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PUBLIC MARKET WITH TRANSPORT TERMINAL IN CAUAYAN CITY,

ISABELA

Concepcion, Maribel
School of Engineering and Architecture
University of Baguio

Abstract of the study

Markets are a prominent trading space found in most cities and municipalities; it
is where people sell their products and buy their daily needs. Market accompanied by
terminal provides direct access to people on what they need like: jobs, markets and
goods, social interaction, education, and a full range of other services contributing to
healthy and fulfilled lives. The project proposes for the citizens of the city as well as the
neighboring towns to have alternative options where to conduct their transportation and
market activities. These public buildings play a vital role in the government. It provides a
livelihood to the community, lessens consumable energy usage, and serves as a landmark
to the city. The study will incorporate energy efficiency designs with passive and active
strategies to provide thermal comfort to the users; this concept also will help to reduce
developmental and operational impacts that affect the natural environment, and will
focuses mainly on the utilization of natural and renewable energy for the development to
function successfully with less harm to the grounds. In achieving energy efficiency,
cutting of power demands on buildings, and producing energy locally from renewable
resources are necessary, also, sharing power by creating structures that generate a surplus
of energy are the substantial goal of the concept. Furthermore, for the building character,
the proposal will integrate the bamboo concept for its building façade to serve as a
landmark to the city of Cauayan
The research used a quantitative descriptive method to enable an in-depth
investigation of a specific phenomenon; the study also involves analysis, interpretation,
and presentation of data relevant to the study of the public market with the transport
terminal
Keywords: Energy Efficiency, Renewable Resources, and Cauayan City
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INTRODUCTION

Markets are a prominent trading space found in most cities; it is where people sell
their products and buy their daily needs. Public market accompanied by terminal provides
direct access to people on what they need, like jobs, markets, goods, social interaction,
education, and other services, contributing to healthy and fulfilled lives (Ban, 2016).
Their commonplace role as a venue for tourists, commuters, traders, and buyers to
exchange goods with currencies can trace back to the history of public markets as a place
of commerce and transport as a bloodstream of the city. Business activities in ancient
markets conduct in open spaces without shades. However, over the years, as urbanization
occurred, there has been increased effort to develop formal structures where the activity
of the market can conduct. Usually, markets are position at the epicenter of economic and
social life, though they are referring to with many different phrases depending on their
demographic region. In most of Asia, public markets are called fresh markets or wet
markets. However, in Europe, they typically called markets, and in North America, they
are called farmers' markets (Daniel and Nestico, 2015). In Asia, public markets are
divided into two (2) parts: wet and dry markets. Wet markets have wet floors associated
with fruits, vegetables, seafood, and poultry. On the other hand, Dry markets deal with
dry goods such as textiles, carpets, clothing, and spices. It is a type of market found only
in certain places and is not in a term that exists widely. Unlike dry markets, the seller in
the wet markets regularly use water to sprinkle the fish and meat products also to wash
down the floor to keep the area clean and humid (Difference Between Wet and Dry
Market, 2018)

Generally, public markets exist to fulfill a general-purpose, showcase the unique

character and culture while serving its everyday shopping needs. Open markets prohibit
chain stores and franchises. They focus on businesses that are locally own and operate,
which highlight the best local foods, crafts, music, heritage, and culture. Public markets
are also powerful economic engines. They create entrepreneurial opportunities for
citizens and immigrants who often find it challenging to enter into the mainstream
economy (Zaretsky, 2015).
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Moreover, the marketplace is for sustainable and healthy living; solving

environmental and sustainability issue in the marketplace is part of the overall design.
Reducing water use, waste and packaging, greenhouse gasses, and improving health,
hygiene, and nutrition are ideas that will help create a sustainable and healthy
environment. Not only will the design be sustainable, but a more sustainable food system
is a goal for this project, Sebastian (2015). Supporting local farmers for dairy, fresh
meats, and produce is healthier and helps build a sustainable community. Sustainable
public markets with transport terminal will help to lessen environmental degradation and
minimizes energy consumption, as mentioned by the UNESCAP (2015). Hence, markets
and terminal need to be resilient to thrive alongside modern development without
compromising their innate qualities and ways of operating. Fundamentally, the market is
the people's place. It is where vendors make a living, and where customers shop for their
daily goods (Zakariya, Kamarudin, & Harun, 2016). The availability of essential facilities
in the market may continue to impede on the enormous offers which the market can bring
in terms of profit. The regeneration of the local urban marketplace is also essential in
conserving the city's heritage values, where they play a significant role as a place for
commercial and cultural interchange (UNESCO, 2013).

Specifically, the Philippine public market or "palengke” as is colloquially called,

reflects the culture of its locality or regional area. It also served as the face of business in
the different cities and municipalities of the country, particularly in the non-metropolis
areas. Markets have always been an essential component of a city's public realm. A city
without a marketplace cannot function, because it lacks the platform where layers of the
community could gather and socialize, also where tangible and intangible culture could
feel in its sense of place (Qamaruz-Zaman, 2014). In addition, these are community's
‘open-air living rooms' which contribute to the city's economic growth, and platform for
unhindered social and cultural public interaction and even serve to encourage upward
mobility in society which expected to continue to serve as one of the primary sources of
fresh products and goods for the general public in the years to come. It is then essential
that standards on hygiene and food handling procedures be met to create a comfortable
and safe shopping environment for patrons. Moreover, marketplace thrives in the first
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place because it serves the local community and has been a significant part of local
traditions that is rich with arts and cultural practices (Khanian, M. et al., 2013; Pourjafar,
Ebrahimi and Ansari, 2013) Its localness and charm inadvertently entice visitors from
outside to come to the market, which gradually turns the marketplace into an urban
tourist attraction. Public market accompanied by transport terminal is an advantageous
reality for promotion and easy access of local surplus products from one place to another.

Commonly, transport terminal refers to the vital node in transport systems and
terminals exist as a point of interchange within the same modal system, which ensure a
continuity of the flows. Terminals, however, may also be very important points of
transfer between different modes of transportation and their respective networks, so that
goods/ surplus goods produced by the local can be transport from one place to another.
Furthermore, one core attribute of transport terminals is their convergence function. They
are obligatory points of passage having capitalized on their geographical location which
is generally intermediate to commercial flows.

Furthermore, Hindawi (2012) stated that efficient terminals can improve

passenger transportation networks, it adjust the layout of networks, provide a passenger
guidance system, and optimize the assembly and distribution of modern logistic modes,
among others sustainable transport terminal it also optimizes the needs of transporting
and passengers, minimizes consumption of energy, land and other resources, generates
low emissions of, greenhouse gases and ozone-depleting substances, minimizes the
adverse social impacts arising from transport operations. In addition, Ban (2016)
mentioned that sustainable transport provides services and infrastructure for the mobility
of people and goods— advancing economic and social development to benefit today's
and future generations—in a manner that is safe, affordable, accessible, efficient, and
resilient, while minimizing carbon and other emissions and environmental impacts; this
credibility was supplemented by Star 8 Green (2016) whereby they introduces Solar
Jeepney and tricycle or the E-jeepney and E-tricycle which become iconic in the
Philippines. The E-jeepney and E-tricycle eliminate gas guzzling, harmful emissions, and
noise pollution. According to Perante (2017) in line with the Smarter City Project with the
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Isabela State University and the Department of Science and Technology, the city
government, likewise, partnered with Ropali Trading for the conceptualization of e-
tricycles with solar roof. The advocacy to adopt the use of modern-day technology helps
conserve energy and protect the environment. And now, electric tricycles or e-tricycles are
already present in the city of Cauayan however electric jeepney or e-jeepney are not yet
introduced.

Moreover, markets and terminal function as essential nodes of urban commerce

that plays an essential role in a city (Morales, 2011). Therefore, the government listed a
priority project such as public market with transport terminal; however the project is
actually proposes by Ropali Realty Management and Development Corporation to the
city government wherein the two parties made an agreement and a resolution as a proof
for public-private partnership. They proposes this project because the existing public
market cannot accommodate anymore the growing population of Cauayan City especially
during peak season with a total population of 140,218 with 62,889 household population
and it cannot expand horizontally because the location of the existing public market is
surrounded by big establishments like Primark, Talavera Hypermart, Puregold, Mart One
and etc. and also the mayor of Cauayan city also mentioned that future development will
be done on outskirt of the Central Business District (CBD) because with the recent surge
in the growth of Cauayan City the site has exceeded its carrying capacity and can no
longer accommodate new development initiatives both from the public and private sector.
In addition, the public market usually characterized by inaccurate planning and
circulation that causes congestion, inaccessibility, poor waste management and sanitation
standards, manifestation of unscrupulous vendors, lack of a redress mechanism for
consumer complaints, and no established systems of operations, it also has also
unorganized stall because wet sections are mixed up with dry goods were the location of
meat and fish sections is also where apparel sections, footwear sections, house
accessories and etc. are located. On the other hand is the terminal since Cauayan is a city,
people from the other towns surrounding the Cauayan crowded the city and so the
terminal cannot accommodate all passengers because there is only one (1) jeepney
terminal exists in Cauayan city. Hence, the study will address these problems on the
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development of public market with transport terminal to serve as a stepping stone of the
project to make it successful and provide solutions on consumer issues and concerns.

Moreover, as in increasing demands in development and advancement, energy

also became a problem because resources are depleting however energy now became a
necessity for regulating the life style in planet. Because of rapid growth in urbanization
and population, a huge demanded comes in the real-estate. Building is both, the higher
consumption of resources and well the greater cause for environment depletion. A
requirement of Energy is everywhere and the dependency is belongs to non-renewable
resource like fossil fuel. Fossil fuels are most responsible for the environmental depletion
as they are major factors for emission of greenhouse gasses in environment. Emission of
green gas will increase by 52% in the duration from 2005 to 2050. On other hand,
emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) is accountable for about 76 percent expected increase
of total greenhouse gas emissions (Environmental Protection Agency EPA, 2017). In
present situation there is 95% of total world energy made by resources like fossil fuels,
coal, oil, and natural gas. However, these resources cause long term damage. So, the need
for this study toward energy production from natural resources is necessary. Thus,
providing a better way for generate of energy without affecting the ecosystem. Whereas
the renewable energy resources like sunshine, wind, water and plants are to be collect
because the flows of energy from these resources never stop. So approach is to use more
as natural resources as possible. Building and construction sector itself consume about
35-40% of total energy consumption. Therefore, utilizations are the better remedy for
environment degradation and step toward to creating energy efficient buildings. A
building that uses much lower resources and energy through construction to maintenance
till removal without compromising to comfort and reliability, gives the equal output or
more with same resource consumption also provides much better quality of living with
ecofriendly environment (Energy Information Administration, 2019). Mostly, it is cost
effective over conventional buildings through its complete life. Various energy
innovative concepts like practicing with design, and proper orientation of building shows
potential to conserve energy by using of more sky light at day, and passive solar helps to
maintain temperature inside the building and reduce the energy required for cooling and
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heating the structure. Energy efficient buildings also concern with waste reduction, water
savings, and types of material used and follows the recycle-reuse-reduce pattern shows
great resources saving object.
Furthermore, Energy efficiency is a terrific resource, fastest and cheapest way to
significantly reduce energy requirement and provides for numerous additional benefits. In
addition to reducing emissions, efficient buildings enhance energy security and reduce
dependence on oil and coal imports. Well-planned efficient buildings result in expanded
medical advantages and higher profitability for occupants because of better indoor natural
quality. Lower energy utilize can likewise bring about lower control power plant
contamination, improving local air and water quality, serves green environment.
Moreover, energy efficiency brings about lower energy use for the same or, then again
better quality outcome (Ghodeshwar, Pandey, & Gupta, 2017).

Hence, electricity is one of the most important blessings that science has given to
humankind, it became a part of modern life, and one cannot think of a world without it. In
recent years, electricity became essential needs like food, cloth, paper, and many other
things (Lekshmi, 2010). According to Energy Information Administration EIA (2019),
the demand for building usage of electricity had continuously increased up to 40 % for
lighting, heating, cooling, and refrigeration and operating appliances, computers,
electronics, machinery, and public transportation systems. Whereas during the first
quarter of the year 2019, the Philippines experienced low or zero reserves on energy
supply. Nevertheless, the deficiency of energy supply in the Philippines is not new
anymore because it also experienced in the year 2013 (Viola, 2019); there is then the
need for alternative energy solutions integrated in the design of architectural structures to
alleviate the current challenges in energy demand; as a response to this issue, the
Philippine Government has mandated a law for energy efficiency and conservation which
is the Republic Act No. 11285, known as the Energy Efficiency and Conservation act.
The law endorses the integration and development of renewable energy in projects;
besides, the law grants incentives to projects dwelling towards energy efficiency.
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Generally, the source of electricity derived from fossil fuels containing

hydrocarbons, primarily coal, fuel oil, or natural gas, produced from the remains of dead
plants and animals. By generating electricity, fossil fuels process upon burning it;
however, they produce large amounts of carbon dioxide, which resulted to climate
change. They can also produce other pollutants, such as sulfurous oxides, which cause
acid rain as stated by World Nuclear Association WNA (2016). Moreover, Fossil fuels
are a substance that extracted and mined beneath the ground, which creates damage and
havoc on the soil. Therefore, as a response to this predicament, the study came up with an
alternative solution to these problems by introducing energy efficiency on buildings.
Whereas, an energy-efficient building reduces maintenance and utility costs, but, in many
cases, improves durability, lessens noise, increases comfort, and creates a healthy and
safe indoor environment. A further goal of energy-efficient construction is to limit
destruction to the ecosystem and reduce the use of natural resources like energy, land,
water, and raw materials. Reducing energy consumption is crucial because it means lesser
emissions of greenhouse gases, a known cause of global warming (Bautex, 2019). Energy
efficiency also introduces two strategies: passive and active designs. Passive is a design
that takes advantage of the climate to maintain a comfortable temperature range in the
building. Passive design reduces the need for heating or cooling, which accounts for
about 40% of energy use in the average building in tropical countries.

