Ore Ue GN nen WORDS FROM THE TEXT Rewrite the sentences. Use the correct form of a verb, below in each sentence. stand up for «wipe out « figure out « speak up + make up 1, The world may lose 90% of today’s 7,000 spoken languages by the end of this century By the end ofthis century, 6,300 It's not unusual for young children total stories that aren't true Young children often, Why didn't you correct me when | said the wrong thing? ‘You should have. Come to the demonstration if you believe in better education Participating in the demonstration is a way to He understood how to do this puzzle quite quikiy. tt didnt take him long to... Complete the sentences in a logical way. Pay attention to ‘the words in bold 1, Some people object to wearing fur because. 2. People often record personal things in ther. 3, H1@KES COUFAYE 10 nen z 4, One discovery that we benefit from every day is, 5. A lecture can be boring when 6. Our teacher lotus off the hook for. 3 Write a sentence to logically follow each first sentence: Use one word or expression below in each sentence, ridticulous «expect «no trace of « trick « brand-new 1. Oh, no! We're having a quiz. | didnt read the material! | bought my schaolbooks at a place that sells used books. Why do you want to dye your hair purple? (My bicycle was stolen yesterday! [My friands found a clever way to get me to my surprise party. 4, Complete tho sentences with the correct form of words and expressions from Exercises 1, 2 and 3 1. When you can't word, use the dictionary. 2. Fish, birds and reptiles hever't got 3. How long ago were dinosaurs. It often takes a few days before shoes feel comfortable. You to finish the homework on how to spell aused to / would / be used to / get used to 5 Complete the dialogue with the corract form of used to or would and the verbs in brackets. There may be more than ‘one possible answor. village. 3: How did they got to and from school? he oniy school in the area was in the next village, and all the students * (walk) thor It : (take) them about an hour each way. And before an ater school, they (help) with chores on the farm, (not have) much free 1 quess they © time! 1 Complete the sentences with the words and expressions | blow. twill get used to + would +am getting used to + got used to isn't used to - get used to «didn’t use to 1. It took some time unt Glasses. When | first got them, | ‘Sometimes forget to put them on. 2. My sister started secondary schoo! this year. She's always complaining, because she having so much homework, | haven’ lived in England very long, so | stil driving on the left side ofthe road George share a room with anyone, so when he went to university and had a roommate, it was dificult for him to... it. 3. | don't like the idea of wearing a school uniform, but | guess |. -.it eventually. ‘wearing 7 Complete the sontences in a logical way. 1. Mark did't use tobe good at... 2. My parents loved winter sports, so every winter we would A: My grandparents * (live) in smal 3, She's an exchange student from Japan. Shei stil geting farming vilage used. ; ——they (ce) you 4. Did you use to... ann Stories about their childhood? 5. When | started secondary school, it was difficult to get A: Yes. When | was little, 1 (ask) them used to. as ial los of questions, could eave that there ro (not be) buses or a school in their 8 WORDS IN USE Complete the passage with the ‘words and expressions below, Figured out «no trace of «used to «ridiculous + get used to ‘brand-new +are used to « expected « wiped out School ina Cave | Could you living in a cave? This is how the Miao people live in the Chinese village of Dongzhong. They * despite the difficulties. Miao children * walk for hours to attend school. Finally, the villagers established | a local school ~ in a cave. It had few books, and only one teacher agreed to teach there because | the village lacked modem conveniences, including electricity A television documentary about the school changed things. Volunteers * =o how to provide electricity to the village, Books | and other school supplies were donated, and | ‘more teachers came. | However, the government closed the cave school recently. They thought it made China look primitive and * -- They built a © school and homes for the villagers. ‘The government” _— the villagers to be pleased, but some are not. They fear that their language will be and that their culture will remain,CePA Eas REPORTED SPEECH Pee 4 Complete the sentences in reported speech. Use a suitable reporting vorb below. announced +admitied » suggested » complained ‘threatened + wanted to know 1. “Tcopied material from Wikipedia for my project.” Gina 2. “Students will have to wear uniforms next year.” ‘The headteachor 7 “Can | hand in my essay late?” Jane. "You should get some extra help from a maths tutor.” My teacher “These maths exercises were too dificult!” She... Sais “Tom, | will send you to the headteacher's office.” The teacher: a Read the dialogue. Then complete the peragraph using reported speech. Gina: Why did I get a bad mark for my essay, Ms White? ‘am sure that you copied it, Plagiarism is @ serious issue. It's unethical and illegal know that and Ifeelterbe. 