fiquid molten vmelal 4 Pesved inte tee casting cavity cohope phape (fh Baws a, tual of shape ct Rajtiag fo be produced pBlow OUI AL in Boldly, af Fes Rolidificater tx caylmg coil Capa t,o procou in cohich tak vee: ee eet by breaking tn amou\ a ase | por Cope | 2 of A enwily at fe drag - pattern making mald & core waking i 3 pouring & solid fications) 4) Spi, Cast | of £ petting | ra fr aurapeclion a patlers ip He veplica of casbmg to be means anot phope i te pari se wenioaKy as Hk phope of calimy to be producid : Bab de fem tp diftevamt from pine of Cay tag - vo du cal proce pica ri eof pat Sige £ Lowa patton Sige coy ling Size F Aktowan ce,Se perch ewe thing) : \ shriniage able wore 2» Machining u 3. Drage Aa Shales " : 5. Orpborlion ¥+ Shrinkage allowance - prev p70 Bold Hin pols diticablsos of anortess metot WO = qe fay F magen, pouring Howes ot motte metal yn fe ? cavity must be greet’ thems qneliamg pent Hes : f= MP 4 150 te 200C- poe ; aie per pat Ten Per a 1694 + WS0be200} = too'e , pr = 60% (ise tooo) = Soo 7 AR . Pororing kuu pe, (4) 4 4 oO i ey |s Liqenis phankage _ fretaing bane, (L) -eoolim 4 Leu® 4 freeaing tau Co) teokkeg te" calid shyiwtage ati Zz proces rmag eatet tm pli king faky place in font @ ptagt yy shrinkage [aking plat ™ ar Solid — phyvin tage~ Geraue Lequay ant abeoony: mea In leery A volume \squrd phn ages oi’. aluca ey, Rechcdas 9° pes onto] veluene, ~» The laud shai nkage av provideng, ri peg Caxteong precy Rs pv [==] FFL - Y AVE + out of au Hu wuital wed tm mamufarbacng, Alam micn (As) ip +. Ove toh ch ip having hig heat liquid __————__ thritbage. * during costimg of At, it op xvequexed fo ©© Cavaent Bige of the viperwp- — ———— ee ee —— IPSS 35°C Laud Shrintage 3 1 : Seid sheontage ! 1-4> ££ A= Co-efficiemt of Umea, thermos Crp ria /. * af Usp, Com eens ay 4 v AT = me in lamer, . solid yeducteo ths tig ne Tn room kemep | » whakver Shrnkeges gu taking pee in solid phat cual be comperralid by providivg Slrembage oars ess mm pu pattern—— oun duct & : ; crt Mee \ Frowy 4c above Ahyinkage abhowam Cy pot nthe 0 { J Fae Cam gy One ‘ yee gin 4 ae Pest om dimemiiay of Cam povewd fee { t na it Yovy, dtaupy, z é aslo wom 4 eye ghvinkog a becacue « dh tt scully wy Cale “ rom [too ory ; ra wn Yerolly provi ded a J. OEA dimes iow) Se” whe ee , 1, coytamg PrOCY allows ce tak r die wie =) Becacue Selid Abnnterg® o Corres pom dimg me = TR having Highest a; at Solid phyin kage Yeq uve lavgept Aan oul n ! . it highest for braxa! (= 28 pro [wre | dy por # admigkali ty * Wied wees gers [urn rok C- anna brane | Ini ghest sohd phi nieag® allLowanr tee eee 8+ 00001 H%/ m°C. plabnum ayridtom =) x=-0 pon] oe hapncoutiings, ate Mesin RAE mntage: PU LAGE j 5 out of ath Me meta Grey CL ha, —Ve shrine # ‘ Ue Coolmg & malaria from f€-r be RT iniplead of *e ercounyg, th dimumiong, HAL dimevuitom of Casimg coll be Bmer "a S.-C 9s 2h Kies we, Gray cn | withy S- fre. ce ee aéicex Ratio = vol, of pattern Vol et Cay Gu 5 @ = Oo L206 w OF K (00 KH O-OU KIO ' cn. = et eA a = ogy ~y from te above phron bag TL, in alteewaner providd | tov compensa ing phy yn tage faking place dum ng cooling, ma kyjed “+ a ST kT omy pod otal shvin kage vt owy “solid chrinksa’ ad~) yh beth Lid ees lid slhyvin ba ys foge Hiss hug heart Yor the alec t () Mae hing Ng AMowow te the etla dimewton provi did on cay lm AAA iL whl be vomoved {rom the Ccaiiimg b machiming after the casbyg proceu Com ple led 5 p Corks d jae hming¢ OU nw0. CL. <5) Mee Ted oe Caled com ponem 4 ewit| have ~fini bh, but tn most 99 applic eve ae makrial which if having good g-F- TO gt good SF mach el anu $ bx AVA poor Kuvfat to hava ved ry 1B com pula \ To do machinima operation cron Wares uy mm th Component ® lo Volo te tn slhymkage Lakong plac due 3 To accomdel Yanrakion iy TOOM lean pena Henk. — Machining atlowan speci fied aA —y Ap the Coevmnipriaacs' by of Cayley sh wares ng atleoomca abio ha, to be mer ea ped 3 Oub of 5 eowamces Shrinkage os machining ant “faleit 04 Meijer A Lecloun ts conic 18 Indluscing ; ™ mm | ade ‘ noe Kaavey on WOM cdemewjravy of pat levn, eq~ ° cay eaten ip cay kd bg i=s00 ™™, S-A-ap , MA sd mom ik @) L = foxx 500 1 cen» 504 @ D> 300 my with Di ‘ = = r Q& ~ ps with SA ue $00 7 ZB xsoo = 510 m9 0 = Tagg 4 B24 k300 = See O™) (00 p.5 with SAt MA s L + 5lo +a4Q © SIF se 92306 taxa = 310’ EE \ Dy nt Allow — YAM Ce t boat pang ace a patho hte alin e making ve élimed heitedhiets 4 1 ay”) The > ey iK called © Ovatt akho aoam CL, wadt pa tle af AwLowamce iA provided for couy cammovot of VN from — the moud SA down Bex ne 4 core | ~ prage =| teat 5 Exlernat —) without tte a be ae ip comm previpion ot Acai aqnl fot pee Swine d ee cer ayryouitid eet al a tmback (6 eatin how Mineo ey covenge *T seal bin et lew & Mould , ta high- ; ' a Wily tae provsion ot dratt atho, goon YU ammount symnmedia ely © d, Umer i pattern rR lidtd by Bowmen «ese qce 1p doce bby pattern gw moult no downags wort) be occeumg * pothe py ROUTLA mond ynould: swe te pan nade by tte cont, mente poly nhs path me cate, glisczen 13 eibe provides ~ a oat ater nig kung u be Neakd above too" qu xegore exten ih wring gna terials wie, dann it ne dan pate Hae mocld par mould, so thet sj Im oe alon eoith tue pation wo, comucy kd into iad COAKs ps form A lequi'd \B vequi red coold bo frum P of Lae mould At er vn akm New he Fo wat us wemmoved — in . Hence no dyatt card f hg te Hg ip frxpt ater omd make rave tHe path) "7 atlo Wom Ce -Fote-8 2 m™ weit qa | maler9 ould ,.| Oy” A errr oud a ‘2 ‘o thal My fp Cmvevlid any to lee Jvowy load tend , akin, eda 5 Ny whiny Poly plyren WA tuivd- ce patiern mnalewt ats CA ‘ was tad at senate tlie Pattern +trn hot Liquid Mol hens ta diveoh (. yor onl { Poured inte ts Cauily. So that cl yt Re ™ Verk of Mnrorn h mouid int Vapour amd ay ne fy “ povonty prope ¥ 4 poly plow err ip wryed for MEN lange ° pup. ¥ (+) Shake allocworm ce : a pha nanepllcesnn ; ; ; noi ding ~~ Becawe of Prepemce of adhesivenen Proper he oft Sayd, of frome places moulding Samd 18 getting adhexi am to the Patlern amd toy adhewd mouldrag Romd ip tovning ougr a aoith pat levy duming yemoval gud produce mM ould on ages . T averd Hy, beter yomovat ef patlom trom Mould, i IK Rha teed amd Repagjat tur adhered Mou | dung ’ fomd, bine TO CHA aired mould dow age. Bat der te Bhating pattern, He Bige of Cavity Produad OU be came greater hon pattern ’ Cae of Cay ing Up De Ae aud Wh Ded forge Ow our of machining to oa it dowdy ty duu novmet dimemtigy , ” TO avoid ty PYOHUM, Are dimwnyyary of OVIIm OA pat Hon Cp we dyed by aU Own out RqMak to Kat atlowan oe“SS The ea Pi Viren MAoudom cry art INCVEOM dirremsroms Hf fat Hay \ FO Gy a dive attoerouce . cohsar as. phate atloeton ty Re te dt a tae dinnenn yon of pat tery todd a4. Ne Ao we, Sees NONGE cut basic any pawety depem és on tue mould makeng Per Rov). G\ Oiptoviioy wy) b DOM Ch | (ow) he ato WOO! ” Diptor hon atllowamts nok yequived In att ee Coubongy peu tf guucvatly providad duvineg Coy Gus of O ( diptort.om allocate , NY Bhaped caplungs . es ery cay ling of u- ahaped Caytimg, becatue of prema of de Fferen trot Bhyentage wy the 4 Bolidditd maltiiot & liquid SS ; ng fenicee Rhrnkage foreer actmg an “ere Dur to Hy | begs Of SU" ane bending Out randy, Producing mmetmed A te avond Hay probly and oblauy Verb cat ig n, corn te original patterns Gags with be bend medards, Se Hret deuing proce oa Cast. Regs aN bending auktasoanrd oma becomine Like a Nevtiear Reqy, Tht qumount by cohrck Lage on bead ip Caled “a4 Diplorbion allowance. Ts cwnoen’ ie | 1 accutane nmnniemennaae” IM wand a of diptovfim attowance th madly depends on [¢ vatb- 5) ako et Gaagth “of heg : . sa b= thickmey of Me a> a pakyes 1 ee tar : 19 kB ayRa Ulery ma lemvaly Py rr Properkien of patlery materials » { '. No (ov) Low) moisture absox plies Loco demaity for apy handling : 3. Gjood Purfacr finigh Cam be pro duced. tien | nq A Teproducd mM moulds SF P vo deer din Com pevuml ip BOme af that of mould S+pe'con port a depemdy many pe Bagmerp wy fabri cation: = Cheap end Loc Copl tohaktvues €-F Prodccced en pattern Rome m™ SE of pattern \- udeod . cxeege phe ood is falnting ath Ht properties Mo ip buve ab Borpkow- ho Te wood, which absorv bmg Key Mmorsferne cortt be ted pattem malarialas ey Teale vood, moh og