Moreover, passive design responds to climates and site conditions of the locality
in order to maximize building users' comfort and health while minimizing energy use. It
achieves this by using renewable sources of energy such as sun and wind to provide
household heating, cooling, ventilation, and lighting, thereby reducing or removing the
need for mechanical heating or cooling. Also, using passive design can reduce
temperature fluctuations, improve indoor air quality, and more enjoyable to live in. On
the other hand is active design, Spacey (2016) defines active design as a system or
structure that uses or produces electricity. Gönülol & Tokuç (2019) also defines active
design as the active strategies that help to supply comfort conditions when passive
strategies are not sufficient. They need the power to work and cause an increase in the
building's energy demand.
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The study focuses on energy efficiency under sustainability, where the city of
Cauayan promotes this concept in order to attain its vision to be the ideal city of the
North that patronized energy efficient building. Since Cauayan City lies at the heart of
Isabela province and even in the entire stretch of Cagayan Valley, this is an excellent
advantage of the proposed public market and terminal with an approach of energy
efficiency. This concept will serve as a pattern to its neighboring town such the town of
Reina Mercedes that bounds on the North, Naguilian on the Northeast, Benito Soliven on
the East, San Guillermo on the Southeast, Angadanan on the South, Alicia on the
Southwest and Luna and Cabatuan on the Northwest (CLUP, 2018-2027). Furthermore,
the development of the public market and transport terminal plays an essential role in the
government where it provides a livelihood to the community, promotes sustainable
designs, reduce the usage of consumable energy and it will serve as a landmark to the city
wherein the design concept will be iconic. Since these are public buildings, Hermawan &
Soetanto (2014) mentioned that it should serve as a heart of urban infrastructure.
Moreover, it is also easier to promote sustained, inclusive, and sustainable economic
growth, full and productive employment, decent work for all, and the return of
investment. Considering this aspect, it will help the proposal to be more flexible in terms
of the design solutions. Furthermore, identifying the current situation or characteristics of
existing public market and transport terminal in Cauayan City will help in the
recommendations in line with the trends of the market and transport terminal designs and
also, address the identified problems on the existing structure and improve them in the
planning and design of new marketplace and transport terminal. Furthermore, separation
of these public buildings would be necessary in order to maintain the purpose of the two
wherein transport terminal is more on motorized vehicles which create congestions and
unnecessary smoke, thus public market needs to distance itself from these elements to
maintain products quality, since market contains perishable and consumable products it
should be sanitary. In addition, a thorough study on the subject matter is essential,
especially in the observation of the site so that the study will come up with a
recommendation that situates the building proposal on its proper orientation as well as
areas, facilities, amenities, and services on its best possible place.
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Research paradigm
The paradigm of the study shows the input, process, and output of the study. The input
for this study includes the data researched through various resources. The input is then
gathered and processed through different forms of analyses, and visualization to come up
with the final output, which is the architectural design of a public market and transport
terminal incorporated with energy-efficient designs.

PROCESS
INPUT Incorporating energy efficient
ENERGY EFFICIENT strategies (active or passive) that
STRATEGIES are applicable on the site
 Passive design
 Active design Tools: related literature, case
BUILDING studies, standard requirements
CHARACTER OUTPUT
Identification and analysis of site
 Natural Heritage ARCHITECTURAL
attributes affecting the character
 Historical Heritage of the proposal through on-site DESIGN OF
 Cultural Heritage observation and related studies, CAUAYAN CITY
ARCHITECTURAL researches regarding history, PUBLIC MARKET
DESIGN SOLUTIONS culture and natural heritage WITH TRANPSORT
 Building laws, TERMINAL
standards, The finale of variable inputs and INCORPORATING
parameters, related process leads to an architectural ENERGY
literature, journals solution of the public market EFFICIENT
with terminal DESIGNS

Fig. 1 Research Paradigm

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Objectives of the Study

The principal objective is to provide the public market with transport terminal in Minante
1, Cauayan city Isabela introducing a new design approach to the province, which is
energy-efficient design. The study specifically aims to:

1. To identify the strategies of energy-efficient designs applicable to the development

of the public market with a transport terminal.
2. To determine the building design character that is suitable on the site and will serve
as a landmark to the City of Cauayan.
3. To come up with an architectural design solution of public market with a transport
terminal in Cauayan City, Isabela.

METHODOLOGY

This section explains the methods and procedures used in gathering the data. Along with
the tools and the treatment of the data collected.

Study Designs

The research classified as quantitative descriptive research as the study involves analysis,
interpretation, and presentation of data relevant to the study of the public market with the
transport terminal. Triangulation of data has achieved through review of related literature
to identify the strategies of energy efficient design. Books regarding history were also use
for the identification of suitable landmark for the proposal. Reviews of related literature,
case studies, journals, and empirical observations treated as primary sources of
information regarding the development of public market and transport terminal in
Cauayan City.
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The population of the study

The study of the public market with transport terminal is located at Minante 1, Cauayan
City owned by Ropali Realty Management and Development Corporation (RRMDC)
with an area of 22, 155 square meters. The target beneficiaries of the development are the
140, 216 total population of Cauayan City with 62, 889 household populations, the
people in business, vendors, stall owners, consumers, drivers, passengers, tourists and
vehicle owners. These are also the significant users for the basis of space allotment of the
development (CLUP, 2018-2027).

Data Gathering Tools

The study used an observational method to enable an in-depth investigation of a specific

phenomenon, setting, process, and relationships. The study is made used of related
literature to identify the variables in the study, these related literature encompassed
immerging trends in public market and transport terminal designs; these design will also
comply with the minimum requirements of spaces, design standards and parameters.

In objective number one, strategies of energy efficiency designs have identified with the
use of collected information through books, related studies, manuals, and journals.
Supplementary information relating to energy efficiency has collected and accessed
through electronic media.
In objective number two, determine the suitable building design character on the site that
will serve as a landmark to the City of Cauayan. The research made use of the collected
information regarding the history, culture, and natural heritage of Cauayan City.
In objective number three, the gathered data and observations have provided by google
earth, maps, and site visitations. References such as existing building laws and
regulations, design guidelines, journals, and researches on public market and terminal are
utilize; research engines were also use to gather online.

Data Gathering Procedure

The data for the conceptualization of the public market with a transport terminal had
taken from related literature, case studies, and on-site observation.
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Visual observation of the site has conducted in order to have a hands-on conception of
the public market and transport terminal. Photographs had taken regarding the features of
the site as a support for what has physically observed. Data concerning the site's
description and documents has taken from the assessor's office of Cauayan and registry of
deeds office in Ilagan City, Isabela.

Furthermore, another literature review is conduct for this phase wherein the data gathered
freely from different sources, with the intent of creating a knowledge base, which will
used as basis in the following phases of the design process.

For objective number one, it involves the gathering of data regarding the climate in
Cauayan city Isabela as it shown in Appendix B Fig. 5, 6, and 7.

For objective number two, it involves the collection of data regarding the history, culture
and natural heritage of the place.

For objective number three, it involves obtaining relevant documents, including

applicable codes and ordinances, as well as buildings and planning standards.

Treatment of Data

All collected data and information were organized, analyzed, and interpreted as an
accurate response for the recommendations for the optimal use of the public market and
transport terminal. Also, related literature has utilized to arrive at recommendations
together with observations.

The data gathered for objective one, which is to identify strategies of energy efficiency
designs that apply to the development of the public market with transport terminal, were
thoroughly analyze and review to understand further and to come up with the relevant
data necessary for the study.

The data gathered for objective two is subject to further realization in order to determine
the suitable building design character that will serve as a landmark to the City of
Cauayan.
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For the objective three, in order to come up with an architectural design of Cauayan city's
public market with transport terminal, all the data gathered in problem one (1) and two
(2) were combined and incorporated for further understanding in order to come up with
the possible solutions for the proposed market with the terminal.

Ethical Considerations

The study findings shall give to the project proponent and may use as a reference for the
planning and development of the public market with transport terminal. However,
reservations in different subjects involved in the study may consider, as long as the reader
revising the issues is qualified to do so. The readers shall consider the integrity of the
researchers to the level expected from undergraduate students of Architecture. The
research will ensure that it will not have any form of conflict with all involved in the
study and that all data and information sources will be cited accordingly and will only be
used to gather, present, analyze and interpret the sole purpose of the study. All data are
objectively view, with statements from identified related literature. Rest assured that any
information shared is use for academic purposes only, and treat with the utmost
confidentiality.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The public market with transport terminal proposal is for the benefit of the citizens of the
city as well as the neighboring towns so that they will have an alternative options where
to conduct their transportation and market activities. This study will provide safe and
comfortable means of transport as well as sufficient and adequate space for buying
public. The proposed site is located in Minante 1, which is a corner lot abutted by three
roads. The lot is relatively flat with a slope of fewer than 5 degrees. The lot bounded on
the north is commercial establishments that include Regional Training Center (NTC) for
criminologists which are adjacent to the site; vacant lot and proposed Central Business
District (CBD) bounded on the south and a cluster of residential houses on the east and
west.
Moreover, with the consideration of the site and location, proper distributions of
important areas needed in order to achieve a proper layout and good circulation. Promote
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energy-efficient designs on the proposed public market with a transport terminal.

Considering the preservation of the natural environment, with minimal harm to the
habitat of wildlife animals and maximum used of environmental energy. Likewise, the
presence of the terminal has improved the effectiveness and efficiency of the city's
transportation system. It likewise has provided an additional prime commercial area to
the city, aside from increasing the city's income through the fees collected from every
public utility vehicle that passes the city daily.

ENERGY-EFFICIENT PRINCIPLES

Energy-efficient defined as buildings designed to provide a significant reduction of the

energy need for heating and cooling, independently from the energy provided by the
government and from any mechanical equipment that will be used to heat or cool the
building. It is not possible to bring recommendations of solutions that can procure energy
efficiency for all buildings. Therefore, a conscious observation and approach on the site
needs to develop in order to reach the right solution at the stage of architectural design
solutions. In the end, the product to obtain must aimed to have the quality of being more
efficient, in other words, spending fewer resources within a longer period to perform the
same action because buildings eat up much energy. According to the United Nations
Environment Program (2019), buildings are accountable for more than 40 % of global
energy used and up to one-third of the earth's greenhouse gas emissions that causes
global warming. Thus, in order to reduce this increasing consumption of energy, energy
efficient design with passive and active strategies will absolutely lessen energy
consumptions generated from fossil fuels and coals.
Furthermore, Mackres (2016) stated that buildings are significant, long-lasting
investment; and an efficient building provides better social and financial returns. Besides,
building efficiency is one of the most affordable ways to curb climate change, and to
reduce infrastructure costs and household expenses; building efficiency also provides the
advantage accountable in reducing climate change-causing emissions. Moreover, building
efficiency can reduce diseases and death related to air pollution, particularly in the places
suffering the most.
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As shown in Appendix A Table 1, energy efficiency has two divisions: passive

and active designs. Where passive defined as the design that maximizes the use of natural
energy from the sun heating, cooling, and ventilation to create
comfortable conditions inside buildings, it harnesses environmental conditions such
as solar radiation. Furthermore, Passive measures do not include mechanical or electrical
systems (Design Buildings Limited, 2019). Wonoraharjo (2012) stated that passive
strategies used primarily to meet the demand for the thermal and visual environment and
carried out employing the design of the building envelope. In addition, Gönülol & Tokuç
(2019) defines active design as the active strategies that help to supply comfort
conditions when passive strategies are not sufficient. They need the power to work and
cause an increase in the building's energy demand. The active strategy is use for lighting,
cooling or space heating, and ventilation systems. On lighting systems, active design is
use to illuminate the room, especially at night. Also, to illuminating the room, lighting is
use for aesthetic interest (Sahid, Surjamanto & Sugeng, 2013). The option to combine
active and passive systems is a logical choice. Both systems can work together to realize
the expected comfort conditions.
Furthermore, the study of energy efficiency under passive design comprised of
natural elements that includes building orientation, passive cooling, day lighting, shading
and building shape, depending on how natural energy sources enters the building in order
to reduce energy consumption without mechanical equipment. On the other hand, the
active design also comprises natural elements that include the maximization of natural
energy, however, with the used of mechanical equipment. There are thirteen (12)
strategies of passive and active energy efficiency however, based on analysis there are
nine (8) strategies applicable on the project and on the site. These applicable strategies
are listed below.