1 never doit again. Are you going to tell my parents? No, I won't because I'm punishing you by ving you a failing mark. But if you do it again, there willbe moro serious consequences. ‘Ms Whit | asked Ms White" _——a bad mark for my essay. She told me* and explained that plagiarism * She pointed out that it - admitted HAE ‘and that | promised ; vee then asked Te ie She said that *. because she . _—-—----by giving me a bad mark. She ‘warmed me that there 3 Rewrite the sentences in reported speech. 1, "Have you already finished the experiment?” the chemistry teacher asked. "Don't interrupt me again! the teacher wamed Lucy. “Do your teachers let you eatin class?” Glen wanted to know. "The teacher's not being fair” the students complained. {may come home late tomorrow night,” Jason told his mum. “il mark your tests this week,” the teacher promised. “Let's study outside today,” Emily suggested. 3. “I didn't do the homework,” Steve admitted. 4 Complete the sentences ina logical way. 1. Our history teacher wamed us 2, Simon suggested 3. The coach ordered the team. 4, Their English teacher told them 5. My friend wanted to know... 6. The librarian threatened 1. Tom promised 7 5 Complete the passage with the correct form of the words in brackets. MORE THAN A TUTOR Private tutors help students in subjects they're having trouble with. But when L met Ben, who isa private tutor in the USA, he told me that he Po. (do) much ‘more than that. When I asked him to explain, he said that some parents * (want) him to check all cof their child’s homework. He also said that the previous ‘summer, a student's parents * (take) him ‘on the family holiday so he “.. a. (can/ help) their son study for university entrance ‘exams ~ and keep him company! He mentioned thatthe following year, a family ~ (be) paying him 0 help their aughter choose er classes al university. because she has difficulty making decisions on her own, When I wanted to know what he ® (think) about that, he smiled and declared that i he ever had children, he” (not fllon) these families’ examples!6 Correct the errors. 1. She told that someone had tricked her. 2. She wanted to kw how much iI pay. 8, Veuggested that we had an end-of-year dss party. 4. Dan reminded me ta got th lecture the next. 5. The teacher wamod ust not skp eas that ay. 7 Translate the sentonces into your own language. 1, He admitted that it was hard for him to get used to his new school 2. She told me that her dad used to help her figure out how to do maths problems, 3. The biologist wamed that thousands of animal and plant species would be wiped out. 4. She complained that nobody was speaking up about the problems in our school, 5. They explainad that their discovery could lead to a brand-new medicine. 8 GRAMMAR REVIEW Rewrite the sentences ‘ith the words in brackets. Do not change the original ‘meaning, There may be more than one answer. 1. "Don't be late forthe schoo! trip tomorrow" the teacher said tous. (warned) 2. We require students to wear schoo! Tshirts for gym lessons. (must) 3. We'te posting exam marks online late next week. (by the end of), 4. The only reason we didn't get 100% forthe project was because we didn't hand itn on time. (if) 5. How many books did people donate to the library last year? (were) 6. “Have you ever watched a film on your iPad?” David asked me. (whether) 7. ‘She bumed her finger when she did the experiment. (while) UNGETEMSD Read the text messages below. Replace each response in bold with a sentence below. Told you so! « You're teting met «You don't say! Don't ask me! 1. Ar This lecture is s0 boring! 8: know! 2. A: How does she expect us to read the rest of the bbook by tomorrow? B: Ihave no ideal 3. Az Johnis still angry that | didn't let him copy my homework. B: Fm not surprised at all, 4, A I shouldn't have stayed up so late i: Next time, you'l listen to me!COMMUNICATION VOCABULARY: Education Complete the sentences to reflect the meaning of each first sontonco. Uso the words below. There may be more than one possible answer. optional «cheating «compulsory + tterate JFee(s) curriculum 1. Every student here must study a least one forsign language. Studying cai This schoo! doesn't offer an American iterature cass. American a You can take physics, but it’s not recured. Phy SCS anne | ave to read al documents to my aunt. My aunt a How much does the school charge annually? What eee ‘The teacher saw him copying from another student's exam paper. He wes seen 2 Write a sentence to logically follow each first sentence. Pay attention to the words in bold, Use one word or ‘expression below in each sentence, get into trouble «enrolled + dropped out ay attention + motivated 1. He attended school until Grade 10. {fm sure she'll achieve her goals. You've already skipped school twice this week, |. The lesson was boring because we were revising. His parents encouraged him to take up @ hobby. 