that are not ‘normal’-
some may see this as unethical.
 eggs

ovaries

sperm
testes

sexual

gametes fertilisation

asexual
peas
breed (together)

accept have same number of chromosomes

do not accept have the same number of genes
to produce fertile offspring
 male or testes

testes or male ovary or ovaries

gametes

fertilisation

fetus or
zygote or
embryo

genetic information or genes or

chromosomes or DNA
do not accept characteristics by itself

(comes) from two parents

accept from both parents
Remember- mitosis produces
the same thing as the parent
cell (above)
Remember meiosis
produces GAMETES (sex
cells) so they have HALF
the amount of DNA. You
could have kept the dark
ones or the light
chromosomes (makes no
difference, as long as you
show you now have half!)
Topic you need to know about:
Chapter 1: cells, tissues and organs
Chapter 2: organisms in the environment
Chapter 3: enzymes
Chapter 4: energy from respiration
Chapter 5: simple inheritance in animals
and plants
Chapter 6: old and new species
 Chapter 6- origins of life on Earth

1. What is a fossil? 1. Fossils are the remains or traces left of organisms

5.
6.
2.4.3.5
that 4.6 Billion
billion
lived.years
evolution-
once ago or
because we3500
4600 million
can use themyears ago how
to show
2. How can fossils be formed?
3.
7. Radioactive
Reduction
- organisms
Mineral ofdating
a species
replacement- methods
to zero.
minerals This could happen
8. Organisms have that
changed
are theinyears.
over adapted
best thetoground
the
3. How can we find out howbecause
old9. fossils
replaceWhere are?in
organisms
many
minerals cant evolve
DIFFERENT
the fast enough
species
hard parts to
canon
ofpass
the diechanges
at the
skeleton
environment
10. Where survive,
one reproduce
species may and
evolve into their
another species
4. Fossils provide evidenceinof………….
the
same
such
genes.
environment.
as time-
the this
bone may
or occur
shells if
and there
this is a
preventsdrastic change
decay.
over time.
5. When do scientists believe inthe
theEarth
- Mummification- wastooformed?
environment. cold or too acidic- then decay
6. When do scientists believe can’tlifeoccur.
of Earth began?
- Moulds and casts- the dead organism may be
7. What does extinction mean?
pressed
8. State what natural selection mean? into a soft sediment to form a cast.
- Trace fossils- footprints etc.
9. State what mass extinction?
10. What is speciation?
variation / mutation 1

individuals with characteristics most suited

to environment survive, allow survival of the
fittest 1

genes passed to next generation or these

individuals reproduce 1
there is a lack of valid / reliable evidence

because the early organisms were soft bodied or

because remains were destroyed by geological action
populations of salamanders became isolated /
separated 1

by areas between mountains 1

there was genetic variation in these isolated

communities 1

natural selection acted differently on these isolated

communities 1

eventually resulting in interbreeding being no longer

possible and so new species have been formed 1
any two from:
• similar in size to Emperor penguin
or bigger than all penguins
• large size is adaptation to cold climate
• since less heat loss per unit of body
volume
or smaller surface area /volume ratio
any four from:
• mutation / variation
• produces smaller wings / fatter
body
must be linked to mutation / variation
• wings no longer an advantage since
no predators
allow wings / flight not needed as no
predators
• wings no longer an advantage since
food on ground
allow wings / flight not needed as food
on ground
• fatter body can store more energy
when fruit scarce
• successful birds breed / pass on
genes
any one from:
• evidence has all gone
• no scientists on island at time to
record evidence
• no records (from sailors)
any two from:
• streamlined / shape reduces
friction / long and thin / smooth surface
OWTTE
• fins / flippers / tail / paddle
do not accept ‘arms’ or ‘legs’
• structures that push against water
 fossils / teeth / bones / skeleton / foot prints
allow cave drawings
do not accept scientists have seen them

only (some) bones remain / soft parts have decayed

accept ‘no-one has ever seen one’
allow no photos, no pictures, no drawings any two from:
• hunted by human
• (new) predator
allow more predators
• (new) competitor
• (new) disease
• environment changed /
named environmental change
allow natural disaster
• prey extinct / loss of food
supply
ignore not enough food
Biology data analysis questions
plants with all mineral salts grew best

plants with mineral salts but no nitrate grow

better than
without any mineral salts
((mean) mass) increases up to 7 / 8 units (of light) then levels off
light limiting factor up to 7 / 8 units
for photosynthesis
other factor / temperature limiting above 7 / 8 units
 rubber plant/fern

Because it can tolerate low levels of light