Passive Strategies of Energy Efficiency

Building Shape
The first passive design strategies applicable on the site and on the project is building
shape wherein Raof (2017) mentioned that the shape of the building has direct effect on
the building energy consumption. The study analyzes the impact of the curved shaped on
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the final energy demand by studying three different shapes. However, the application of
the shapes shows that the horizontal curved shapes is more suitable according to reducing
the amount of cooling loads for tropical climate depending on the result it can be said that
with having high curvature rate the curved shapes are more efficient due to energy saving
than rectangle with having the same volume and same building characteristics. The
building form determines the volume of space inside a building that needs to be heated or
cooled. Thus, more compact the shape, the less wasteful it is in gaining/losing heat. In hot
& dry regions and cold climates, building’s shape needs to be compact to reduce heat
gain and losses, respectively.

Building Orientation
According to Cairns Regional Council (2015) Understanding the daily and seasonal
movements of the sun and the wind assists in orienting a building for optimal efficiency
and comfort. Orientation concerns the position of the building on the site as well as the
arrangement of the spaces within it. In the tropics, a building should be oriented so that
the majority of walls and windows can easily be shaded from direct sun, while allowing
maximum airflow and input of natural light. Locate fewer openings on areas expose to
sunlight and ample openings on north, east, south, southeast because wind comes from
these directions.

Passive Cooling
Passive cooling as stated by Taleb (2014) is a passive design that responds to local
climate and site conditions in order to maximize the comfort and health of building users
while minimizing energy use. The key to design a passive building is to take best
advantage of the local climate. Passive cooling refers to any technologies or design
features like cross ventilation can be adopt to reduce the temperature of building without
the need for power consumption. Moreover, in-depth analysis shows that there is a
potential for reduction of the cooling load by 9% after applying these passive cooling
strategies. Total annual energy consumption could also be reduces by 23.6% in a
situation where the building used passive cooling strategies. Also, locate windows and
opening in north, east, south, southeast because wind comes from these directions.
 18

Day Lighting
Electric lighting according to Ander (2016) accounts for 35% to 50% of the total electric
energy consumption in commercial buildings. By generating waste heat, lighting also
adds to the loads imposed on buildings mechanical cooling equipment. The energy
savings from reduced electric lighting through the use of day lighting strategies such as
sky lights and large windows/openings can directly reduce building cooling energy usage
by an additional 10% to 20%. Consequently, for many institutional and commercial
buildings, total energy costs can be reduce by as much as one third through the optimal
integration of day lighting strategies. In addition, the benefits of daylight building extend
beyond simple energy savings. For example, by reducing the need for electric
consumption for lighting and cooling, the use of daylight reduces greenhouse gases and
slows fossil fuels depletion.

Shading
Sala, and Carta (2013) stated that a well-designed sun control and shading devices such
as vertical fins, overhangs, trees and louvers can dramatically reduce building peak heat
gain and cooling requirements, and improve the quality of the interiors. The building
reduces the amount of annual cooling energy consumption from 5% to 15%.
Furthermore, sun control and shading devices also improve user visual comfort by
controlling glare and contrast ratios. This often leads to increased satisfaction and
comfort. Moreover, Kubba (2017) stated that in hot climates, exterior shading have been
found to work well to both reduce heat gain and diffuse natural light prior to entering the
workspace.

Active Strategies of Energy Efficiency

Solar Panel

Fig.2 Solar Panel and Hybrid Solar System

Source: (https://energyinformative.org/solar-demand-infographic/)
 19

The active energy-efficient strategy applicable to the site and on the project is the solar
panel system as shown in Appendix A Table 1. The Economic Times (2019) defines solar
panels as devices used to absorb the sun's rays and convert them into electricity or heat.
The sun is the main source of energy for solar panels used in the design. The solar power
system will start saving money from the moment it installed and began collecting energy
from the sun. The advantages of solar power are significant in the design because it can
be utilize during power interruptions. Moreover, solar is a safe alternative that can
replace current fossil fuels like coal and gas for the generation of electricity that produces
air, water, and land pollution. World Wide Fund for Nature, also known as the World
Wildlife Fund (WWF), stated that electricity generation from fossil fuels extracted
beneath the ground causes pollution of air leading to acid rain, damaged forest areas, and
affected agricultural production leading to loss of billions of dollars worldwide. Nuclear
power pollutes water and land and has caused environmental catastrophes however the
use of solar energy will eliminate these unsafe, unclean consequences of using
conventional fossil fuels (Kinhal, 2016). Furthermore, the study will make use of hybrid
solar systems, this system is the combination of grid-tied and off-grid solar systems with
utility backup power, or grid-tied solar with extra battery storage, the process in
collecting energy shows in Fig.2.This system is suitable in the site since the city often
experienced power interruption CLUP (2018-2027).

Storm Water Collection

Fig.3 Storm Water Collection

The second active energy-efficient strategy applicable to the site and the project is
rainwater harvester or water harvesting. Storm water collection is define as the storing of
rainwater during the monsoon season to use during periods of water scarcity. Generally
 20

speaking, it is a process used for collecting and storing rainwater for human use.
Likewise, rainwater collection is best to describe as the technique by which rainwater
accumulated and stored to reuse it during the dry season or when there is a drought
(Madaan, 2019). Furthermore, according to World Atlas (2018), there are approximately
144 rainy days in the city, as shown in Appendix B Fig. 7 and Appendix B Fig. 6 with
247.7 mm rainfall depth during October, which caused water to run-off the river and
caused floods on agricultural fields as well as in low laying areas in Cauayan City. Rain
water collected from rooftops is free of mineral pollutants like fluoride and calcium salts
that may found in groundwater. However, it is likely to be contaminates with pollutants
in the air and on the surface. In order to prevent leaves and debris from entering the
system, mesh filters should set at the mouth of the drainpipe. It is preferable to use the
stored water for purposes like cleaning, gardening, flushing, and augmenting storage for
firefighting (Mareddy, 2017)

Insulation

Fig.4 Glass Wool Insulation

The third active energy efficient strategy applicable on the site is insulation as
shown in Appendix A Table 1. The Climate Technology Centre & Network (CTCN)
proves that Building envelope thermal insulation is a proven technology that contributes
to energy-efficient buildings where the primary contribution of building envelope thermal
insulation is to provide thermal comfort to its occupants. These support healthy living
environments and better productivity at workplaces. Furthermore, thermal insulation
 21

reduces unwanted heat loss or heat gain through a building envelope. This, in turn,
reduces energy demand for cooling and heating of buildings and thus is a mitigation
measure to reduce Green House Gas (GHG) emissions. For naturally-ventilated buildings
in mild climatic conditions, roof insulation and west-facing wall insulation are the most
effective methods of preventing heat gain through the building envelope and thus have
better return on investment compared to applying insulation to the entire building
envelope. Moreover, Tasman Insulation New Zealand (TINZ) stated in the Design Guide
for Tropical Conditions that weather cannot be control; however internal environment
can control; this will achieve through installing insulation on building envelopes.

Incorporating energy-efficient designs on the development of the public market with

transport terminal will serve as a criterion on future development, which will inscribe a
significant impact on the economic growth in Cauayan City, Isabela. Also, the study aims
to minimize the use of non-renewable energy and maximize the use of natural energy.
.
BUILDING DESIGN CHARACTER
Appendix A Table 2 contains the analysis of five (5) possible building characters
of public market with transport terminal however throughout the analysis it is found out
that Kawayan is the prime concept suitable for the development.
Generally, the public market and transport terminal are public buildings that serve
as landmarks in the city. Thus, the design character has derived from its name "Cauayan,"
which comes from the Gaddang term “Kawayan" or bamboo. Originally, the place was
full of Kawayan or bamboo trees, so Gaddang tribes who were the first inhabitants named
the place after the tree (CLUP, 2018-2027). Furthermore, this type of tree can be found
only in the tropical or temperate regions having hollow stems, thick rhizomes, and shoots
for food; also, the jointed stem of bamboo explicitly used for building, furniture, and
utensils. Utterly, we have backgrounds about the characteristics of bamboo being
flexible, elastic, durable and resilient and so as the city of Cauayan, that is why it has
known to be the ideal city of the North because of its unstoppable progress and flexibility
that they make it easy to adapt from climate changes. The Kawayan will serve as a
building character of the development whereby the concept will be visible on the building
 22

façade for identity and will serve as a landmark. Further, Goldstein (2012) defines
landmarks as the heart and soul of any place. Without it, a city would not be too
fascinating to visit. They may be ancient structures or modern buildings, or even statues,
and they are there to impress, educate, and inspire. Any city must take care of its
landmark, so it can preserve its past so the future generations can still see it. Moreover,
having a landmark always makes a community proud. It is sustain and spurs social,
cultural, and economic activities. It revitalizes its people and somehow inspires and
motivates them to do things for their community. Landmarks are usually steep in history,
so they made an excellent story to tell to children and visitors. Also, landmarks always
play a big part in attracting visitors, which promotes tourism, whereby one of the most
significant income-generating ventures of any place is tourism.
Furthermore, the study will use the Kawayan concept on the planning and development
of the project; it will also be adopting a fundamental concept that includes trees, shrubs,
air wells, and natural ventilation to preserve the efficiency of the structure.

Architectural Design Process

This section shows the design process conducted in the study of Cauayan City's public
market with transport terminal incorporating energy efficiency designs. It includes site
analysis architectural programming and different phases of architectural design, such as
concept massing, and design development.

1. Architectural Programming

For the programming of spaces, different areas have taken from different municipal
ordinances in the Philippines.
According to the ordinance enacting the market code of the municipality of San
Andres province of Catanduanes, the required spaces for public market are: bagsakan,
cold storage, dealer, ice storage, fish section, meat section, dry goods section, grocery
section, vegetable and fruits section, eating place section, live fowls and piglets section,
flower shop, cold storage section, feeds and other poultry supplies, poultry dressing area,
slaughterhouse; also includes facilities and sanitation such as garbage disposal area,
 23

public toilets, service areas, market aisles, weighing scale, parking spaces, ramps, and
stairways. Furthermore, the additional areas provided by municipal ordinances of Baler,
Aurora are: Dressed Poultry Shop Section, Service Section, Variety and Rice Section,
Dried and Salted Fish Section, Material Recovery Facility (MRF), and Solid Waste
Management. Moreover, the municipality of General Trias in Cavite provided required
areas of public market such as: flower shops, general merchandise, refreshment parlors
section, miscellaneous and other special services. In addition, the additional required
space of public market in Dingras, Ilocos Norte according to municipal ordinance is
process food section. Other areas gathered from market code of the Philippines and
market abattoirs.
For the transport terminal the required spaces are: waiting area, queue line,
parking terminal, unloading area, eating area, public toilet, terminal management office,
baggage area, ticketing area and maintenance office. These areas are required spaces of
Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board (LTFRB) and Traffic and
Transportation planning. These area were adopts as a guide in planning of public market
with transport terminal as it shows in Fig.4 Appendix A.

2. Design Brief

The design brief shown in Table 3 is the overall summary of the study. These are the
results and findings from the study which includes the applicable strategies and land
mark on the site and on the project. Also, these will incorporated on the site development
plan, floor plans, elevations and sections of the proposed public market with transport
terminal in Cauayan City, Isabela.
Table 3
Design Brief of Public Market with Transport Terminal
DESIGN BRIEF
OBJECTIVES FINDINGS IMPLICATIONS
To identify the strategies -The strategies of energy - Considering the climate
of energy-efficient designs efficiency are divided into conditions in Cauayan City,
that can be incorporated two; passive and active Isabela applicable passive
on the development of design. designs are incorporate in
Public Market with Passive Designs; building envelop to lessen
transport terminal  site planning and the use of mechanical
 24

circulation; equipment in achieving

 building orientation; comfort.
- In considering the site
 building shape;
needs solar panels will be
 passive cooling; place on the roof; rainwater
 day lighting; and harvester on the ground and
 shading (trees & insulation on the building
other vegetation); envelop. These are the
Active Designs are; design considerations that
incorporated on the project
 rain water harvester;
to achieve energy efficiency
 solar panels; of the building.
 insulation on the
building envelop;
To determine the building The study listed five (5) The character that
design character that is criteria for building applicable as a landmark in
suitable and will serve as character from natural the development of public
a landmark to the City of heritage, historical heritage, market with transport
Cauayan traditions and cultures these terminal is “Kawayan” or
are; bamboo which comes from
 mushroom; the name of the city itself.
 balete trees; This concept will
incorporate on conceptual
 kawayan or bamboo;
massing and building
 prawn hatchery;and façade.
 Gaddang house
To come up with an
architectural design
solution of public market
with transport terminal in
Cauayan City, Isabela

3. Site Analysis

Site Analysis is essential in the study in order to comprehend its current conditions,
properties and characteristics that might affects the planning and design of the public
market with transport terminal.