3 Complete the sentences in a logical way so that they are ‘true for you. Pay attention to the words in bold. 1. If1 saw someone cheating, | would / wouldn't report it because. 2, In our school, students can get into trouble for | think / don’ think maths should be compulsory because = ist In my opinion, students should be allowed to skip school when 7 | don't think it's right to charge a fee for 6. It's hard for me to pay attention in lessons wien British / US English Roplace the words in bold with the British or American ‘equivalent below. elementary school fes + secondary schoo! headteacher » schedule» bulletin board + caretaker 1, Have you paid the tition yet? 2, What's your timetable ike this week? (My neighbour isthe janitor at my school. ‘The principal at our school is very strict. ‘Which high school do you go to? 6, Did you see the advert for a second-hand guitar on the noticeboard? iss ‘My little brother is starting primary school. ‘SPEAKING: Reaching a Decision 5 Choose a correct continuation for each of the expressions in bold 1. Let's face it... 1. What's your opinion? ». It probably won't work. The problem with that is a. it's great idea it’s too complicated 1'm not sure that would work. 1. Let's try anyway. b. It's going to be fun. ‘That would work well because a. it's user-friendly b. it's not perfect Allright then, let's ... a. disagree b, tryiteV) 1 Read the last sentonco in bold in the toxt. ‘What can you infer from it? ‘a, More Weldort graduates enter university than (graduates of other igh schools, ', Waldorf students do wll in university entrance ©. Universities prefer graduates of Waldorf schools ver students from other schools. 2 Now read the entire text and choose the correct answer. Which statement is NOT true about Waldorf schools? a, They are all over the world. b, Most people in high-tech are opposed to them. ©. Computers ere not introduced to young pupils. 4d. The first school originated in Germany. 3 Answer the questions, 1, Why are schools based on Rudolph Steiner’ ideas called Waldarf schools? 2, Why are activities such as knitting and woodwork ‘aught in Waldorf schools? 3. What do Waldorf schools discourage? 4 Complete the sentences. 41, Exams and marks are 2. Dividing a cake to share is an example of 3, Alan Eagle doesn't think that computers 5 Find words or phrases in the text that mean: 1. usual or normal (ines 1-8) 2, parts of something (lines 14-17) 3. put importance on (ines 18.26)... 4, very important (ines 43-50] E | } [AN UNUSUAL | EDUCATION | Imagine a schoo! without computers, and where music and art are considered to be as important as maths. Then, think about | whether you could get used to not watching television or using a computer at home. These things are typical of Waldorf schools. | | History The frst Waldorf school was established in 1919 in Stuttgart, Germany, by philosopher Rudolph 10] Steiner, for children of workers at the Weldrt- Astoria cigarette factory. Steiner belioved that traditional schools taught children subjects they | weren't developmentally ready to lear, | Today, there are more than 900 private Waldorf | schools in over 40 countries. In addition, | hundreds of pubic elementary and high schools Use elements of the Weldorf method. How Waldorf Schools Teach Waldorf elementary schools do not give exams 22 or marks. Children lem skis such as kiting ‘and woodwork, They aso sing play instruments, | dance, tll stories and lear a foreign language. | Waldort educators belave that these activities develop coordination, problem-solving skills and {| creative and critical thinking. Waldorf schools also emphasise respect for nature. Formal reading and maths skills ae usually taught a year or two later than is common elsewhere, and creative teaching methods are <0} used. For instance, maths may be taught ‘through games and practical activities, such as dividing @ cake to share. Computers are rarely introduced before the 8th grade, and computer ‘se and watching TV at home is discouraged. 45) High-Tech Parents Want Low-Tech Education Interestingly, many parents with high-tech jobs | choose Waldart schools for their children, Alan Eagle, a Google executive whose chieren ato « Weldort school, once explained to @ ‘New York Times reporter trat he thought that it ‘was tdiculous to think that kids would learn to read or do maths better with computers Criticism of Waldorf ‘Not all educators are fans ofthe Weldort ‘method. For example, one representative of an American schools association belioves that ‘computers are essential inthe classroom. She hhas declared that schools that could afford ‘computers but did not use them were cheating their children out of full education, ‘Students’ Futures Waldorf schools, however, don't seem to be cheating their students out of anything. ‘More than 90%; of the students graduating from. + 55] American Waldorf high schools go on to study | in university! DeiA BIOGRAPHY Rowtite the second sentences. Use personal, possessive and demonstrative pronouns. 