arty a i Metal patlenp am ponnaing art tut Brapetley ae eat amd fobricahion . Out of ditterent metale lowepes dumuity meta taken ay AL, whik ynetot : toluene, Catimg proced \p urbed for producmg ometat patherna, OM the goeken gates double JBhrbage attewome vnutt be provi ded. ‘er * (45 l#ey) platen proper hey wohicle art vequived Tedayp menink, ynduiiy | mesh wed au Her good OAL ae sans ay aaa ma lice - ( patron mag erial{ o@ ia plesricr Eq: E fory YORI, fiat en, cellulose, poly ply rwsieve 4-00 the boyre pe pattern io, of AG ey high goftney Momafackumg of pecardt of pa tern Tp very taty. Im elds lcoy fo shops cam pitxUATE pate Hue 4 { f Ty addi tioy eqot Linenh pre is pat YW Orce tt f ttleyy Co be et yd BE o of Flayn Co + Secacte of Nery L igh cof neh, fur Many, Gize Of (A \ Cayting , feuttGd thu « a ae 4p to ] g J Lf War pat lew ip uged with Ge famd mould Ra Gefect ip produced. —) Wax pathyn ort cued for producws eee @) Gold & silver ovnawn & G1) Fux bi ve blo des Qr1 Surgicok 1 teheunn (Y) wave be S65 WY shuttle r - | q heat =100 ¢ ’ ne Ladar as Lena <4 for weaving. 6} Mertury : oduung vert m™ pen Woqon mieseeny ured 40% wd as finih oth omall Fiat componeny vith exealuut barf machiming . 5 pri che © Mold making : ee ee =, mo (ding found cs tued fov ma Kava Mae wold Bosic element ; | 1, Chica Sond pores cned fer obtawmming skength ° ‘sical mel ding pomd. ae- tot filled “on _ 2. clay: sod 2K" pond & Somd po ated ege ae 2. wakr sodium slicat: ————— gegen sai econ pur bond don ena kno bw Lae ford park cls egy. - See sand +¢[ay + wal Gey Rand ft 4 MU ¢ podium eilca& = ory Aaudgees ww) dey Nery Low Aawd eal th FOR € tan } helio i * = Th AW ee nand! en es Clay Core ' a bt Cap liay » mold Hae Gufaee uch produced on ak wold y fraud wil be ve duGa Le Betieyn but fowl y prem Asditiver 6 “2 én Compal savy wvraleatat, 1. Sato deat er) wood pocodes ! ky \y } ond Pore bi amprover calla (ra Y 2. ceat Pow der ¥ Twproves Bare Refvacteriney 3+ Slareh cer) de : Trnproves Fhength Cav) Ved ip tans a gaunt VE fora Lov Prepertig of Moulding fay d oe ee W Povonity: Aeeny: TE 1, te ability of eAca PING ay br) qa ka thyoagh mMotding Barn a Qa, Conn ok a a for property ‘p dekv mined by Laing peomuabilily te ne. Ppevrn bil, tut . Ap pew Amurt ay foun iatiny poutty, + fake a Civ calay dae sha pod. fam dS peel men and placed Sf oma openly geet Ae ergo te P > fahy, diame tu ef fo eye aut 4 ein leaa eee\ » 7 yy : GM Te eh hue ‘aa f i : totaal ‘ € ¢ & Po hiky dica by inkeema of Permabil by Now bry = ral ) Late fe ofed Contain, r a Ee , 4 Yi ‘ Ewe abs |; by Yann ber — use (N Vu Tacs | td Oa] cm) 5 standard ee a PN: But] i Plies mat qe atte cl } ploumdard PTA wu, penne of im preving porority ob melding Apo.d . #4 uring large — pige ey itee zand com bicles pb By weduemg fhe of of clay conlt Be ee red ding fam m ing (or) Com premive force. By adding coood powder Co Sato dupt 5 providing Phe venting (ov) Vent holea. G) shength « (Meta) Fo Tepe —-Slremgth — Com prenive w Mea paving by LAiri a, OTM she an " my Colestvemensr(MaQe Shemgity of He moldimg bod cam O46 be called AU oheniwenry propety Cohesiumey ip abst : 4 formation of bend bry powne makrial particle s.< bh fomd pay Freley =“ the method of. OTM va alo CTisey beget. Ww) Ad he pive ne ap property » CMA) er «aad hth i ad 3 age of Cheever proper ty th GORUORS 57 Cleat Lomminan chia shromgth —_—— Te if dat abr bby of formation a e ely with other ynalerialp Wee | ey Aond by Gane Rand port patien, bend {ai lave ; berleen place ) Refractorine as * ’ “ BN MR eee Ui ty ding ot highey | “a Jew eas coi thout looring 7b 9 Retractori nen ip measured Conbvolled chamber, 4 Temp, ming Sshength = go M 0 ce Miry Lagd DAGIP- Cre iG | tle . Yi ~ Covres pon ting to Vas the load ip Opplied Chambu est Bu Pr cyst | or Ramd be snewe Mevean aad - bene, Thy st vefaactoriney 4\laq on bli \y \ WA Wy hit SER adi ability ej breaking mold colt Soy load Apel cakoy , \ \ SES Ps bi bty Property cot be mcasuved by Oting Sema Wye gh Stlreag th cotla pyr bl by 4 F Sheuagth + collapn bls by A vibra q ~j Col xe Ss Sess By pla cing Ramd gpecimey ove : Viva be wibealiong y meah apply Fre vy i bralioy Be Aamesh F me Cv caue frequim cy ot vibva leo, alo coly Gand mati Som” APeeimeun cuit get farted: ad\ OWWCUM Romd Fpeamen is geting fai ld, Hx cCovvupmtoy U e : Frequency we Vvidica Gy da Colts paibility property ™ ol ding band. —) Céllappiblty indicaty wien of fy frequency | Ye wh nr alt a Nu) flowa byl by . i eames ere Yewey Romd snto each amd even Comer boxez. fice me kyr Bs prosoaetey | ant flew a bil My th tradi ca by TE Ip Har ability of {Leng = 4a mold