Table 4 Site Analysis

Variables Description Analysis
Lot The lot is trapezoidal in shape and Surrounded by three (3)
 Lot type classified as corner through lot and roads and the maximum
located within commercial zones building footprint is 95%
of the lot as provided by
 25

the PD 1096 or the

National Building Code of
the Philippines
Lot Area 22, 155 sq.m.
Site Location Minante 1, Cauayan City, Isabela Commercial Zones
Access to the site Maharlika Highway
Neighboring Northeast Thus, providing transport
town Naguilian - 15.04 km. terminal is ideal because
North Cauayan is directly
Reina Mercedes - 11.24 km. accessible to all of its
Ilagan - 34.5 km.(capital town) neighboring
Northwest municipalities.
Luna - 7.19 km.
Cabatuan - 11.7 km.
San Mateo - 23.50 km.
East by Benito Soliven;
Southeast by San Guillermo;
South by Angadanan;
Southwest by Alicia – 9.4 km.
Temperature According to World Atlas (2018), the Considering the
average high temperature recorded temperature in Cauayan
occurs in April to June with 35° Celsius city, Isabela incorporating
while low temperature occurs from insulation, and passive
December to January with 19° Celsius design strategies is very
and 20° Celsius respectively, as shown important to reduce solar
in Fig.5 Appendix B. heat gain and provide
natural comfort.
Wind direction The most common air currents in the Wind direction is very
country are the northeast monsoon important considerations
(from the higher) pressure of Asia, to especially in orientation of
tradewinds (from the Pacific), and the windows and openings.
southeast monsoon (from the southern Proper orientation is
hemisphere). The general direction of necessary to incorporate
winds from these sources are from north passive cooling to achieve
to east (October to January), from east comfort and to lessen the
to southeast (February to April) and use of mechanical
going south (May to September). equipment that consumes
energy/electricity.
Rainfall Relatively wet season from May to Storm water will be
November, dry for the rest of the year. collect intends for the use
The annual rainfall here averages of toilets, plants and
1,651.4 mm or 65.023 inches, and there cleaning the public market
are 144 days throughout the year, and and terminal.
the maximum rainfall depth is 247.7
mm (Fig.6 Appendix B) that recorded in
October with rainfall duration of 17
 26

days (Fig.7 Appendix B).

Typhoon Tropical cyclone often come in July to In consideration to
October and sometimes extends until typhoon, lesser openings
December. Also, there are several are to be place on the
typhoon occurrences in the region, with direction of typhoon to
an average of 19 typhoons visiting prevent strong winds and
Cauayan yearly, leaving a heavy toll on heavy rain to come inside
crops, infrastructures, and even lives the building.
and properties (CLUP, 2018-2019).
Topography The topography of the site is relatively The flat surface
flat with 0-5% slope. characteristic of the site is
ideal because the
disturbance on the ground
due to excavation will be
lesser.
Brgy. population 6, 273
City population with a population of 140, 218 as of 2016, 4th largest in population size
among the municipalities of
Region 2
Household 62, 889 total household population as of
population 2016

4. Architectural Massing Concept

Massing influences the sense of space which the building encloses, and helps to define
both the interior space and the exterior shape of the building. The conceptual massing use
in the design process will be curved bamboo stalks wherein Study shows that the
horizontal curved shapes is more suitable according to reducing the amount of cooling
loads for tropical climate depending on the result it can be said that with having high
curvature rate the curved shapes are more efficient due to energy saving that rectangle
with having the same volume and same building characteristics. Massing of the building
block help achieve thermal and visual comfort levels if designed as per the climatological
requirements.
5. Design Concept
Space Articulation
The interrelationship of spaces should be considered to enhance flexibility and
accessibility between spaces. The groupings of the spaces should be plan according to
their respective functions. Furthermore, the design consideration of spaces conforms with
climatic conditions in the site.
 27

Geometry
The Kawayan concept will serve as the interpretation of the name of the place.
Furthermore, emphasis will also incorporate on the design for easy recognition and
interpretation of the place. These will serve as a landmark. Also, balance and symmetry
will reveal the building mass; the balance of the development with nature.
Response to context
Passive and active building systems are strategies for energy efficiency. The
building integrates these strategies which are visible in its building envelope, also, using
LEED standards and green building code of the Philippines will consider attaining an
energy-efficient building.
Enclosure
Flexibility in the building's enclosure is a guiding principle in the design of the
building. Incorporating passive design, which includes proper orientation, building shape,
and insulation are needed to prevent solar heat gain but provide thermal comfort inside
the building. The enclosure also includes the building character of the development to
serve as a landmark to the city.
Systems
Energy-saving concepts such as photovoltaic systems and rainwater collection
play a vital role in energy efficiency. Also, installing a solar panel will lessen energy
consumptions; and rainwater harvester will lessen water consumptions;
Economic
The integration of passive and active designs on the design will cost a large
amount of money; however, it will provide comfort and satisfaction to the users, and in
the long run, the consumption of energy will lessen as well as the impact on the
environment.
Human Factors

The public market with transport terminal aims to be an inclusive development

that caters to all people from all tract of life. Furthermore, the proposal will provide
comfort and accessibility to the users. The adjacency of the site to residential areas also
requires the design to locate its areas in a manner that will not interrupt the adjacent sites.
 28

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Through analysis and interpretation of the related literature and studies, the
determined strategies include in the study, which are passive and active designs of energy
efficiency. Based on comparative analysis under active design, the strategies applicable
on the site and on the project are; solar panels, insulation, and storm water collection,
while in passive designs the applicable strategies are: passive cooling, day lighting,
building orientation, building shape, and shading. These strategies have interpreted in
table 1, answering the first objective, which is to identify the strategies of energy
efficiency designs applicable to the site and on the public market with the transport
terminal.
Suitable building character has determined through gathered data. There were five
(5) possible building character of the project however the most suitable character for the
public market with a transport terminal is "kawayan" or bamboo from the name of the
city itself which is Cauayan. This will serve as a landmark of the place. For objective
number 3, analyses and interpretation of the finding in objectives one and two were
combine to create the public market with the transport terminal.
Moreover, this research highlights recommendations, including major attention on
the management of markets and terminal with proper maintenance, which will make it
successful. The integration of this approach will be new since the energy-efficient
building is not yet typical to the city, and incorporating it on the proposed public market
with transport terminal in Cauayan would give a genuine mark and influence on the
future development. Additionally, the study also recommends the transfer of facilities and
stalls that are not within the scope of the research to their designated zones. Waste
management in design consideration also includes since the public market and transport
terminal are a civil structure that generates many wastes, both biodegradable and non-
biodegradable. The non-biodegradable wastes are collect on the scheduled day while the
produced biodegradable wastes have recommended and delivered to MRF (Material
Recovery Facility). The facility produces an output of soil conditioner, and the bags of
fertilizers have sold to farmers at a low cost of PhP1.00 per kilo for them to use as
fertilizer for the local production on agricultural areas (CLUP, 2018-2019).
 29

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 30

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 31

APPENDIX A – TABLES
Table 1
Summary tables of Energy Efficient strategies
STRATEGIES DESCRIPTION ANALYSIS
Passive designs
Building shape With regards to building Applicable – to incorporate the best energy efficient
shape compact shape is building shape on the project. According to Raof (2017)
indeed better than the shape of the building has direct effect on the building
incompact which energy consumption. The study analyzes the impact of the
consumes more energy curved shaped on the final energy demand by studying
and the heat loss is three different shapes. However, the application of the
bigger. shapes shows that the horizontal curved shapes is more
suitable according to reducing the amount of cooling loads
for tropical climate depending on the result it can be said
that with having high curvature rate the curved shapes are
more efficient due to energy saving that rectangle with
having the same volume and same building characteristics.
Massing of the building block help achieve thermal and
visual comfort levels if designed as per the climatological
requirements. Building blocks channelize or obstruct the
wind flow; they also act as shading devices for
surroundings. Building blocks design and geometry can
influence the wind flow and velocity. Massing of blocks
can regulate the summer wind and achieve ventilation.
Building Good orientation of the Applicable – to orient wet sections and dry sections on its
orientation building can save suitable place. Placing wet section on southwest is ideal.
energy. Orientation refers to the way the building is situated on its
site to take advantage of climatic features such as the sun
and cooling breezes. This reduces the need for auxiliary
heating and cooling, reducing energy bills and passively
improving comfort in the parts of the building that are
used most often. According to Cairns Regional Council
(2011) Understanding the daily and seasonal movements
of the sun and the wind assists in orienting a building for
optimal efficiency and comfort. Orientation concerns the
position of the building on the site as well as the
arrangement of the spaces within it. in the tropics, a
building should be oriented do that the majority of walls
and windows can easily be shaded from direct sun, while
allowing maximum airflow and input of natural light.
Passive Cooling Approach to building Applicable – it contributes on the efficiency of the
design that controls the building as well as on the comforts of the users. Passive
 32

heat entering the cooling is the least expensive way to cool a building. To
structure and encourages be effective, passive cooling techniques need to cool both
its dissipation. the building and the people in it — with elements such as
air movement, evaporative cooling and thermal mass.
According to Taleb (2014) passive design responds to
local climate and site conditions in order to maximize the
comfort and health of building users while minimizing
energy use. The key to design a passive building is to take
best advantage of the local climate. Moreover, in-depth
analysis shows that there is a potential for reduction of the
cooling load by 9% after applying these passive cooling
strategies. Total annual energy consumption could also be
reduces by 23.6% in a situation where the building used
passive cooling strategies.
Day lighting The maximizing the Applicable – maximizing day light on the building will
usage of natural sunlight reduce energy consumption. These are the design elements
` to provide interior used to bring in as much as natural day light as possible
lighting for a building. in the building: orientation, windows, skylights,
clerestories, light color walls and light shelves.
Furthermore, according to Ander (2016) electric lighting
accounts for 35% to 50% of the total electric energy
consumption in commercial buildings. By generating
waste heat, lighting also adds to the loads imposed on a
buildings mechanical cooling equipmen. The energy
savings from reduced electric lighting through the use of
daylighting strategies can directly reduce building cooling
energy usage by an additional 10% to 20%. Consequently,
for many institutional and commercial buildings, total
energy costs can be reduced by as much as one third
through the optimal integration of daylighting strategies.
In addition, the benefits of daylight building extend
beyond simple energy savings. For example, by reducing
the need for electric consumption for lighting and cooling,
the use of daylight reduces greenhouse gases and slows
fossil fuels depletion.
Shading, trees To reduce the solar Applicable – planting trees, placing vegetation or sun
around the radiation on the site. shading devices on south and west is ideal in order to
building Suitable shading can control heat that enters the structure. Shading of building
provide good indoor and outdoor spaces reduces summer temperatures,
climate control. improving comfort and saving energy. Effective shading
can include eaves, window awnings, shutters, verandahs,
pergolas and tree plantings which can block up to 90% of
the heat generated by direct sun. Shading glass is the best
way to reduce unwanted heat gain, however
 33

inappropriately designed fixed shading can block sun and

extensive summer shading can reduce incoming natural
light, which in turn increases the use of artificial lighting.
According to Sala, M. and Carta, A. (2013). Well-
designed sun control and shading devices dramatically
reduce building peak heat gain and cooling requirements,
and improve the quality of the interiors. The building
reduces the amount of annual cooling energy consumption
from 5% to 15%. Furthermore, sun control and shading
devices also improve user visual comfort by controlling
glare and contrast ratios. This often leads to increased
satisfaction and comfort. Moreover, Kubba (2017) stated
that in hot climates, exterior shading have been found to
work well to both reduce heat gain and diffuse natural
light prior to entering the workspace. Examples of such
devices include light shelves, overhangs, vertical louvers,
horizontal louvers and dynamic tracking or reflecting
systems.
Active designs
Solar panels A panel designed to Applicable – according to the research, approximately
absorb the sun’s rays as more than half of the year is dry season in Cauayan city
a source of energy for that can be possible to collect enough natural energy to
generating electricity or supply the development. The energy-efficient strategy
heating. applicable to the site and on the project is the solar panel
system. The solar power system will start saving money
from the moment it installed and began collecting energy
from the sun. However, the advantages of solar power are
significant in the design because it can be utilize during
power interruptions. Moreover, solar is a safe alternative
that can replace current fossil fuels like coal and gas for
the generation of electricity that produces air, water, and
land pollution. Furthermore, the study will make use of
hybrid solar systems, this system is the combination of
grid-tied and off-grid solar systems with utility backup
power, or grid-tied solar with extra battery storage, the
process in collecting energy shows in Appendix A Fig.2.
This system is suitable in the site since the city often
experienced power interruption CLUP (2018-2027).
Nevertheless, the most common fact about solar energy is
that it represents a clean, green source of energy. Solar
power is a great way to reduce carbon footprint. There is
nothing about solar power that pollutes Mother Nature.
Solar power does not release any greenhouse gasses, and
except for needing a source of clean water to function, it
 34

uses absolutely no other resources. Hence, it is safe and

environmentally-friendly.
Rain water Technique of collection Applicable – heavy rainfall always occur and it cause
harvesting/storm and storage of rainwater massive flooding in the City. The collected water can be
water collection into natural reservoirs or used for plants, cleaning and flushing toilets. The second
tanks, or the infiltration energy-efficient strategy applicable to the site and the
of surface water into project is rainwater harvester or water harvesting.
subsurface aquifers. Rainwater harvesting is define as the storing of rainwater
during the monsoon season to use during periods of water
scarcity. Generally speaking, it is a process used for
collecting and storing rainwater for human use. Likewise,
rainwater harvesting is best to describe as the technique by
which rainwater accumulated and stored to reuse it during
the dry season or when there is a drought (Madaan, 2019).
Furthermore, according to World Atlas (2018), there are
approximately 144 rainy days in the city, as shown in
Appendix B Fig. 7 and Appendix B Fig. 6 with 247.7 mm
rainfall depth during October, which caused water to run-
off the river and caused floods on agricultural fields as
well as in low laying areas in Cauayan City.