1. bought this book for dames. Do you think James will tke this book? We have a shorter winter break than you do. Yur beak isafull month. Linda thinks we should do a project on animals. think doing a project on animals would be interesting, ‘These aren't Emma's. They belong to me. We haven't got cur tests back from Ms Ryan yet. We think MIs Ryan will give the tests back to everyone in class today. Complete the passage with the pronouns below. There are more pronouns than you need his «it its» she» her that «this he «mine «my they him «these «them +me A Great Teacher - My Grandfather ‘Arman | greatly admire is my grandfather, John Simpson. inspired many students during? ‘teaching carser and is great role model for me. He wes bor in London in 1842, shortly ater his father was kiled in the Second World War. His moter haa smal grocery shop and ran alone, wanted son to have opportunities she had never had. © was why she urged him to get an education. My oranfather was the ist person in the family to attond university, After earning a degree in English, he became a secondary- school literature teacher. Just as he's done with me, he passed on to his students a love for reading and vating, More importantly, he encouraged ” toachieve their dreams, the same way he's encouraged vn Since retiring fom the classroom in 2007, he's been volunteering as a ‘teacher of iliterate adults. My grandfather has received thank-you letters from many former students. . were lcky to have asa teacher, but I'm luckier, because he's my grandfather! WRITING TASK Write a biography of a family member (or friend) you admire, Write 120-150 words. 3 Brainstorm your biography. ~ Think of someone whose achievements you admire or wie has made a difference in some way. = If you need more information about the person, ask them or other farily members (or friends). Make a ist ofthe facts and information. Puttin cthronolagicl order. — Decide what to include in the biography. Organise your ideas into paragraphs and write your biography. Use the model in Exercise 2 and the Useful Expressions below to help you. Remember to use pronouns to improve your sentences. 5 Use the checklist below to check your work. CHECKLIST ‘orgenisation spoling punctuation, (grammar word order use of clear referencing USEFUL EXPRESSIONS was bom in is a great role model during his/her career (asa... ‘was the fist person to... he/she became ‘more importantly,rm) a er ia S i=) 4 a o Ss 5 = ~ = or es = VOCABULARY Complete the passage with the words and expressions. bolow. There are more words than you need enrolled + attended + ereative « improve - dependable ridiculous + duit «encourage + rand:new «share rainfall -drought -sunshine «fed up with + wiped out ‘A High Schoo! Designed by the People Who Use It ‘Some people may think it's to involve teachers and students in planning @ school However, they were an important part of crating the building to replace the old one for Kelam High School in Virginia, USA. Teachers, typical classrooms, suggested some interesting, © ideas that were included in the nev building. One was for departments ‘such a8 maths, scienee and English to : space in order to : more interdisciplinary discussion ‘and projects. Another idea was to have classrooms with ‘moveable wals to provide largo work spaces. Students in an environmental studies course created gardens. Among the environmentally friendly ‘touches is a collection system that will provide water forthe gardens. So, how would ‘you ‘your schoo! you were given the chance? White a sentence to logically follow each first sentence, Use the correct form of get with the words below. ‘over » back +rid of «into trouble «along + in touch 1. Ittook us a long time to dive home. 2, Jane still has a bad cold. 3, | cleaned out my cupboard yesterday, 4. They used to ike each other, 5, |really miss my ol friends. 6. He didn't behave very wel last yea. Rewrite the sentences with the correct form of the ‘words and expressions below. Do not chango the iginal meaning. e.used to + take up + enable «expect 1. The noise from the street doesr't bother me any more. i = 2 2, Her decision realy surprised us, We = = 3. How ong have you been doing ceramics? When me 2 4. Ifyou don't study hard, you won't pass the exam, Studying hard — nen aS GRAMMAR Complete the passage with the correct form of the words in brackets, Boat Schools of Bangladesh Inthe past, flooding during the anual rainy season meant thousands of students in Bangladesh ' (iss) school. But that (change) in recent yeas, thanks ‘to Bangladeshi architect Abul Hasanet Mchemmed Rezwean. His schooling = —. (disrupt) by the weather when he vas young, and ater becoming an architect, he figured out a soliton: boet school. He ‘explained thet the children (can't come) to the school, the schoo! would eame to them, Hes the fist boat school . (build) over @ decade ago. Now, there ‘are 90, and more ~- (ad inthe future, Traveling year-round along 250 kilometres of rivers, the boats provide schooling for children from nearly 100,000 families. Each boat visits three communities daily, offers the seme curiculum as the ordinary schools, and (equip) with library, computers, ‘and Intemet access. Aiter school, the boats