= Time takim fer meld 1s 30-45 mine Wma tee productioy vat, 6 leas cage: eae oe (4) Totty 9. ¢ ee td mold iR Youed to Ce | of height ko that 4 ip poaresiiny ¢-& Qmd alow | fo gall {rectly on to dar Ground, He Pe PA corverter into impact emir smd ampact toad cohich vA aclag \ coy Qa oud a The pond till onto fur grou: cOWeie a equal Gand oppon veaths, impact Load Prodecee by Har groumd wom be ext hag e onto ths molding Samd fov rammimy pe ee ee Amine ROMA) GO 4h Ht lbag Aictig. ei of J ea etHOM nd Rous ak te top: i+ Only yelling Mme ey ANOAL Sy Mold Making : cs ON ‘| ee ASCQING ‘ et ey - eee ie Be sae Squeeay & eS X <4 - v Placene a plat ove the pond Pye e r fi Wed : < . Mold the force ip apoalied w= d mk hudraulie &r) me chawr'cal " 4 7 PTCAR-» So thal vamming (or) Compyening 5 4 Molding pound wit) be bakes pla ce ay mith 4 Because foru app litd Hough plab may nor be Was “nts bottom et meld, Here top of wield 1A oy Foun) ee plyreugth & havdnew, poltom of moldir at foumins Lown the 4 math qs : a rp postibat & oy Combining joling amd Sq LaNG ¢ toe and better Obt catny hig hex Bhrength and har dv ——e hay do done fixpt one aA yneld Alwar ‘yolting Soueeary Soe etn op ~ the yolting « SQuet ging mu thodel ot ro on form plneig ht? cacearmene a ee ak MA drought dt rneld tar heig nam 200.99 2o0omm- Bat cohim harglt if grant ; : poy shrengty Midd& of Ha viol d ts ering Joumy wow Wength frees et CMY For" K q Te 4 { aor mld coha leven may be wnotd Mmaleme ip a) Samd slinging for dine bert f We ight , famd abe ne 74 Tv) fom flinging Phe PMO Arnott upg di bed of 3 TNO] dim 9 Ramd evt || be Ayo wy ito Ate THO uni ’ Cartan aw bumt ef forct en AY) ot localy aed Famine “tT Molding Bomd will be taking plu: pus to Hay tf "Ah ) h POI bu fy get UM torn lve gly & nada nold Mrought enhaltun Og be Wht of mold Loy stale ons ‘ , aa ip v7 coptly Method and Cam t be Wed For mei kum g +r mold eoith pattern a projec Gary ound erhen pions, (Do Core Making . 7 Cores ane wnred for producing hole a Coptmg s. Properlicp of Core malerial § F 1+ Cove Must be mak ba Cae Te "ON - metallic malarial. Core malatal thouid be free , f vam Moi pluve, tah Shem ath High Colla pai bi Ika, +8 a Ory fond with Co, met ding will be ured for amnating th Core Con at high promun for t-L my ) Cove bor ey Bond Ab, 1 Chremni corte veces Lait odin beli cal A) usruy co, at high prtewe in fugrled mto thy chy sans, fk tf 0 tans Cody yractng ai hy bediew Gilt nts and pro ducing piliey gel whieh ip 47 ‘ 4 Ca ' I ey ; « is ' } 6b, Leos wid eho fo 7 % 4 Orr 4 | - am Cove ¢ r 1 mats Py Ore Aina > 64 tno , f 4 Oh ON ta Qa y . 4H ot COMP Br vl r 7 T : fa "es ral e f fe A hy poor Wari 1 - ) Fae L J ALLL LL ip b- “ ~ Ae mg f 7 - J — i 4 G68, ooht i IPH pattern, , Uhhh % 4 EEE Fs FH bye ee ; 4 bay 7. SOON 7052 Gans (a) cakontin p (* ji ted ory As P'* ws tts Cy vomovel of pation Ayan, Hen grould® Auswira ~ Cerratimn 4 : ; f } be coy nq Nicust orad Te Avinstpx4 rea. a TS. agen Aig coaster (olyskx«ene +46 ya lt ra ttsial, tom bt wed Furs afta yernoval of tH (72 Ace JS AQ tos Ronn wt) d trol, os Cove tn Hu Cor ig t the viol (RAs. a Piteg- Goge, smote pork ip (apt yy Vous pattern oh Ore pre oA parler aw bas casi 2 Ave ound wnat 71% wad $0 duet veynoval o4 pater ‘tf, €hIy , ehnalur ny oe gaan gattern anata ot CC dari dad \ be kephenNe ip latent In Covepyint in ato POR bly just by Lofting, Hat, cope bor. : =) Let r s dempty + mol WE bat = dem trhy cove Vz volu ye ef core Becoupann tog fore aching on tne Core = net werght of molm metal deh plaad = coerg ht of Cove- = WSF. “9 AdxgwT we" a a voll —) —) cha ple & an acts ay addi tema Buppoxt = Ng py Cre fe Load, be ae Capac