Insulation A material or substance Applicable – to resist solar heat gain on the building,
that is used to stop heat, putting insulation on building envelop will reduce heat in
or sound from going the interior of the building. The third energy-efficient
into or out of something strategy applicable to the site and the project is insulation
on building envelopes. The Climate Technology Centre &
Network (CTCN) proves that Building envelope thermal
insulation is a proven technology that contributes to
energy-efficient buildings where the primary contribution
of building envelope thermal insulation is to provide
thermal comfort to its occupants.. Furthermore, thermal
insulation reduces unwanted heat loss or heat gain through
a building envelope. This, in turn, reduces energy demand
for cooling and heating of buildings and thus is a
mitigation measure to reduce Green House Gas (GHG)
emissions. For naturally-ventilated buildings in mild
climatic conditions, roof insulation and west-facing wall
insulation are the most effective methods of preventing
heat gain through the building envelope and thus have
better return on investment compared to applying
insulation to the entire building envelope.
 35

Biomass or Organic matter used as a Not applicable – it needs a spacious location. According to
biogas fuel, especially in a Big East (2008) typical biogas plants are operated with
power station for the agricultural, industrial or municipal waste. Thus, site
generation of electricity. should be located in a radius of less than 15 km from the
available biomass sources. If the available biomass is
mostly agricultural slurry, the maximum radius of supply
should be less than 5 km. however the site is located in a
commercial zones and the project requires a sanitary site
so that food will not be contaminate with bacterias that
causes disease.
Heat pumps A device that transfers Not applicable – According to Kalogirou and Florides
heat from a colder area (2016) Active solar energy systems can also be combined
to a hotter area by using with heat pumps for domestic water heating and/or space
mechanical energy heating. In residential heating, the solar system can be
used in parallel with a heat pump, which supplies auxiliary
energy when the sun is not available. Heat pumps are
mostly applicable on residential specifically for water
heating however the project is commercial and is located
in tropical countries which does not commonly utilize
water heater because the water is naturally warm.
Small wind A turbine having a large Not applicable on the site. High and expensive
turbine vane wheel rotated by maintenance. Also it needs a high air velocity. Because,
the wind to generate according to Haroon (2019) the first and foremost thing to
electricity. consider is the wind potential of the proposed site. The
windier the location is the higher the feasibility of
installing wind turbine. Furthermore, Level (2019) quoted
that Studies have found that average wind speeds in a
particular location need to exceed at least 6–8 meters per
second (m/s) for a small wind turbine to be economically
viable. However, the properties and characteristics of the
site does not meet this consideration.

Heating, Heating, Ventilation and Not necessarily – public market is an open building and it
Ventilation and Air-Conditioning does not need for Heating, ventilation, and air
Air-conditioning (HVAC) system are to conditioning because HVAC is a technology for indoor
help maintain good and environmental comfort. Its goal is to provide thermal
indoor air quality comfort and acceptable indoor air quality.
through adequate
ventilation with filtration
and provide thermal
comfort.
 36

Table 2 – Appendix A
Summary table of Cauayan city possible building character
NATURAL/CULTURAL/ DESCRIPTION ANALYSIS
HISTORICAL
HERITAGE
Mushroom Cauayan City is the Not Applicable – the study cannot
Mushroom center of the use mushroom as a landmark since
North Cauayan is only the mushroom
center of the North and Laguna is
the Mushroom Capital of the
Philippines.
Kawayan or bamboo Cauayan comes from Applicable – from the name of the
“Kawayan” in Gaddang city itself. Easy to discern. Suitable
term or “Bamboo” - Known building concept for landmark.
to be durable, flexible,
elastic and resilient building
materials.
Prawn hatchery One of the major products Not applicable – it is not very
of Cauayan city. Natural popular because all region in the
heritage. Philippines have shrimp farm
industry except the capital region.
Balete trees Trees that has broad leaves Not applicable – because as years
and roots above the ground. pass by, the number of balete trees
Very beautiful trees that in the city are decreasing so making
found on the city. it as a landmark is not possible.
Gadding house Stilt houses with steep roof Not applicable – the proposal is a
public building, so it should be
something related to its name. Also,
Gaddang house is similar to other
native houses.
 37

BAMBOO CONCEPT

CONCEPTUAL MASSING

Appendix A – Conceptual Massing

 38

Appendix A – Matrix
 39

Appendix A – Bubble Diagram

 40

Table 4
Summary of Space Programmings

SPACES DESCRIPTION SPACE REQUIREMENTS

Wet Market A market where most of the commodities for sale are readily perishable
foods.
Fish stalls Fish stalls shall be located separate -The minimum area of each stall shall
from the meat section. be 3.10 square meters (33.35 Square
Chopping blocks shall be made of feet).
even, impervious and easily cleaned -There shall be minimum area of 0.74
materials and free of cracks and square meter (8 square feet) of open
crevices. space per customer.
Users: seller, costumers, janitor -Tables used in stalls for food, fish,
Facilities: Concrete fish shellfish and entrails shall be elevated
wholesale/retail sales table, chair to at least 0.75 m (2.5 ft.) from the
for seller, sink for cleaning and floor.
scaling, chopping blocks weighing -The minimum width of ech aisle shall
scale, be 1.20 meters
Meat stalls Where meat like pork, beef, The minimum area of each stall shall
chicken and etc. are sold and shall be 3.10 square meters (33.35 Square
be located separate from the fish feet).
section. Meat shall be hung by There shall be minimum area of 0.74
means of a hanging rail and stall square meter (8 square feet) of open
shall be provided in conspicuous space per customer.
place. Tables used in stalls for food, meat and
Users: seller, costumers, janitor entrails shall be elevated to at least 0.75
Facilities: Concrete fish m (2.5 ft.) from the floor.
wholesale/retail sales table, chair Meat stalls shall be kept clean and
for seller, sink for cleaning and sanitary at all times.
scaling, chopping blocks weighing
scale,
Fruit and Fruit and vegetable sections or The minimum area of each stall shall
Vegetable stand is a primarily open-air be 3.10 square meters (33.35 Square
sections business venue that sells vegetable feet).
and seasonal fruit from local There shall be minimum area of 0.74
growers. square meter (8 square feet) of open
Users: seller, costumers, janitor space per customer.
Facilities: Concrete/wooden fruits Tables used in stalls for other food
and vegetable wholesale/retail sales stuffs (vegetables, fruits, grains,
table, chair for seller weighing groceries and others) shall be elevated
scale, to at least 0.46 m (1.5 ft.) from the
floor.
Poultry and Poultry sections of markets, The minimum area of each stall shall
egg marketing including areas for the sale of be 3.10 square meters (33.35 Square
chickens, ducks and geese, have feet).
 41

their own unique design There shall be minimum area of 0.74

requirements. The main distinction square meter (8 square feet) of open
will be whether the poultry is sold space per customer.
live or already slaughtered
Users: seller, costumers, janitor
Facilities: Concrete/wooden egg
wholesale/retail sales table, chair
for seller, weighing scale, cages of
live poultry products.
DRY Area in the market where dry goods (e.g. Clothing, kitchen utensils, toys and
SECTIONS other similar items) has displayed for sale.
Dried fish Stall where dried sea foods has sold. The minimum area of each stall shall
stalls Fish has preserved through such be 3.10 square meters (33.35 Square
traditional methods as drying, feet).
smoking and salting. The oldest There shall be minimum area of 0.74
traditional way of preserving fish was square meter (8 square feet) of open
to let the wind and sun dries it. space per customer.
Users: seller, costumers, janitor
Facilities: Concrete/wooden dried fish
wholesale/retail sales table, weighing
scale, chair for seller
Rice, Corn, Refers to the area where rice, corn, The minimum area of each stall shall
Cereal, etc. other cereals, dried fish, egg and other be 3.10 square meters (33.35 Square
Section product are sold. feet).
Users: Sellers, Customers, delivery There shall be minimum area of 0.74
man square meter (8 square feet) of open
Facilities: Storage, display case, chair, space per customer.
table, weighing scale, etc.
Bagsakan Area is basically an open area for the There shall be minimum area of 0.74
delivery of wholesale goods in bulk ad square meter (8 square feet) of open
function as a transaction area Users: space per customer.
producers, wholesalers, and retailers.
Facilities: tables, chairs, delivery
trucks
Cold Storage A place where perishable goods are The minimum area of each stall shall
Room stored. Separate storage areas are to be be 3.10 square meters (33.35 Square
provided for fish, meat, vegetables, feet).
and fruits. Storing them together tends There shall be minimum area of 0.74
to affect their taste and odor. square meter (8 square feet) of open
Users: Sellers, Customers, delivery space per customer.
man
Facilities: fridge, outlet, etc
Condiments/Se This area sells spice, sauce, or The minimum area of each stall shall
asonings preparation that has added to food, be 3.10 square meters (33.35 Square
sections typically after cooking, to impart a feet).
specific flavor, to enhance the There shall be minimum area of 0.74
 42

flavor, or to complement the dish. square meter (8 square feet) of open

Users: seller, costumers, janitor space per customer.
Facilities: Wooden table for
seasonings, chair for seller
Bakery shop A bakery is a store where The floor area shall not less than
bread, pastries, and cakes has baked, 9.30 sq.m. (100 sq.ft.) and in no case
or the shop where they has sold. be less than 3.06 sq.m. (33 sq.ft.) for
Users: seller, baker, costumers, janitor each person working there at cleared
Facilities: of all furniture, fittings and stored
Oven, display case, storage, costumers goods.
table & chair, cashiers table
Eatery/ Area in the market where cooked The minimum area of each stall shall
Food court foods or drinks has displayed, sold be 3.10 square meters (33.35 Square
and/or served. feet).
Users: owner costumers, janitor There shall be minimum area of 0.74
Facilities: square meter (8 square feet) of open
Cooking area, washing area, food space per customer.
display area, storage, costumers table Dining Room Areas
# of persons using Area/person
& chair, refrigerator. dining room Sq.m. Sq.ft.
Below 25 1.12 12
25 - 74 1.02 11
75 - 149 0.93 10
150 - 500 0.84 9
More than 500 0.74 8
Minimum Volume and Space
Workrooms/ 11.33 cu.m without deduction
worker of benches, machines, etc.
Office Space 7.08 cu.m. (250 cu.ft)
Kitchen Area ¼ of total dining area but not
less than 9.30 sq.m.
Special Where native food has sold especially The minimum area of each stall shall
Delicacies foods that are typically consider as be 3.10 square meters (33.35 Square
shops “unique and high-value food items feet).
made in small quantities from high- There shall be minimum area of 0.74
quality ingredients. square meter (8 square feet) of open
Users: owner costumers, space per customer.
Facilities: Food display area, storage,
costumers table & chair, cashier’s
counter.
Plants & It encompasses flower care and The minimum area of each stall shall
Flower shops handling, floral design, or flower be 3.10 square meters (33.35 Square
arranging, merchandising, and display feet).
and flower delivery. There shall be minimum area of 0.74
Users: owner costumers, square meter (8 square feet) of open
Facilities: Flowers/plants display space per customer.
area, storage, table, chair
General Shop where you can buy any The minimum area of each stall shall
Merchandise kitchenware, tableware, glassware, be 3.10 square meters (33.35 Square
 43

cutlery, containers, stove, and etc. feet).

Users: Seller, buyer, delivery man, There shall be minimum area of 0.74
etc. square meter (8 square feet) of open
Facilities: Display case, tables, chairs space per customer.