are used as community centres and for adult education. Rewrite the sentences. Do not change the ori ‘meaning, 1. Our schoo is planning a new building A new building és 2, “Can you check my maths homework before | give itto the teacher today?” J asked Joe » 3. It’s not compulsory to participate in Sports Day, Nobody ss 4, You wor't understand unless you pay attention you 5. twas irresponsible of you not to wear a holmet. You... S 2 6, There's a chance that Il be in the schoo! play! H 1 Complete the sentences so they are logical or true for you. 1. By midnight tonight, Vn aS 2, HHI hadnt had to study last weekend, 3. Until started to lear English, | 4. Our English teacher told us 5, My English lesson is held...VOCABULARY 1 Translate the following Nouns Verbs. bulletin board achieve ss caretaker attend aa cheating cheat courage : drop out a curriculum ‘encourage discovery enrol elementary school expect as fee a figure out fur : “ MKB UP en headteacher motivate high school a record janitor 7 revise lecture skip noticeboard speakup primary school stand up for principal trick i lc secondary school — wipe out ee schedule : timetable x tuition : 2 Find the following, 1, four nouns that ae people: 2. two adjectives that are opposites: 3, two adjectives that can be used to describe people: oe 4, at least two verbs with negative connotations: fae 5. an expression that describes someone or something that is missing: . Adjectives brandnew compulsory iliterate optional : ridiculous Expressions get into trouble . {et (someone) off the hook no trace of, : pay attention : aeVOCABULARY EXTENSION Word Power 1 Write the words and expressions in your own language. 1. grade(s) 2. (a) degree 3, undergraduate ae 4. higher education 5. make the grade 7 2 Complete the sentences to show that you understand the words in bold. 1. A grade is something you receive in... 2. An undergraduate isa person who... 3. To make the grade means that you Hs 4, A dagree is something you get when 5. You get higher education at... = 3 Write the words and expressions in your own language. 1, make sense 2, sense of humour. 3. sixth sense. 4, nonsense 5, talk sense into. 4 Match the words and expressions in Exercise 3 to the statements bolow. 1, Jake makes me laugh all the time... 2. That's ridiculous. People will think t's stupid. 3. I can't explain how, but | knew I was going to meet her 1008, nnn 4. Oh, now I understand what you'e saying. 5. [need to speak to him before he does something he'll regret... VOCABULARY BUILDER False Friends 5 Complete the sentences with the words in bold. 1. realised / carried out a, |e apologised. b. Last year, our company... _a survey to s00 if our customers were satisfied with our products 2, recorded / remembered a. The moment | saw him, |... him at the party last year. b. He ‘our marks in his book. 3. lecture / reading 1, Next week, there's going to be a... about Roman history. b, Tonight, wo're going to hear @ nnn from my favourite author's new book. | had made a mistake, so 1 meeting Wordbuilding 6 Complete the chart. Uso a =e trick encourage describe information experience shocked 7 Complete each sentence with a word from the chart you ‘complotod in Exercise 6. 1. Lor't know what he looks like so please nn i 10 TE 2. Our company is looking for & computer programmer ‘who has got atleast two years of... : 3. We will ~ you i there are any changes in the schedule. 4, Some ofthe questions inthe tast wore ‘0 answer. to discover that our 5. Itwas a neighbour was @ dangerous criminal. 6. We were happy to hear the 7 news ‘about her health. Yad TING ANVINGVIOA6 EXAM PRACTICE Aled the text and answer the questions that follow. The Art of the Video Game 1 The advantages and disadvantages of video games have been debated for many years. Some people think they are ‘educational and, in some cases, therapeutic. Other people criticise them as a waste of time, of Worse, as an obsession or even an addiction, However, until recently not much attention has been paid to the artistic merits of this genre. 11] Are video games an art form? The five classical at forms are painting, sculpture, architecture, music and poetry. More recently, cinema has been added to this list. As well as being pleasing to the senses, art attempts to convey the artists ideas or feelings. Since video games combine so many elements of classic art, many people think that they should be considered art. Music is an important part of most games; the visuals reflect a modern type of “painting” or “sculpeure”; and the storylines are a form of “literature”. And, just as in classic art, the games present the creators’ ideas. However, early game creators considered themselves engineers or computer programmers rather than artists. In] So why has this genre not been generally recognised as art? One reason is that video games are created for ‘commercial purposes to be purchased for a prices therefore, critics say, they cannot be “pure” art. However, many other artists were similarly criticised, although their works too were designed to make money: Michelangelo