3 13. What happened in 395, 476, 1054, 1453?

Chapter 2
The Christian Church in the First Millennium

1. (22) How is the history of music in medieval Europe

intertwined with the history of the Christian church?

14. (26) SR: What two things did singing of psalms

accomplish for St. Basil?

2. (23) What was the deal about Christianity before 313?

15. SR: What was Augustine's dilemma and justification?

3. What did the Edict of Milan do?

16. (27) SR: Who was Egeria? What texts were sung? Any
ethos going on? What service was it?
4. What happened in 392?

17. What is the language of the Catholic Church?

5. What's the connection between Christian observances Byzantine? TQ: Old Testament? New Testament?
and Jewish traditions?

18. Explain rite, church calendar, liturgy, chant (plainchant),

6. Briefly describe the difference between temple rites and chant dialects.
the synagogue services.

7. (24) What is a cantillation?

19. (28) What were the musical elements in the Byzantine
church?
8. What's the connection between Christianity and
Judaism?
20. What is an echos?

9. What is a basilica? 21. When did notation become available in the Byzantine
church?

10. (25) Who were the church fathers and what role did they
play? What is centonization? Answer: Melodic formulas. This
term disappeared with the 8th edition. (Leo Treitler)

22. What are the different kinds of chant and in what region
11. Why did they allow music? were they in use? (That reminds me, use also means "a
liturgy having modification peculiar to a local church or
religious order." It's like rite.)

12. What was the position of instrumental music?

Burkholder/Grout/Palisca, Ninth Edition, Chapter 2

23. (29) In what century did the liturgy in Europe become 36. The next stage was _________ or ___________ neumes.
standardized? What is the name given to that chant?

37. Why did F and C become clefs?

24. What is a schola cantorum?

38. (36) Did notation completely replace memorization?

25. TQ: Holy Roman emperor?

39. What about rhythm indications?

26. (30) Who is Gregorian chant attributed to? TQ: Why?

40. (37) Who codified chant approved by the Catholic
Church?

41. What is the performance practice? TQ: Is that the

27. (31) What is the date of Old Roman chant? How does it definitive practice?
differ from Gregorian?

28. What is oral transmission?

42. In what year was the chant approved?

43. (38) TQ: What clef is used in Example 2.2? Example

2.3? Both are transcriptions of the facsimiles on page 34.

29. (32) TQ: Example 2.1. What are the slurs? (Hint: The • Gone from the 8th edition is composite neume, a
answer is in Example 2.3, which is a transcription of grouping of neumes, which is also known as a ligature.
Example 2.2.) Where is the centonization? (Even though
that term is illegal now.) 44. What is an oblique neume? Fact: An oblique neume is
only the angled rhomboid and it’s two distinct notes (not
three as the textbook states), not a portamento. The
30. When did notation begin? composite neume shown is a “porrectus” Fact: It’s a
liquescent neume that has the “small notes.” Fact: The
last symbol on each staff that looks something like a
31. (33) SR: What is the "workshop" called? TQ: What’s the checkmark is called a “custos” (Latin – guide) and
relationship between scriptoria and scriptorium? indicates the first pitch of the next staff.

45. What does a quilisma do?

32. SR: What’s the paper for a book called? What’s the
paper made of? How do deer figure into the process?
46. What is the meaning of the following according to the
Solesmes monks?
33. SR: TQ: What are the decorative pictures properly dot –
called? —-
| - a. b. c.
*-
34. (35) What is the purpose of notation? ij – (see Example 3.5)

35. What are the signs called in early notation? What did
they tell—and not tell—the performer?

© 2014, 2009, 2006, 2001, 2000 Ted A. DuBois

4 57. Some treatises are set up "in dialog form," which means
that the student will ask a question and the teacher will
47. (38) How many of each are found in Example 2.2? answer it, so that the student learns a little bit at a time,
step by step.

58. (40) What is a monochord? Answer: A string stretched

over a long wooden resonator with a movable bridge to
vary the sounding length of the string. Disappeared with
8th edition.
• Fact: The little vertical ticks under notes indicate the
ictus. Fact: The accents on the Latin text indicate the 59. Who is the author and what is the name of the treatise that
stressed syllable. presents a more practical approach to music theory?

48. Which two authors were important in summarizing

music theory and philosophy of the ancient world? From
whom did Boethius borrow? 60. (41) The ____ modes were completed by the ___
century.

49. What are the trivium and quadrivium?

61. The three factors that identify a mode are _________,
__________, and __________.

50. Who was the most influential authority on music in the 62. And are divided between ____________ and
Middle Ages? (Last name is sufficient.) _____________.

51. (39) What is the name of his treatise? 63. (41) Figure out the rules
Modes 1 and 2 end on _____; 3 and 4, _____; 5 and 6,
_____; 7 and 8 _____.
52. In two or three words, what was the source of Boethius'
writings? The even-numbered modes are called ____________
(see question 62); and the odd-numbered are called
_______________
53. What are Boethius' three divisions of music? Briefly
explain each. The modes have an ________ range with one note on
either side.

The even-numbered modes start a ________ below the

corresponding odd-numbered mode.
54. TQ: Will you become a "true musician" this year?
The tenor for an odd-numbered mode is a _________
above the final; for the even-numbered mode the tenor is
55. TQ: Why would a medieval treatise begin with a a ___________ lower than the corresponding mode. The
Boethius section? only exception is when the tenor is on the pitch _____.

64. The one chromatic alteration was what note?

56. Practical Theory. Name the two most important treatises.

Author? Date? 65. (42) What is a tonary?

66. Comment on ”Many [chants] existed before the theory

was developed, and some of them do not fit gracefully in
any mode.”

Burkholder/Grout/Palisca, Ninth Edition, Chapter 2

67. When were the modes codified? What are the two
differences?

68. Greek scales ______________, medieval scales

_____________.

69. (43) Medieval theory was based on ________,

__________, and ___________. Greek theory was based
on ___________, ___________, and _________.

70. What are the six syllables that Guido adopted? How did
he decide on those particular syllables and not others?

71. What is the generic name for this syllable system?

72. TQ: The hexachord replaced the ______________.

73. How many different hexachords are there?

74. Do you understand b quadrum, b rotundum, and which

hexachords are hard (durum) or soft (molle)?

75. What is the theoretical range of medieval music? TQ:

How does this compare with the Greater Perfect System?

76. (44) How many hexachords are within the medieval

range?

77. TQ: Does this system allow for pitch designation?

78. Changing the hexachord while singing a song using

syllables is called what?

79. What is the name of the pedagogical tool used to teach

solmization? What is the fancy word for pedagogical?

© 2014, 2009, 2006, 2001, 2000 Ted A. DuBois