Clothing store Where men’s, women’s and children’s The minimum area of each stall shall
apparel has sold. be 3.10 square meters (33.35 Square
USERS: seller and customer feet).
FACILITIES: chairs, mirror, There shall be minimum area of 0.74
dressing room, display area square meter (8 square feet) of open
space per customer.
Fabrics store A fabric store was define as a for- The minimum area of each stall shall
profit enterprise that has 50% or more be 3.10 square meters (33.35 Square
of its display space devoted to fabrics. feet).
Users: seller and customer There shall be minimum area of 0.74
Facilities: Fabric display area, beads square meter (8 square feet) of open
& buttons cases, storage space per customer.
Grocery store Grocery stores are the small retail Groceries shall have a floor area of
shops that sell the items of everyday not less than fifteen (15) square
usage such as groceries, toiletries, soft meters, inclusive of toilet and hand
drinks etc. washing.
Users: seller and customer Sari-sari store shall have a floor area
Facilities: chairs, mirror, dressing of not less than eight (8) square
room, display area meters, inclusive of toilet and hand
washing facilities.
Market aisles To facilitate mobility, security and The minimum width of each aisle
safety at all times, market aisles shall shall be 1.20 meters (3.94 feet).
be free from any obstructions. There shall be minimum area of 0.74
Users: seller, janitor, customer, square meter (8 square feet) of open
tourists, children, adults, PWD space per customer.
Facilities: open area
Footwear Where men’s, women’s and children’s The minimum area of each stall shall
shops shoe and slippers has sold. be 3.10 square meters (33.35 Square
Users: seller, janitor, customer, feet).
tourists, children, adults, PWD There shall be minimum area of 0.74
Facilities: display area, mirror, chair, square meter (8 square feet) of open
cashier’s counter space per customer.
Souvenir shops A gift shop or Souvenir gift shop is a The minimum area of each stall shall
store primarily selling souvenirs be 3.10 square meters (33.35 Square
relating to a particular topic or theme. feet).
Users: seller, janitor, customer, There shall be minimum area of 0.74
tourists, children, adults, PWD square meter (8 square feet) of open
Facilities: display area, cashier’s space per customer.
counter, dressing room, chairs The minimum area of each stall shall
be 3.10 square meters (33.35 Square
feet).
 44

There shall be minimum area of 0.74

square meter (8 square feet) of open
space per customer.
Barber Shop
A barbershop is one of the places Each barber shop shall be a
minimum of 196 square feet
where people go to get their hair cut.
measured from the inside walls of
Users: stylists, customer, tourists, the shop, not including common
children, adults, PWD
areas shared with other businesses or
Facilities: toilet, cashier’s counter, residents.
dressing room, chairs, mirror, storage
room
Toilet and Accessible public washrooms and Minimum Requirements for toilet and hand-
hand-washing toilets shall permit easy passage of a washing Facilities for personnel and
stallholders
wheelchair and allow the occupant to No. of Water Urinal Wash-Hand
enter a stall, close the door and Persons Closet Basin
transfer to the water closet from either F M F M
a frontal or lateral position; 1-29 1 1 1 1 1
30-49 2 1 2 2 2
Users: men, women, children, 50-99 2 2 2 3 3
adults, PWD *Additional one (1) fixture for each additional
Facilities: water closet, mirror, 50 persons or a fraction thereof.
lavatory, bidet, hand sanitizer, tissue
Minimum Requirements for toilet and hand-
holder
washing Facilities for Consumers
No. of Water Urinal Wash-Hand
Persons Closet Basin
F M F M
1-29 1 1 - 1 1
50-100 2 1 2 1 1
*Additional one (1) fixture for each additional
50 persons or a fraction thereof.
*One (1) toilet for differently-abled female and
male costumer, respectively, shall be provided.
Additional one (1) water closet and one (1)
urinal for each additional 100 males or a
fraction thereof; additional one (1) water closet
for each additional 50 Females or a fraction
thereof.

Minimum Toilet space Requirement:

Water closet: 1.5 sq.m. / unit
Urinal: 1.11 sq.m. / unit
Lavatory: 1.11 sq.m. / unit
Ramps and Interior exit stairways and ramps servi Ramps shall have a minimum clear
stairway ng as an exit component in a means of width of 1.20 m;
egress system shall comply with the The maximum gradient shall be
requirements of this section. 1:12;
Users: men, women, children, The length of a ramp should not
adults, PWD exceed 6:00 m. if the gradient is
Facilities: stairs, ramps, railings 1:12; longer ramps whose gradient is
 45

1:12 shall be provided with landings

not less than 1.50 m.; Staircases
should have a maximum rise of
220mm and a minimum going of
220mm
They should have a maximum pitch
of 42°
Parking area Location that is designated The average automobile (car)
for parking, either paved or unpaved. parking slot must be computed at
It can be in a parking garage, in 2.50 meters by 5.00 meters for
a parking lot or on a city street. The perpendicular or diagonal parking
space may be delineated by road and at 2.15 meters by 6.00 meters
surface markings. The automobile fits for parallel parking.
inside the space, either by parallel A jeepney or shuttle
parking, perpendicular parking or parking/loading/unloading slot must
angled parking. be computed at a minimum of 3.00
Users: adults, PWD, vehicle owner, meters by 9.00 meters.
bicycle owner, delivery boy, Parking area for public market
Facilities: pedestrian, railings, -One (1) car slot for every 30.00 sq.
vegetations meters of customer area.

Parking area for food court

-One (1) car slot for every 20 sq.
meters of customer area.
Solid waste Proper solid waste management shall Each stall shall be provided with at
management be instituted in the market in least two (2) covered refuse
accordance with the pertinent receptacles lined with green-colored
provisions of Chapter XVIII – “Refuse plastic bag for biodegradable wastes
Disposal” of the Code on Sanitation of and another receptacle lined with
the Philippines (PD 856) and its black colored plastic bag for non-
Implementing Rules and Regulations. biodegradable wastes.

Sewage Sewage shall be disposed to a public There shall be sufficient drainage

disposal and sewerage system or in the absence facilities in the market and its
drainage thereof, in a manner complying with premises. At least one floor drain
Chapter XVII – Sewage Collection shall be provided in every 46.5
and Disposal, Excreta Disposal and square meters (500 square feet) of
Drainage of the floor area. Slope shall not be less
the Code on Sanitation of the than 2.05 centimeters per meters
Philippines (PD 856) and its (1/4 inch per foot) to the drainage
Implementing Rules and Regulations. inlet.

Administration Office administration is a set of day- Offices shall have a minimum

Office to-day activities that are related size of 6.00 square meters (65
to financial planning, record square feet)
keeping & billing, personnel, physical
 46

distribution and logistics, within an

organization.
Users: adults, PWD, admin,
secretary, anyone(who are concern)
Facilities: tables, chairs, toilet,
cabinet, etc.
Transport Transport terminal Is a system of transport for passengers by group travel
Terminal systems available for use by the general public, typically managed on a
schedule, operated on established routes, and that charge a posted fee for each
trip.
Restroom and Accessible public washrooms and
washing area toilets shall permit easy passage of a No. of Water Urinal Wash-Hand
Persons Closet Basin
wheelchair and allow the occupant to
F M F M
enter a stall, close the door and 1-29 1 1 1 1 1
transfer to the water closet from either 30-49 2 1 2 2 2
a frontal or lateral position; 50-99 2 2 2 3 3
Users: men, women, children, *Additional one (1) fixture for each additional
50 persons or a fraction thereof.
adults, PWD Accessible water closet stalls shall
Facilities: water closet, mirror, have a minimum area of 1.70 x 1.80
lavatory, bidet, hand sanitizer, tissue mts.
holder A standard cubicle size 0.85 x 1.20
mts.

Waiting Area
Queue area Queue areas are places in which As a general rule of thumb, design
people queue (first-come, first-served) the total covered passenger waiting
for goods or services. Such a group of area (indoor and outdoor combined)
people is known as a queue or line , to accommodate the design event
and the people are said to be waiting (peak sailing on 55th busiest day) at
or standing in a queue or in line, LOSE which translates into a space
respectively. allotment of 2.5 square feet per
Users: men, women, children, passenger for standing and queuing
adults, PWD and 6 square feet per passenger for
Facilities: water closet, mirror, sitting.
lavatory, bidet, hand sanitizer, tissue
holder
Parking Area Facilities are parking lots with public The average automobile (car)
for Terminal transport connections that allow parking slot must be computed at
commuters and other people heading 2.50 meters by 5.00 meters for
to city centers. perpendicular or diagonal parking
Where they park the public transport and at 2.15 meters by 6.00 meters
that is ready to depart from terminal to for parallel parking.
its designated journey. A jeepney or shuttle
Users: jeepney drivers, van drivers, parking/loading/unloading slot must
tricycle drivers, commuters, etc. be computed at a minimum of 3.00
 47

Facilities: parking, pedestrian, etc. meters by 9.00 meters.

Terminal Refers to an administrative unit offices shall have a minimum
management overseeing the operation of a terminal size of 6.00 square meters (65
office in delivering frontline services. square feet)
Users: admin, secretary, anyone (who
are concern)
Facilities: table, chairs, toilet, resting
area
Maintenance The technical meaning Offices shall have a minimum
Office of maintenance involves functional size of 6.00 square meters (65
checks, servicing, repairing or square feet)
replacing of necessary devices,
equipment, machinery, building
infrastructure, and supporting utilities
in industrial, business, governmental,
and residential installations.
Users: admin, secretary, electrician,
plumber, anyone (who are concern)
etc.
Facilities: table, chairs, toilet, resting
area
Source: From the Municipal ordinance no. 05-95 also known as 1993 market code of
Trias, Cavity (2015); Municipal ordinance no. 09-002-2017 also known as
market code of San andress, Province of Catanduanese; Municipal
Ordinances no. 04-2008 market code of Baler, Aurora; Municipal
Ordinances no. 2010-08-003 – market code of Dingras, Ilocos Norte;
Market Code of the Philippines; Market and Abattoirs

Table 5
HLURB – Implementing rules and regulations to govern the processing of application for
locational clearance of markets.
Section 4. Design Standards and Requirements
Notable Features Discussion
A. General Guidelines
Location must be within designated commercial zone/commercial
 Location area and is accessible preferably through an arterial street. Service
access for trucks is essential for the delivery of goods and other
services.

 Topography The land should be level to rolling terrain, or as long as clearing

and grading will pose no problem in terms of undue expense and
soil erosion. The site should not be subject to flooding.
 48

 Size The size shall be large enough to accommodate all activities in the
center Lot shape shall be regular and preferably be separated and
within market site.

 Circulations Pedestrian and vehicular circulation for the public market should be
properly planned to facilitate convenience and efficiency.

 Parking a. Location of the parking area should be between the stores and the
streets such that it will be away from the pedestrian areas.
b. Separate area should be provided specifically for parking and
queuing of public transport modes such as tricycles, vans and
jeepneys.

 Landscaping and The market complex needs sufficient landscaping and buffering. A
Buffering minimum of five (5) meters for this purpose may be provided along
perimeter of the site.

 Use The market and all the properties therein shall be used for market
purposes only. For wet markets, offices allowed are for the market
master/employees and market cooperatives and cold storage
establishment.

 Maintenance Maintenance of the market shall be the sole responsibility of the

owner/operator.

 Location of Stall Stalls shall only be allowed inside the market premises.
B. Utility requirements
 Water Supply There shall be sufficient supply of potable water either from the
public main water supply or from an approved source.

 Sewage Disposal Sewage shall be disposed to a public sewerage system or in the

and Drainage absence thereof, in a manner complying with Chapter XVII -
Sewage Collection and Disposal, Excreta Disposal and Drainage of
the Code on Sanitation of the Philippines (PD 856) and its
Implementing Rules and Regulations.

 Power Power supply shall be connected to any approved public or

community power supply system. A stand-by generator may be
provided in case of power failure.

 Fire Safety Provision/installation of fire safety equipment/facilities in the

Equipment/ market should be in accordance with the FireCode of the
Facilities Philippines.
 49

C. Facility Requirements (Per DOH Implementing Rules and Regulations of Chapter IV -

Markets and Abattoirs of the Code on Sanitation of the Philippines - PD 856)
 Waste Disposal Proper solid waste management shall be instituted in the market in
accordance with the pertinent provisions of Chapter XVIII -
"Refuse Disposal" of the Code on Sanitation of the Philippines (PD
856) and its Implementing Rules and Regulations.

 Toilet and Adequate number of toilet facilities shall be provided with two
Hand-Washing compartments, one for men and one for women.
Facilities
Minimum Requirements for Toilet and Hand-Washing Facilities for
Personnel and Stallholders
Number Water Closet Urinal Wash-Hand Basin
of persons Female Male Female Male
1 - 29 1 1 1 1 1
30 - 49 2 1 2 2 2
50 - 100 2 2 2 3 3
Minimum Requirements for Toilets and Hand-Washing Facilities
for Consumers.
Number Water Closet Urinal Wash-Hand Basin
of persons Female Male Female Male
1 - 49 1 1 - 1 1
50 - 100 2 1 1 1 1
Note: One (1) toilet for differently-abled female and male
customers respectively shall be provided. Additional one (1) water
closet and one (1) urinal for each additional one (1) water closet
for each additional female. Toilet and hand-washing facilities shall
be located within the market area to cater the public.