was well-paid for his paintings and sculptures, while many 20th-century film directors have become well-off from their work. Another objection concems the interactive nature of video games. Since cach develops differently according to how it is played, critics claim itis impossible to classify ic as art. But cach person's reaction to any work of art is different and may change from one time to another — just as cach player’s game is different. This docs not mean | that the original product is not art. | 'V| Today, the question should not be whether or not these games are art. They have alrcady been recognised as such f | in exhibitions presented by major US museums, The question, rather, should focus, as with all at, on what is good | | and what is not 3 l fe | § 1 Choose the correct answer. fs 1. Video games 3 a. arenot seen as having a storyline 1. Not much attention has been pad by eis to the 5 ». include several ofthe classi at forms, antistc merits ofthis genre 3 ©. aremno longer created by engineers Critics = _. i 2. In most video games, 2, Before answering tis question, ls lok ata definition €. works of modem art appear inthe background of at. b. the storylines ae taken from famous works of Before we _ swe literature ¢. the cteators try to convey their own ideas 5 Complete the sentences. 3. Because video games are interactive, .. a, some peopl claim that they are not real art b. they are completely ciferent from other art forms ©. people's opinion of them changes with each game 2 Decide whether the following sentences are true (T) or false (F). Find evidence inthe text to justify your answers. 1. The video game genre isthe only commercial artform. 2, The writer thinks that video games should be evaluated on ther atistic mer. 8 Answer the question. What are the arguments in the text that support and ‘oppose video games as a form of art? 1, For many years, there has been a debate. 2. Early video game creators didn't 6 Find words or expressions inthe toxt that moan: 1. enjoyable (paragraph I). 2, express (paragraph a 3. bought (paragraph Il) 4 rich (paragraph I} 7 Write a composition of about 100-150 words in your ‘notebook. Choose ONE option. 1, An Opinion Essay: Should video-game art be part of an ‘art programme at school? 2. AFor and Against Essay: What are the advantages ‘and disadvantages of playing video games?6 LISTENING PRACTICE @ All About Bikes You aro going to hear five people talking about cycling. For Speakers 1-5, choose from the list (A-H] what each one says. There are throe extra letters which you do not need to use. A. Lalmost had a few accidents while ing B, You need pationes to teach someone to rid a bike, C. L advertised my bike on the internet. D. Heft my bike onthe street and it was stolen. E, I needed to be fit before the tp F. think there are advantages to each kind of bike 6. Formany years, | have idden 30 kilometres a day H, [leamed about proper biking at school Speaker 1: Speaker 2: Speaker 3: Speaker 4: ‘Speaker 5: NOILWHVdaHd WYX3Photo Description 1 Describe the photo. Answer the questions. 1, What are the people doing? 2. Where are they? 3. How do you think they feel? 4, Why is tie important to them? Discussion 2 Inpairs, discuss the following questions. 1. How does time affect various sports? 2. When is it important to be on time? When is itlass important? 3 What time periods isthe school day divided into? 4. Do you have enough time for everything you want to do? 5. Why do so many people feel pressured about time? 6. What time of day is best for you? Are you a morning person or a night person? Dialogue 3 Think what you would recommend in the following situation. ‘Many students are having problems in English and maths, so your school is going to offer extra lessons. += Tha lessons may be compulsory for some students. + The lessons will be four times a week ~ Mondays and Wednesdays for maths, Tuesdays and Thursdays for English. *= The lessons wil take place at the same time each day. * The school must decide whether to schedule the lessons in the moming, afternoon or evening. After school 00-4.00 pm NOLLWHWd3ud NWX3 Early evening 7.00-8.00 pm 4 In pairs, prepare a dialogue to present tothe class. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each possible time. Then decide which option is best.GRAMMAR APPENDIX sbargo, algunos transitvos, todos losintransiives ylos Adem, muchos phrasal verbs tienen més de un significado: formados por dos particulas son inseparable. ‘go int entrar / meters en interesarse por] ‘She is looking for her keys / them. turn up (aparecer, presentarse; subir (el volumen)} (Esta buscando sus llaves / buscandolas.) turn out (resultar; asistir, acudir) ‘Agunos verbos pueden combinerse con diferentes particulas pick up (recog, ia buscar; lever) para formar distintos phrasal verbs. Mira la lista de phrasal verbs en la pagina 134 para ver mas ‘get across (hacer entender) oe, get by (arreglérselas, defenderse (idioma)) {9 trough (cornices) 6 Hit the Books! EL ESTILO INDIRECTO — ‘Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech: Present