f of . ‘Reo A COVE Print (Lcp) y ; 184 Pp ported Load, ‘ a si cove prt ms - CA Bap Xe STOVE iets de eet ae f —3504 oe & oy Cty) , Yan 4 0 add lronae ft ae —— (Or “ »40 . | : | . bueper + =| ) er Lee % No failure af cove prink dew be amd No QB dditiona Buppovy Mt vequived A ddvigonag pupporG ht vequived becacue homcte of failuve 4 core print in| high. Kang COhmever dir addiaona ALL pPOMG AAL wequired in Coy Procey, thip ell be prowded by uring chaplet vn Coy bm Proce to support tu Umuuppoykd loa d fo avoid thr forluve of Cove and Cove print ehapleg OAR general yna de boy eying BML Mariel ay that of Cajtmg be care ib Ps im keqvad Pout of carting + for —— In of OM KU ppor CS are cha plet mest be provi ded. To avoid tee weak jOmt forma ken bebeoeay Fe poli dified makerial ond chaplek, tt chalet mut bg Hhowrough ly Clamed before piacday rato Hee cayting cavity Id Load meanly 2g non RoA ¢ ile PL ad of providerg chap ; dy dizecion? Even Fyough beayic Parpope ME a, a addilmat puppart, t alse provi ‘ add ional furctionatiby $ ‘ ¢g Solids icalioy ah 9 —— PS Locakon of Riv; f ; bojed off Hu +wW0 following Condo Ripe, mp locakd CS Cartmy +4 vip (A na) Dervring can bing of umrorm t Provided at the top mot t pont of capimg Caviry (i) During Caytng et Non- umyforw cs caplomay Har VI PUY 1p provided nean to 9 hic eee porto Laan Hag Mm innest portion forge ae Hig itt cent} me ant void fr} phon nea eausky- a Dewing Cay bony of Umiform ¢.5 *f) sha ped verwds Caf CO bky evem though +wo vipeys’ provided wy cybug POS, rt ip nok pomible to Com pewiak fer (quid Rhvin tary tapung plac im dur Comey pore of Cavity eee: Producer open BPR my He cauity Racy void W) Shinn kage Aen he de tkal eaitensbeh. (yee iT Riek knees nar ( te iby Melia MHA Hin wy, an f Ks sd wh fi Hylan a \\ 4 SAN Viol Ree AMM ie yey Whines qh MNT VAL diay wie tad wer \labbe oy Vinee VE Th ped penihl ” " TMRP NB Hi iy Ly Nuva Shih gt Ta ayy plate nm ie { YOY We Wop ih de in i) Valiowye " hip wii @ gern, 7, awneume ef Peel Mewveved oftavey tas yn tito vr tk yy Pig btgs oad Prats difieat an if Wig hy , y , , 4 , ; ; Malin metas prevent in ti Cerna ef ty Pasi Wy Vf Wig hn {Wan . HP laany fay \) oll BVM tas Pavilty Wort breing HATTA “e ir ied ov 1D Weal framafin aohere ay ab Ye COTA nf te a Viwy tea enuily tat tebauiiy au Bales pine dive Any aedime a4 Tew oy vt Via ld. Beene wey Wig hy Omid Mans Aiéfiy VOTH Maha » BOWIE Wedirtey doa wail am WA, AP WE yA tA dunn dew latin Koy pela FOAL od ceo Noe as hig h \ At, & Te Tey \ “yaw field vain ‘ay hanya A a oor = To OvMteme Hho ahave Probie G) TUL Volume +~ MM ein iw fovvien Por Cau by, hay to be wedueds pote shape of ye vi Hemem i IN woh . | be imevea] ead 4 fuch & ay that dur ee. * ft MG | ' j a RA Wed at praewt nary dtu cavity coil) be 4 a Ce aAcerding +s COUN vequry ewemt Called a 4 Atyeak ora Sols dify cation: ‘ a ae aa High *K' metal prece proui ded th catled” * Gy ag ‘ > Chilip an gemerally made by ung ma ferro eohich § high ‘eo ay possibu amd Wel Hag pont femme, of chill wut be greats Mom Cabmg metal : 2 ae Capkng tur chill may get adhered to Ht es Metat, but if wey a Unwombd maleniat. “ Tt ha be xrewnoved by Machining ef hn Cay bung PTO CREA @) pouring amd Solid ficatiey : an plep) i etl ea ; ma Caytmg procem moltm melal mp | OU \ Pourve ‘nh he Cag bg Gaol ~ a Gatun g | Sys buy . | > Gating Besta Conprpl af four bagic elememg. | Thope ane, I. pouring basin a. Sprue 3 Runner, 4° Tu ga te Samd yn cleiHM Batwa REE gelg inion ee \. 9 HA » THe tim ha fay , \y to ty A tow Poring (oy fii (ene eh nelle viele A 2 1 * Canbing Gruity mal be a mimiyoum of PORK bl — . y a 1 Fo em bure tat No pot of coping ratify Reus a cauily era soliddy — petort complete filling #44 — r Ay fouring hime Arta wvolouwe of cawikey | Ay Aven of 2 tt A # veloc ity Galang “eyib : AVS ie ; flock ot Min myiK goles nytt mort be an high lev) Porn; bL 3 Ar ta velocity of MIM, tp inereaxing, Hu flour of m4 aS dhs ga tng Bes term — will become turbulent om 4 it - I Creauey fomd CvORion ANd ChamCes A forrning of bomd Incl eaton de fe ety increasing . “7 veloaty of MM 4 Y Gratin 9 Flou, Spy must ad come ONAL qn lowni nay ) b vebexe = OP ei £1060 » ahal ‘i ae flow T+ pre Lar’ flow of MM im the Gp alegaw full: Mo Pay ip Allowed became it Srads bo blow hol defect. (Ge cause Oden hrgh dimai ty fluid (mm) push hack low dima by fluid (Cor) in hack Ward drveclkion mM Kha, to be into cavity kal (low The ton purrs hep prow jn Hae. Aeoakd by G3 With out ambi ng be denign puch hatego pond S proud | 4 fating — place during cong process evopioms ifGS, : ynaqttd Wy tee Vax to be elim we a , shia ' eo 5 pouring hasin bes dempity ompunitry High dewuily jenpurrs bree wea 5p rar a Vig CLIT > on qae QO nee Gi) powing barn ¢ PB Ip acting a4 O Yepervory Loy papelying molitm metal mle Capbmg cavity > Ppa ip sepaxjabmg both high amd Low dum aiby impunity praumt im He molikny metal > By placing a thin plat made by wring Rows ma triad ay that of Cartng at the emd oF Pouxing borin, He MM cp Collickd Oven Hee plat - So. Phat exten heat available wy dae MM oll be eabsovbed by tre plag and tolat plat ip melting at a me ; The MMS produud duz & Hu meloug real ot pak, MM collecktd oF she plae ail be ying envough iene gimulsome ocu (tf cohich Wuce flow bee tall flow of MM through G-S -) The phope amd Bige Of pearing fime of MM ™ the &-S- eB vill not have much effect on mtbel ”" tp : di . poortng Boxy Gand YENng a OF | " —_ LOM tree Ht Reered cciiaatdaiecteat i Heegh | of tt spyces ip maim ly vesporrs whl for a Pre de cing veloc ty of MM ig Ga. Height o{ _." Peleckd puch that Velociky of MM ~Pr apart. We 6S ages Alwar ony PUNE only {ur lamiman flow, —) To Maximize velocity ey minimige pouring tee , hevg ht of Spree Mast pzelectd Qu high ou possi ble- [ Yas Jagr, | tne” ae Spree ip gelected by avoid anpivetioy eflect Vy as 2) eens +) Skraraht hi 22 S04 of bottom of Spree . @) Runner - Pe Runner ip eomneckng pomiage bebwwem bottem ef Sprue amd Ingak a alwa ya horizontal «i th um form {vaphegor dal Cy 3 Oat of the difftevent flow pamagy tne coe Hi creme af dipchanrge Ci) foil et ee tes tra phigordat a8 Oe: = @ theo, horigoqt > whmever He flow of flecid tf ba keen place mn ori zo Jal prage by chamging Jp a. pamaqe He values oF Cy tk cer aie cohmern flow 'f yeni tad Z of Hivough*® eamaqe pecait ef pram laking plac dod oN nad , we € due valuc of “cy yey oly conpt ant Vryu pect ; § C{[p> Home cohichev™ Clip Fp goth 3) MOM AS, uf fu Corresponding © st) pe pelectd for monet at sprit:24 Los | At . ere . » P nein wow) CH ° aw gation tha last ( y f fc ynte dun Caytong casibeh D ‘aat wet al th MVM woth Onn feveg gon We Rik, —~ Ty gal tp alto horigontal ati > 7 Mai mon d Sip» Tt ha tu | esmm ef tre Axip of eR eis. Arxip f rmgale 2 Cow dem Imp ars heey ™ for Wegh dma bey (9) for low duvgity were metals Ping stile of highs duuity etal. tt ip Wei ay to Repanak loco dung Fy LM purr tres present ivy Ee Moltey Meloy Ohreh ay ~ ep teeing ae eee bop of molly meta Cohn ib ip Pomimg tuv, Yanner. thue low if Wher ity if blop MN tev Fi ong me Cavit above is Made heerbeces anh of maak Ity Dering con bmg ot Low ¢ metal, = Bepaak y¥ "yf Any cf TuMNEy ‘hop ey fo high f TM eu bey Yann , which Gav, co him thot & Powing AWwye ugh ip Blopped eenteiting into Hx cobmg by 5 hen the QO rat re m abs below ingae Ag: CS. A eg Magak Apt Ant Ag = Gating Rats ACceporvies ef GS sae eee (1) strainer +, vert Wes , — F Pre pemt 9 dtu Wri ml dean wala i} ') fnad) hy Chinn Chyawaie malearaly tol Hy A gh poten & a Cone } Aplanh , —) Splarh ese Cove” \4 ida kn avoid 40. gsamd PALM halednng Plree WY 4 adden of An SIV “RE as ci, sient y didtine . Ceara wnalercaly ait (ovo por OF Leg j ) bivn beb dob —~) ps poonicivartlar cul given Wy AM Yunney dor te pavatting dtr wn punt bus PV Om MOL” Mebkod CR Colled gletyy bole. =) folio mn wen bottorn pact of plein bo ip home Avnep Called ay Bottom aoett, Clangi4: cabion' of Galng Syst SL lsat Ay “es 4h . A ‘ail Gard on MW prnuve above MM in pa: * wn B. LT . (0) Non - Pranic: ated QS. : ae 4 (oy prerias ea Zah > Cat < preruripe 4 4 V4 vy the premure aheve Prive ¥¥ {4 the pouring basin d tenon phe vit | | d PTHure catid I isn PY Noviped as Tk ‘p eany te Mat totn whe tu,’ ( ory pr muri ned Beawe of p- Patm, Jub by Ketping Has ae