Minimum Toilet Space Requirement

Unit Square meter Square feet
Water Closet 1.50 16
Lavatory 1.11 12
Urinal 1.11 12

P.D. 856 - Code on Sanitation of the Philippines and its Implementing Rules and Regulations
Section 17 Structural Requirements Food establishments shall be constructed
in accordance with the following requirements:
 Floors i. Constructed of concrete or other impervious and easily cleaned
material that is resistant to wear and corrosion and shall be
adequately graded and drained; all angles between the floors and
walls shall be rounded off to a height of not less than 3 inches (7.62
cm.) from the floor; or
ii. Constructed of wood with dovetailed or tongue and grooved
 50

floor boards laid on a firm foundation and tightly clamped together

with all angles between the floor and walls rounded off to a height
of 3 inches (7.62 cm.); or
iii. Constructed in accordance with the requirements of sub-clause
(i) and (ii) of this clause and covered with linoleum, smooth
surfaced rubber or similar material fixed to the floor with cement or
suitable adhesive: Provided, That with the approval in writing of the
local authority, floors may be covered with carpets or other floor
covering in those parts of the premises where such carpets or
coverings can be satisfactorily cleaned and maintained.

 Walls i. The internal surface of walls shall have a smooth, even, non-
absorbent surface capable of being readily cleaned without damage
to the surface and constructed of dust-proof materials;
ii. The walls, where subject to wetting or splashing, shall be
constructed of impervious, non-absorbent materials to a height of
not less than 79 inches (2 meters) from the floor;
iii. The internal walls shall be painted in light colors or treated with
such other wall finish as the health authority may prescribe.

 Ceilings i. All ceilings or, if no ceiling is provided, the entire under-surface

of the roof shall be dust-proof and washable.
ii. The ceiling or undersurface of the roof of rooms in which food is
prepared or packed or in which utensils or hands are washed shall
be smooth, non-absorbent and light.
 Lighting i. The general standards of illumination provided shall permit
effective inspection and cleaning and shall be of sufficient intensity
appropriate to the purpose for which any room or place is used;
ii. In rooms where food is prepared or packed or in which utensils
or hands are washed there shall be a minimum illumination
intensity of 20 foot-candles; in premises where food is consumed,
there shall be a minimum illumination intensity of 5 foot-candles.
Intensities of illumination shall be measured at a point 30 inches
(76.20 cm.) above the floor;
iii. All lighting shall be reasonably free from glare and distributed
so as to avoid shadows;
iv. At other areas or working surfaces, the illumination shall be of
such intensity as may be required by the health authority.
v. All areas where readily perishable foods are displayed for sale
shall be provided with a 20 foot-candle (215.2 lux) intensity of
illumination. Aisle, passageways and stairways shall also be
provided with the same level of illumination. Other areas in the
building shall be provided with an illumination intensity of 10 foot-
candle (107.6 lux).
vi. Light bulbs and fixtures shall be of the safe type or, otherwise,
provided with protection in case of breakage. The lighting shall be
 51

reasonably free from glare and evenly distributed so as to avoid

shadows. No colored lights or other materials that will alter the
color of the food shall be used in all foods displayed for sale.
 Ventilation i. Ventilation shall be provided which shall be effective and suitable
to maintain comfortable condition;
ii. The ventilation shall be adequate to prevent the air from
becoming excessively heated, prevent condensation and the
formation of excess moisture on walls, ceilings and for the removal
of objectionable odors, fumes and impurities;
iii. In the absence of effective natural ventilation, mechanical
ventilation with airflow from a clean area, and discharging in such a
manner as not to create a nuisance, shall be provided;
iv. Canopies, air ducts, fans or other appliances shall be provided as
required by the health authority in particular circumstances;
v. Effective provision shall be made for securing and maintaining a
reasonable temperature;

 Overcrowding There shall be sufficient floor space to enable every person working
thereon to carry out his duties efficiently and to permit easy access
for cleaning. Working spaces, aisles or passageways and areas to
which customers have access shall be unobstructed and sufficient to
permit movement of employees and customers without
contamination of food by clothing or personal contact.
 Wash-Hand Basins i. Wash-hand basins shall be installed in convenient places and as
near as practicable to where the person for whose use they are
provided

Section 20. (a) Spaces where food and drinks are stored, prepared and served
 Vermin Control shall be so constructed and maintained as to exclude vermin.
(b) All opening which connects spaces to the outer air shall be
effectively protected with screen of non-corrosive wire 16-mesh or
finer. Door screens shall be tight-fitting.

Section 21 (a) Adequate and clean toilet facilities for male and female
 Toilet and customers and personnel shall be provided in properly located
Washing Facilities areas.
(b) Toilet rooms shall not open directly into spaces where food is
prepared, stored or served. Where such toilets exist, the doors shall
be tight fitting and self-closing.

MARKETS AND ABATTOIRS

Section 34. 1. Suitability of site insofar as elimination of nuisance condition
and prevention of contamination are concerned;
2. Availability of ample water supply for cleaning;
3. Accessibility of adequate drainage facilities;
 52

4. Durability of construction to protect vendors and customers from

any hazard and exposure to the elements; and
5. Facilities for sanitation maintenance, such as cleaning and
elimination of harborages of vermin.

Section 35. Responsibility of the Local Health Authority

(a) On Markets

1. Make periodic inspections to ascertain the maintenance of

adequate sanitary conditions of markets and their premises;
2. Supervise and control the proper care and use of market stalls;
3. Prohibit the construction of living quarters within any market and
its premises;
4. Enforce the ban on construction of partitions, sheds or booths
within the market area.

(b) On Abattoirs

1. Supervise the maintenance of adequate sanitation in abattoirs and

their premises;
2. Enforce the requirements on the examination of meat as provided
in existing laws;
3. Permit the slaughter of animals for public consumption in other
designated areas in certain exigencies, provided public health is
adequately protected;
4. Supervise the sanitary disposal of all abattoir wastes; and
5. Ensure that only healthy animals shall be slaughtered, and that
the method of slaughtering, the techniques of dressing and the
storing, handling and transporting procedures are in accordance
with prescribed standards.

BP 344 – Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) Amendments: minimum requirements for
accessibility
A. General Provisions
 Accessible Ramps

1.1 Changes in level require a ramp except when served by a

dropped curb, an elevator or other mechanical device;
 53

1.2 Ramps shall have a minimum clear width of 1.20 m;

1.3 The maximum gradient shall be 1:12;
1.4 The length of a ramp should not exceed 6:00 m. if the gradient
is 1:12; longer ramps whose gradient is 1:12 shall be provided with
landings not less than 1.50 m.;
1.5 A level area not less than 1.80 m. should be provided at the top
and bottom of any ramp;
1.6 Handrails will be provided on both sides of the ramp at 0.70 m.
and 0.90 m. from the ramp level;
1.7 Ramps shall be equipped with curbs on both sides with a
minimum height of 0.10 m.;
1.8 Any ramp with a rise greater than 0.20 m. and leads down
towards an area where vehicular traffic is possible, should have a
railing across the full width of its lower end, not less than 1.80
meters from the foot of the ramp;
 Accessible
Parking Slot

Parking spaces for the disabled should allow enough space for a
person to transfer to a wheelchair from a vehicle;
1.2 Accessible parking spaces should be located as close as possible
to building entrances or to accessible entrances;
1.3 Whenever and wherever possible, accessible parking spaces
should be perpendicular or to an angle to the road or circulation
aisles;
1.4 Accessible parking slots should have a minimum width of 3.70
m.;
1.5 A walkway from accessible spaces of 1.20 m. clear width shall
be provided between the front ends of parked cars;
1.6 Provide dropped curbs or curb cut-outs to the parking level
where access walkways are raised;
1.7 Pavement markings, signs or other means shall be provided to
delineate parking spaces for the handicapped;
1.8 Parking spaces for the disabled should never be located at
ramped or sloping areas;
 54

 Accessible Toilets

1.1Accessible public washrooms and toilets shall permit easy

passage of a wheelchair and allow the occupant to enter a stall,
close the door and transfer to the water closet from either a frontal
or lateral position;
1.2 Accessible water closet stalls shall have a minimum area of 1.70
x 1.80 mts. One movable grab bar and one fixed to the adjacent
wall shall be installed at the accessible water closet stall for lateral
mounting; fixed grab bars on both sides of the wall shall be
installed for stalls for frontal mounting;
1.3 A turning space of 2.25 sq.m. with a minimum dimension of
1.50 m. for wheelchair shall be provided for water closet stalls for
lateral mounting;
1.4 All accessible public toilets shall have accessories such as
mirrors, paper dispensers, towel racks and fittings such as faucets
mounted at heights reachable by a person in a wheelchair;
1.5 The minimum number of accessible water closets on each floor
level or on that part of a floor level accessible to the disabled shall
be one (1) where the total number of water closets per set on that
level is 20; and two (2) where the number of water closets exceed
20;
1.6 In order to aid visually impaired persons to readily determine
whether a washroom is for men or for women, the signage for
men's washroom door shall be an equilateral triangle with a vertex
pointing upward, and those for women shall be a circle; the edges
of the triangle should be 0.30 m long as should be the diameter of
the circle; these signages should at least be 7.5 mm thick
1.7 The maximum height of water closets should be 0.45 m.; flush
control should have a maximum height of 1.20 mts.
1.8 Maximum height of lavatories should be 0.80 m. with a knee
recess of 0.60 - 0.70 M. vertical clearance and a 0.50 m. depth.
8.9 Urinals should have an elongated lip or through type; the
maximum height of the lip should be 0.48 m.

Market Code of the Philippines: Basic Policies and Regulations

Section 5 No public market of any kind shall be established in sites
 55

 Site determined in accordance with the National Building Code, zoning

laws and applicable local ordinances. In any case no such public
market shall be established beside a national or local road if it is
deemed to cause traffic congestion due to ample parking space
within the vicinity.

Section 6 Subject to permit or licensing requirement of the local government

 Establishment unit concerned, the design and construction of every public market
Requirement shall be in accordance with the provisions of existing laws.

Section 7 The total Sanggunian shall determine the number of public markets
 Number to be established in the city/municipality based on the needs of both
of Markets consumers and traders in the area and considering the economic
viability of such public markets.

Section 8 All markets and their premises must at all times be kept clean and
 Cleanliness in sanitary condition to safeguard the health and safety of the
and Sanitation buyers as well as the stall owners.

Section 9 All markets must be a sanitation unit with an adequate number of

 Sanitation Unit personnel to ensure efficient operation in the maintenance of
cleanliness and sanitation within the market it premises. The
cleaning of markets and their premises shall be done as often as
necessary.

Section 10 There shall be proper and adequate drainage and sewerage systems
 Facilities required to ensure cleanliness. Appropriate facilities to abate pollution shall
to be provided be installed.

Section 11 All markets shall have available ample water for cleaning. There
 Water and shall be separate drinking facilities to prevent contamination.
Drinking Facilities
Section 12 Public toilets with adequate lavatories, at least one for men and
 Public Toilets women, shall be provided and installed in strict conformity with the
sanitation code.

Section 14 All markets shall be provided with the large garbage receptacles of
 Number and type the fly-and-rat proof type for the collection of all the garbage in the
of Garbage market and its premises. These garbage cans shall be placed at
Receptacles strategic places for the garbage rubbish of the buyers, ambulant
vendors and market personnel.

LTFRB Series of 2008 – Standard Classification and Guidelines in the Establishment,

Maintenance and Operations of Public Transport Terminal
For Inter-Modal Transport An inter-modal transport terminal is one which can simultaneously
 56

Terminal accommodate/serve at least three (3) types of public land transport

vehicles, such as PUBs, PUJs, Taxicabs, Multi-Cabs, Vans/AUVs,
etc.
The owner/operator of such terminal shall install/provide the
following.
a. Separate and sufficient parking slots/spaces for each mode of
transport;
b. Adequate and comfortable benches and/or seats with backrest for
waiting passengers;
c. Concrete pavement and flooring;
d. Roofing that would provide sufficient shade to passenger from
heat of the sun and rain;
e. Wide entrances and exits for easy mobility to and from the
terminal.
f. Communication facilities (such as Telephones, Fax machines,
Internet, etc.)
g. Public Address System Facilities and CCTV cameras/monitors;
h. Information and Passenger Assistance Counters;
i. Appropriate and Adequate Signage;
j. Sufficient number of Security personnel for the protection of
passengers from abusive vendors, pickpockets, and other lawless
elements and for the proper inspection of baggages;
k. Separate restroom for male, female, and disabled passengers
which must, at all times be clean, sufficiently lighted, foul odor-
free, ventilated, with clean running water, flush system, toilet
seat with cover; lavatory, waste bin, toilet paper, mirror,
dispenser with soap, hand dryer, dry flooring, functional door
lock, and janitorial/maintenance personnel;
l. Diaper changing tables inside the female restroom for female
passengers travelling with infants/babies; and
m. Priority lane for persons with special needs specifically
pregnant women, mothers travelling with infants and/or small
children and those with physical disabilities.