Simple “He takes extra maths lessons.” She said that he took extra maths lessons. er sssoma” She said that he was taking extra ahs Present Continuous ‘He is taking extra maths lessons ae ee Past Simple “He took extra maths lessons.” ae ‘said that he had taken eta wont lessons. Past Continuous “He was taking extra maths lessons,” fete that he had boon aking ata'Tyiehs Present Perfect Simple “He has taken extra maths lessons.” he Said that he had taken extra maths Present Perfect “He has been taking extra maths She said that he had been taking extra maths Continuous Jessons.” lessons. Past Perfect Simple “He had taken extra maths lessons.” je Said that he had taken extra maths Baseperiech Generate! eee been taking extra maths abe said that he had been taking extra maths Furure Simple "He will take extra maths lessons.” _ She said that he would take extra maths CAMBIOS EN LOS MODALES — Direct Speech |. Reported Speech can could now then may might today that day must / have to ‘must / had to tonight that night > yesterday the previous day / the day before = last week the previous week / the week before é amonth ago the previous month / the month before & tomorrow _the following day /the day after / the next day - next week —_the following week / the week after here there i this that these thoselest indcecto se utiiza para contar lo que alguien ha dicho sin citar exectamente sus palabras. Reported statements Poderos contar en presente lo que alguien acaba de dec, para lo cual basta con suprimirlas comitas y cambiar e pronombre sujetoy la persona del verbo. “lam tired.” ‘She says that she is tred. (Dice que esté cansada.) Pero lo normal es que el verbo que introduce la subordinada en esi indirect (normaimente say tll) vaya en pasado, Y entonces ol cambio més importante es que el verbo de la subordineda da un salt atras (de Present Simple a Past Simple, de este a Past Perfect Simple, tc. ‘Ademés de suprimic las comilas y cambiar los tiempos verbales, también es necesario que hagamos algunos ‘cambios en los pronombres y en las expresiones de tiempo y luger La oracién subordinada va introducida por la conjuncién that ‘aunque en inglés hablado se suele omit. “T gave the teacher the project yesterday,” she sai. ‘She said that) she had given the teacher the project the previous day. {Dijo que habia entregado el proyecto ala profesora el dia anterior) Cuando la frase enuncia una verdad general no hey cambio en los tiempos verbales. “Cheating in tests is forbidden,” the headteacher said. He said that cheating in test is forbidden. {Dio que esté prohbido copar en los exémenes.) Los vertos més comunes para introducr el estilo indirecto son say y tll Tell siempre leva un complemento indirecto sina preposicién to, Say puede levar complernento indirecto © no, pero silo leva debe ir con esa preposicién. “The children did the homework,” she sat. ‘She told me that the chien hed done their homework ‘She said thatthe children fad done ther hormewerk. ‘She said to me that te children had done their homework. (Me dio que os nifos habian hecho los deberes.) Reported questions Hay dos tipos de preguntas en inglés: ‘Las Yes / No questions son las que se pueden contestar ‘con un “so un “no”, Para ponelas en esto indrecto ‘se emplea ol verbo ask, y a continuacin if o whether. Entonces, como le pregunta deja de sero y se convierte en ‘una afrmativa, no hay inversinsujeto-verbo ni signo de imterrogacin, ytampoco comilas. Will you attend the lecture?” Ryan asked. Ryan asked if/ whether | would attend the lecture. {ryan me pregunt6 sia ala conferencia) © Las Wh-questions no se pueden contestar con un “si” 0 un “no”. Son las que comianzan con une paticula interrogetiva (what, who, where, when, why, whose, how, how long, ec.) Al pasarias al esti indirecto ponemos dicha paricula en luger de i o whether. Luego van el sueto el verbo, y se prescnde del signo de interrogacién y de las comilas. “When did you fnish corecting the exams?” he asked. Heo asked when | had finished correcting the exams. (Ml pregunté cudndo habia terminado de corregi os exémenes.) Reported orders / requests Para pasar una orden a estilo indirect se cambia ol imperativo por un infintvo. Peo antes dol infntvo se usa un verbo que exprese mandato, como tell u order, seguido del complemento indrecto, Hay otros verbos que siguen esta estructura a pesar de no expresar una orden: ask o beg para ‘expreserpeticiones, 0 wam para advertr a alguien de algo. “Switch off your phones,” the teacher said. The teacher ordered us to switch off our phones. {Ei profesor nos mandé apagar los telfonos.) Cuando se trata de una oracién negatva, se pone not delante dete. “Dont go out so lat, please.” [My father asked me not to go out so late {Mi padre me pidié que no salera tan tarde.) Reported suggestions Primero se pone el sujato y el verbo suggest o recommend en pasado y, a contiuacidn, dacimos lo que sugiié esa porsone, También se pueden usar advise para dar consejo @ invite para hacer ura invitacién, Las sugerencias se pueden pasar al estilo indrecto de dos formas: © Usando una