ail “¢g ere) te tty “monphet, if 18 PORRIBL fe mambo ¥ Won premunned GS. But daring caslamy of highly tactiue melaty dn Cha cas of forrmatan of oxi ds CO be Very high. beghly reactive ‘meee 'p mol pr feo bt c er Me talp Whe (Ay ng effete for Non Prenariget Gs Gating Rabe - ("O!q @r) [rely premuriped 5 ee aS 7 54 Hee premure above molku metal 17 Hu pe s Aho pphevie Prenure jf 10 CAC premnurihed G6 Thiep tp Gred cohery (1) During Cayima of highly reackve melo, bop 4 PB d if BG Cloned amd BPA Qhove M-m im AB iA filled es ae iment in at @ premure > (DY Some twits dae th fay Teayor if Hu fop of PBS) Frmply chacd, Partial gles of mm frough &:-S 1% toll 60 dnot ah whieh ie getting Sere ang ny Hr ee a grein m Hu bachevard diveclcoy amd coilecld fp f MM in PBs they coin have P7h. amd Corted "Back premun 63" Oe ae, a - , 7 « + - re — e a o € e = s z Z 7 oad a a z Ea , 4 € 2 a a + a Z z = os . = Sg 2 a= s = zs - r; a = 2 “ - $i = 21+ ¢€ oo a he S » $ “ > a - is * « =z 2 2 = at oer = = > s + pb bbb PhD hrm DN NNN NAA AAD Anh beet |vol | ‘ vq Km igh 1 52 Feurivig timc Rae Va l ) for top 4 Feabure 4 TOP GS a Iting ot Cour ke te het end GJ) foy te Beye rin of fi 7 ‘ fillmg ot cauitey FUL veloc by re MM A @S Ip yomaing Cini Cn and equak es CNA velocity, PT of MM inte Casing eqvileg iB HAL ANT OIY) MO Because ingots rp at top Mort Poimt of Carus ty ene ry making A Top G&S 1p eayier is top GS ip qoncratly uned for 4 Ming Cavs hes ha ume thy heeght £200 mm. Because 4 woo Bamd erosion corny be stake plac from tn bolton of the Cau ty. Cv) the herght yh Moye Hoy OP 8-5 ost we) bewteeed tay filling Hr Cau Hey Mace th madein dhe loope Yamd ynold (6) Bottom @,¢ ° a eS 4 reson limet= Volume of cous bey Ac x Vaug £ Vag s VEEN, a Wigs aia ol agg, Fea tures of Batters 6.8 V Cai se, < Ca | a) for Bame Conditron, of cay ting becarue Axg velo uby d MM in bet tom G8 SS, 0a ae Cac, fy ath Botta th < the mar, Velocity iy bop Ha for pouring qf Mm inte HX ™ &S tp alway > Top G8. Bottow G.s cotll dif eu CVO AOA vy ba hdrg Platt in bottert G.S, during fillerg of cOhe Lower Yrouy ba tla Wugiet of Con by eund at (I Racin @ (r°) ma King (4 J No foamdee, i ESS || . { } >» tha, RE ein Ch) pape (RO De, ’ ; Mit ; Lol. + Cauikp) pn, =tvely COOty Yo pap = Ae} (Ac) gre > top a) or ta | CRI a > } 9 ! ee uae : Fi —— P vol uy > ( Ac ¥ Vay ) bot if eo! z (“fer Vprae | op nF = (Vimar) toe F ; Vava } ; Woe BN vee) 16% (ava) Get Warect = 6 , N Me ee Civ) i-t ber ng oe a Et ingat "R Provided om tre yniddte of , 4 by it rp Kmocoyn oy por Gung G8 a DUay e a times TET, = vol, 4 Vol Ae ® Vina Ae ® Vag > Bared m above PT of tones +h anbekwem Tor pa. quid bo thom GES @ Gee it ip grea les Ham Top &S Vout ley thom bottm-G bine ieee 7 in Aaddiaay atl Hu Olu feghures of Co 9 inbebween bop. ayd- bottom 4-s (iv) Skp G8? for fallong of lavge cavibiy lige carbng of machine fool beds fue tHtme tate toy fling of “— at Liat 30-45 mins pit beat 7{ in almont a solidfeation to wt plavled bafeve como tle A vybict +O ei,Hw by “4 é +-Uxce pouring WV duving \ a J SS Pering TO mem ovis ieee, Benne MAVGS § Caslmga, if ip VOCoOMmemdid - , hovigon tat plane Cotled ay One t grees : Ce inga & IV @ a Bleep gatng syitem, = Skep GS tp futon dhwrded mle 3 tyes i er Shep &. 5 vol ZZ Poy tme = ——e Tee ; Qi) 6G tomy B lep Ge 8 Pouring time : Volum z ; Ac¥ V, K (uy parbmg plep Gs s ¢ og } pearey beet ons q Nola } WAG, ¥Vma Wx Ac ®V av c iS 2 BBW pk ong made coven Cal, : ae tare logaey fa king ple darin > throug hy Ht gating Syst Tee frickoy , Budden Bund losae; Gi) the donne neg lai bus GC) Energy J flocomg of mm loaR of head due fo pbudden Con rar boy looses to be negligible. erpow toy locse,, Cte. ARL aAmNume d fa kexmy for ult AB piva bon Cf feck wry Thhalaiion wr @ Se: a) Deming fitting MM mto Cau he , CEng ae me SU benny Bome whee oLong Ht G8 if PYM falls below tux atm, tee PYERB UK a fuorency 1h expEmg bh outside a i, gg “1 “1 wl A 4 MM santo vigen is g ' e' The aw a, plartd J lotaing Frowy ok pede fe mpide — through porodity Properly Of Moldingyohaled ai, cv (I ash ngp Te ip wequived at 73 AL point 4 P= Paty * te IW PY Musinede 6.37 > tam iE ipa