Table 7
Summary of Case Study on Energy Efficient Building
ENERGY EFFICIENT BUILDING
BUILDING STRATEGIES
1. One Angel Square, Manchester’s One Angel Square is the 15-storey headquarters of
Manchester, United the Co-Operative Group
Kingdom  Heat recovery system that helps increase energy
efficiency
 Rainwater and greywater recycling systems
 57

 Low-energy LED lights and IT setups; and

 Combined heat and power plant inside, provide practical,
cost-saving benefits. For its impressive eco-friendly
design

2. David & Lucile Packard The David & Lucile Packard Foundation headquarters isn’t just a
Foundation Headquarters, beautiful example of modern design, it is a leader in energy
Los Altos, California efficiency, known for being the largest net-zero energy certified
building in the world. Part of that efficiency comes from:
 Its effective use of daylight;
 900 photovoltaic panels installed on its roof;
 The complex is made up of 95 percent recycled materials
from deconstructed buildings;
 Equipped with a rainwater collection system that can
store 20,000 gallons of water, collected from rooftop
gutters, used for the smart-controlled drip irrigation of its
living green roof as well as the building’s bathrooms.

3. One Embankment Place, The Guardian reports utility bill savings estimates of £250,000
London, United Kingdom ($329,000) each year, but PwC has forecast even more savings
for this impressive structure:
 Electricity (-221 percent);
 Gas (-11 percent); and
 Water (-33 percent).
The super energy-efficient building has one of the largest tri-
generation systems in the world producing electricity, heat and
cooling in one process which has allowed it to slash its carbon
emissions by more than half.

4. Powerhouse Kjorbo, The new building’s energy consumption has been reduced by a
Oslo, Norway remarkable 90 percent, and it is now an “energy plus” building,
meaning it generates more power than it requires to function.
5. Manitoba Hydro Place, Manitoba Hydro Place is the most energy efficient building in
Manitoba, Canada North America.
 A 115-meter solar chimney gives the building passive
ventilation, while a double-skin facade with motorized
computer-controlled vents make regulating temperature a
cinch. Features like these allow the building to save over
70 percent more energy than traditional commercial
buildings.
 58

6. The Edge, Amsterdam, The Edge is the "Smartest Building in the World." In addition to
Netherlands having a bevy of
 rooftop panels that help keep it energy neutral
 “Power-over-Ethernet” (PoE)-based LED lighting, which
allows network controls of the lighting and data gathering
via sensors integrated in the light units. Workers in the
building can regulate lighting in their individual work
spaces by using an app on their smartphones.
Smart lighting is just one way the Edge is connected to people.

7. The Bullitt Center, Seattle’s Bullitt Center opened in 2013 and has since become
Seattle, Washington one of the greenest commercial buildings in the world. The
epitome of energy efficiency, it derives 100 percent of its power
from renewable energy.
 Not only is the Bullitt Center naturally lit during the
daytime,
 it’s smartly ventilated to make it comfortable inside,
helping to increase mood and productivity.
 net zero energy,
 net zero water,
 net zero carbon,
 composting toilets,
 toxic-free materials,
 an enticing stairway,
 80+ percent day lighting using high-performance
windows
8. New Orleans A hub for biotech startups that aims to bring innovation and
BioInnovation Center, New economic empowerment to the area. With a design both elegant
Orleans, Louisiana and smart.
 The center captures rainwater and diffuses it to plants and
soils on site, and also collects AC condensate—up to
20,000 gallons per week—which provides all landscape
irrigation.

9. Empire State Building, The revamp cut the building’s energy use and expenses by $4.4
New York City, New York million annually, and within the next decade it’s expected to
reduce its carbon footprint by at least 105,000 tons. One of the
most daunting parts of making the Empire State Building more
energy efficient was replacing all 6,514 of its glass windows.
 59

10. International The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA)

Renewable Energy Agency headquarters is one of the most futuristic and energy efficient
Headquarters, Abu Dhabi, buildings on the planet.
United Arab Emirates
 In addition to an external screen that maximizes light;
while
 minimizing the amount of heat getting inside,
 The windows block 90 percent of solar radiation; and
 The building’s rooftop has a photovoltaic system
covering 1,000 square meters to help it produce its own
energy.
 The building also features solar thermal water heaters
which seek to achieve 75 percent of the building’s yearly
hot water demand.
The design elements of the building are expected to reduce
energy consumption by 40 percent and water consumption by 53
percent.
Source: Berman, N. (2016). 10 of the Most Energy Efficient, Sustainable Buildings in the
World. AlterNet Media Inc. Retrieved from:
https://www.alternet.org/2016/07/10-most-energy-efficient-sustainable-
buildings-world-video/ October 02, 2019

LEED v4 for BD+C: New Construction and Major Renovation

Project Checklist Project Name:
Date:

Y ? N
Credit Integrative Process 1

0 0 0 Location and Transportation 16

LEED for Neighborhood Development
Credit 16
Location
Credit Sensitive Land Protection 1
Credit High Priority Site 2

Credit Surrounding Density and Diverse Uses 5

 60

Credit Access to Quality Transit 5

Credit Bicycle Facilities 1
Credit Reduced Parking Footprint 1
Credit Green Vehicles 1

0 0 0 Sustainable Sites 10
Y Prereq Construction Activity Pollution Prevention Required
Credit Site Assessment 1
Credit Site Development - Protect or Restore Habitat 2
Credit Open Space 1
Credit Rainwater Management 3
Credit Heat Island Reduction 2
Credit Light Pollution Reduction 1

0 0 0 Water Efficiency 11
Y Prereq Outdoor Water Use Reduction Required
Y Prereq Indoor Water Use Reduction Required
Building-Level Water
Y Prereq Required
Metering
Credit Outdoor Water Use Reduction 2
Credit Indoor Water Use Reduction 6
Credit Cooling Tower Water Use 2
Credit Water Metering 1

0 0 0 Energy and Atmosphere 33

Y Prereq Fundamental Commissioning and Verification Required
Y Prereq Minimum Energy Performance Required
Y Prereq Building-Level Energy Metering Required
Y Prereq Fundamental Refrigerant Management Required
Credit Enhanced Commissioning 6
Credit Optimize Energy Performance 18
Credit Advanced Energy Metering 1
Credit Demand Response 2
Credit Renewable Energy Production 3
Credit Enhanced Refrigerant Management 1
Credit Green Power and Carbon Offsets 2
0 0 0 Materials and Resources 13
Y Prereq Storage and Collection of Recyclables Required
Y Prereq Construction and Demolition Waste Management Planning Required
Credit Building Life-Cycle Impact Reduction 5
Building Product Disclosure and Optimization - Environmental Product
Credit 2
Declarations
Credit Building Product Disclosure and Optimization - Sourcing of Raw Materials 2
Credit Building Product Disclosure and Optimization - Material Ingredients 2
Credit Construction and Demolition Waste Management 2
 61

0 0 0 Indoor Environmental Quality 16

Y Prereq Minimum Indoor Air Quality Performance Required
Y Prereq Environmental Tobacco Smoke Control Required
Credit Enhanced Indoor Air Quality Strategies 2
Credit Low-Emitting Materials 3
Credit Construction Indoor Air Quality Management Plan 1
Credit Indoor Air Quality Assessment 2
Credit Thermal Comfort 1
Credit Interior Lighting 2
Credit Daylight 3
Credit Quality Views 1
Credit Acoustic Performance 1

0 0 0 Innovation 6
Credit Innovation 5
Credit LEED Accredited Professional 1

0 0 0 Regional Priority 4
Credit Regional Priority: Specific Credit 1
Credit Regional Priority: Specific Credit 1
Credit Regional Priority: Specific Credit 1
Credit Regional Priority: Specific Credit 1

0 0 0 TOTALS Possible Points: 110

Certified: 40 to 49 points, Silver: 50 to 59 points, Gold: 60 to 79 points, Platinum: 80 to 110

COMPUTATIONS
PUBLIC MARKET
Corner-Through Lot
Total Lot Area (TLA) – 22, 155 = 5 x 90 % of TLA
sq.m. = 5 x 19, 939.5 sq.m
= 22, 155 x 90 % = 99, 697.5 sq.m. TGFA
= 19, 939.5
PARKING AREA
One (1) customer (buyer) = 99, 697.5 / 150 sq.m.
jeepney/shuttle parking slot for = 664.65 – 665 parking slots for customers
every 150.00 sq.m. of wet and
dry market floor area and one (1) = 99, 697.5 / 300 sq.m.
 62

vendor (seller) jeepney/shuttle = 332.33 – 333 parking slots for vendors

parking slot or loading area for
every 300 sq.m. of wet and dry
market floor area; and
TERMINAL
One (1) off-RROW (off-street) = 99, 697.5 / 1000 sq.m.
terminal that can accommodate = 99. 698 or 100
at least two (2) jeepneys and six
(6) tricycles for every 1,000.00 = 100 x 2 (jeepneys)
sq.m. of wet and dry market = 200 jeepneys
floor area. = 100 x 6 (tricycles)
= 600 tricycles
 63

APPENDIX B – Climate Conditions

Appendix B - Fig.5 Average Temperature

AVERAGE HIGH AVERAGE LOW
MONTH MONTH
TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE
January 29°C January 19°C
February 30°C February 20°C
March 35°C March 21°C
April 32°C April 23°C
May 35°C May 23°C
June 35°C June 24°C
July 34°C July 23°C
August 33°C August 23°C
September 32°C September 23°C
October 31°C October 22°C
November 30°C November 21°C
December 28°C December 20°C

Warmest months (with the highest average high temperature)

are April, May and June (35°C). The month with the lowest average high temperature
is December (28°C)

The month with the highest average low temperature is June (24°C). The coldest month
(with the lowest average low temperature) is January (19°C).

Appendix B - Fig.6 Average Rainfall Height

 64

MONTH 2019 AVERAGE RAINFALL HEIGHT (mm)

January 31.2mm
February 23mm
March 27.7mm
April 28.1mm
May 113.5mm
June 141.4mm
July 176.4mm
August 224.9mm
September 236.6mm
October 247.7mm
November 222.9mm
December 178mm

The wettest month (with the highest rainfall) is October (247.7mm). The driest month
(with the lowest rainfall) is February (23mm).

Appendix B - Fig.7 Average Rainfall Days

MONTH 2019 AVE. RAINFALL DAYS
January 10 days
February 6 days
March 5 days
April 5 days
May 13 days
June 12 days
July 15 days
August 15 days
September 15 days
October 17 days
November 16 days
December 15 days

The month with the highest number of rainy days is October (17 days). Months
with the lowest number of rainy days are March and April (5 days).

Source: Retrieved from: https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/philippines/cauayan-

city-climate September 20, 20
 65

APPENDIX C - Maps

Appendix C-1 Cauayan Map with Philippine Map

 66

Appendix C-2 Zoning Map of Cauayan City

 67

Appendix C-3 Hazard Map of Cauayan City

 68

THE SITE

Appendix C-4 Satellite view of the proposed site for the public market with terminal

Appendix C-4 Zoning Map of Minante 1, & 2, Cauayan City, Isabela

 69

APPENDIX D – SITE PHOTOGRAPHS

Appendix D-1 North side of the proposed lot

Appendix D-2 Northwest part of the proposed lot

Appendix D-3 Southwest part of the proposed lot

 70

Appendix D-4 Front part of the proposed lot

Appendix D-5 Rear part of the proposed lot

Appendix D-6 Southern part of the lot adjacent to 10.0 meters minor road
 71

APPENDIX E – LEGAL DOCUMENT

Appendix E-1 Cauayan City Government Project List

 72

Appendix E-3 Resolution No. 2018-078

 73

Appendix E-4 City Government Officials’ Signatures of Approval

 74

Appendix E-5 Authorization Letter

 75

Appendix E-6 Zoning Certificate

 76

Appendix E-7 Tax Declaration Lot No. 4

 77

Appendix E-8 Tax Declaration Lot No. 5

 78

Appendix E-9 Tax Declaration Block No. 4

 79

Appendix E-10 Tax Declaration Lot No. 1

 80

Appendix E-11 Tax Declaration Lot No. 2

 81

Appendix E-12 Tax Declaration Lot No. 3

 82

Appendix E-13 Tax Declaration Block No. 5

 83

Appendix E-14 Transfer Certificate of Title - Front

 84

Appendix E-15 Transfer Certificate of Title - Back

 85

Appendix E-16 Tax Map Control

 86

Appendix E-17 Cadastral Map

 87

Appendix E-18 Lot

 88

Appendix E-19 Procurement Letter

 89

Appendix E-20 Endorsement Letter

 90

Appendix E-21 Application Form for Protocol Review

 91

Appendix E-22 Grammarly