oracién de complemento direct introducida por that, con su sueto y el verbo en la forma base. “Let's have lunch together.” Janet suggested. Janet suggested that we have lunch together (Ganet sugiié que comiéranmos juntas) ‘© Usando el gerunco, sn especiticarningin sujet. “Let's ply football after school!” He suggested playing football afterschool. (El sugitié jugar al ftbol después de clase.) Reporting verbs Los verbos més utlzados pare introducir esto indrecto on say, tll y ask, que transmiten el mensaje sin afadir més informacién, Pera si también queremas comunicarlaintencién dol hablant 0 el tono que us6, podemes utilizar otros muchos reporting verbs: ‘© Afirmaciones: admit, announce, answer, apologise, boast, claim, complain, declare, explain, inform, insist, mention, offer, remind, reply, state ‘© Preguntas: enquire, request. want to know, wonder ‘© Ordenes: demand, order, shout, warn ‘© Siplicas: beg ‘© Sugerencias: advise, invite, recommend, suggest “We have to doa lot of homework." They complained that they had todo lt of homework (Se quajaron de que tenfan que hacer muchos deberes.) “Did you go on the class trip?” Joe wanted to know if we had gone on the class trp. (Joe quiso saber si habiamos ido ala excursin.) “Wake mo up at 7.00!" He shouted fat me) to wake him up at 7.00. (We grit que lo despertara a ls 7:00,) “You should study forthe exam.” [My mother advised me to stud forthe exam. (Mii madre me aconsejé que estuara para el exemen)used to y would / be used to / get used to Used to y would se utiizan para hablar de acciones que ‘eran frecuentes en el pasado pera ya nolo son. Sualen ‘acompafiarse de adverbios y expresiones de tiempo. Emma used to have after-school activities every day. {Emma sola tener / tenia actividades extreescolares, todos los das.) When my father was young, he would travel lot. (Cuando mi padre era joven, sofa viajar / viajaba mucho.) Used to también se usa pare hablar de estedos y situaciones jpasades. Would no puede emplearse en estos casos | used to goto this school. (Yo ba a este colegio.) “would go to this school. [No es corecto | Used to no tiene forma de presente. En negativa @ interrogativa require el auxiiar did y en ambos casos pierde lad. Did you use to have extra English lessons? (Ti solias recibir clases extra de inglés?) GRAMMAR APPENDIX Be used to significa “estar acostumbrado a”, mientras que {got used tose refiere al proceso de acostumbrarse, En ambos ‘ca50s va seguido de un sustantivo oun gerundio ders de to. Estas dos estructuras son muy diferentes dela forma verbal used to, pues en ells used no es un verbo, sino un adjetve. Los verbos que acompafan a used son be y get, los cuales se pueden conjugr. He is used to his old car. {Esta acostumbrado a su antiguo coche.) They are used to getting up late. {Estén acostumbrados a levantarse tarde.) She is getting used to her new job {Se esté acostumbrando a su nuevo trabajo.) | cannot get used to living in that house {No me acostumbro a vivir en esa casa.) 7 You Can’t Teach an Old Dog New Tricks LAS ORACIONES DE RELATIVO LAS ORACIONES DE RELATIVO _ ‘DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES Uses ‘who and that refer to people which and that refer to objects when and that refer toa moment in. time where refers to a particular place whose refers to possession Examples Peter is the person who / that designs games. ‘The mobile phone which / that you sold me is faulty. Tilnever forget the day when / that I met Bill Gates, This is the shop where I bought my iPhone. That's the girl whose video was viewed on YouTube by millions of people. NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES Use Examples Bushnell, who was an engineer, invented the first video game. ‘that cannot replace who or which Your smartphone, which is user-friendly, needs to be charged every day. Son oraciones subordinadas adjtivas introducidas por un pronombre o un adverbio rolativo. Pueden ser de dos tino: defining (especiticativas) y non-definin (explcatves) Defining Relative Clauses Aportaninformacién tan esencial sobre su antecedente que sin ellas la frase quedarfa incompleta © Los pronambres who (personas), which (cosas) y that (personas y cosas} pueden omitirse sino hacen de sujeto. ‘Whose (posesién} no se puede omitr ni sustituir. Bill Gates is the man who / that founded Microsot. (Bill Gates es el hombre que fundé Microsoft.) 1 dnt like the game (wehich / that) he lent me. {No me gusté ol jaego que me dej6.) Judy isthe girl whose tablet | found. (Judy es la chica cuya tableta encontré,) ‘© When (tiempo) puede omitise y sustituirse por that. ‘twas tho yoar (when / that) Pong was creatod. {Fue el aio en que se inventé Pong.) ‘© Whore (lugar) no puede sustiuirse por that y solo se omite en algunas ocasiones. This isthe site where I find al the information. {Esta es la pégina web donde encuentro toda la informacién,) Sil relativo leva preposicién, lo més comin es omit y poner la preposicién detrés del verbo. The sales assistant (who / tha talked to was very nice. {El dependiente con el que habié fue muy amable.) a as