PYERBUNIRed GS, o At pointy tue Yien PYeMaurcmp > fatnd Hema No a4 Piva bony eect 1p ian ace Li ate eee faking place ot pomt 4 ca yycGa FS ie carlng car by - " Because pont 3 ip mere Pk ck vols Preahare at point 3 Ba Paxeess Hower No _oaprrabon erie be taleimg piace al Pome 3 = From Bernouls equation N23 la cay = Ma 3 f meet O OF ot pont 3, P= % Pz 20 Cgrvoe) PSO {tony Con Hew by £e/, A2¥o > A,VS ond Ara A; SOc Nee= VS riod bet 5 20 = Ps ~pghs. prom te above be carne a ee a pivatioa eH igh Git be baking Plat 7-0 ewhamneWn fr °* plrarg cylonds cou pprat ip Used ib tp promoting tak a pira lant 2 fteces a a eee eee' Athair As Ay Au » Ay s 2a me A Ve, oe S gavel * Fi . Wt Meret et VWs RV 7 | i vat Lephe | | | trom bewneuhrs aun ’ We Oe 8. ue OS ' 9 Th ke oe A= Par oC gen) ; Natv,y a iy > hy Neva gry oa Ct-e*) » 29h. 2@hs S Oty | Vy “lahat ) KER”: fe a ne ( Spee above to maim bai ‘a pegs Oven, act along | se the ; | i i F Rerues Hae Bprut cam be fakin ais Parabelic tapered Vets es . 7 oe fs dR » regia + te pana bolic thi SP TER Ge ay Yecommundid to Ube chaght tapered SP . COM, Ahav gue fapeud Aprar at amy Cp ebony Hor berg ih of Tat” ee tp OA ef preg fopered Spree > Vee Petabolie topend tute Ulta sitine WING Ted ke gen Pranurt. | thaol ntrteat eigae masi Hy cd fA perd — Royee aed pent homds prO| and in between He premsure n> Homer ky amma tay then. et eM alo,cw oe SOW di 47 Catoy te 3 pepte). 7 ay gaa Poe by ace ne S \ OO tool | d 5 Dering CAR bmg procey only | eye = bag e 4 cooling coill be done lus Bide tt mould ; Cool wher ay 3% phage = Sp bay BOM We done Oub Bid, A > Fac MOU gd: “ whaleuen tHe dime fakuy Si [ow | toy ht Sica ons Blage coolimy . Cap : P¥Giceny i% meng but Sol de-feca Lion Tee ¥ a4 bee Se ennai Cor) \ dam —) ol; defica troy dime Sp tavne ska ees Hy toe ef Bubp: om PT of liquid to pT of solid. s Heat to be removed ee. CoH 4 bem) dae PT (L) be F-T Cs), sno c ER Tp) they “© where ¥ L= Lakmt heat: ; h ~ WYeat tram pfev from MM fo parrocundeng p onal 7% Dar. the would if baking plan baged on ee | mckine Atak heat Con deve tion cont Cmgan'ts ewall thie ;Hat a from Mm os te be frome _ Hough mold. He de f1cq how layne spe BS Dee t Lecrpey ej tna Ag K+ ar ig ec Rigor ae \? - ay [ ios cm reg fe an Al reek Pat "PLAS Genet, pa” aT toheve ky = Soli di fication factor ter) Mold Cong tombt *) drop = lomm dvq -~» fopec dtp =ae mm Aro 5) Pet ia por Sphericat caplimng Ondew Bimilaw conditeoy g (FA), 4 (Er) 5903 wis es aly sae tor Reclam > Téa Mr Costing - > > : = [ nd Wa tat}: Ana vy, = lo Me Am “y A : ; j = lo eo rleoklo _ & (*oxrt0e ticex90+ Jowe) , zee X 100 ¥ Fo 2 Goo kreos tee ate a } ; ‘ 2 = 6.45 min ies i A car Castme of dianmel, _ 200 Tam Sir agg ” Ky = 0-47 10° Bel my - se Pry 3 errs ©al canting /presese F Slush Caplio g ® iz A Lquid mno\HLws Th plujh calkmg procey Wie fot ip poured inte Ht casting caus ty Cmryditiory, allow it to Boldify for Some Hyne unite kG ama Karak imi de iN Ope™ amd invert Hn mold imme djaltty ko that vi falting down , having golrd fied Tue mo|d- poo by breating +e mould , Cay tm3 GON) be tape etre 3 Slush Cay ng produces @ hemi- Sphei Cat Compovw h Th ip gemeraty wed for producing tr deco vative perG tilee lame shade y Tam” 5 for thin parg (Mee Yow a oo. ‘ Tat” 3 { nn Reh 04 Gary 5 &, Ch wre du, Comptes nein A be delevmne d through experi mem ta thoy oe Thielkmem of polid $ kin fov ng hot lquid MM i pouring Ar room temer mold- in pd oun townnost 42 Mt 4 Oo eC Le +a" hLopec t 5 3 mm oda ae oo ... ver tr = qs My Te = Be See ie Y G16 mn e feos 32 G Ja. 4% SS 0-53 a5 +O, at > * Sie fe a ; i ey. << / 5 5 % (88-50) Es 0-5 ten. + ota, Flats q rere Cy O-g ee b= 6 tame 26 Fy (vy) Fetiling ‘ = ibn ae S The procem of breakimg the mold baking Mut the cagtmg Ip called aw fretting operate i is carfing oe with He mold GO|} be left over onto the vibratory ber wmexrh amd apply tur vibrations: Ouse wo vibrabona a) gla meld fy os gary pro key plocoly Bo that tro keun pices Ne ot ond meld 13 eae se 4 gt ae Caytimg OULA Fed wae e On a ip Gy hitting Hie Casting with acein, the Boomd rf obsertd, baged On the Bound it Tp possible f idembty d12€ 4 defect, type amd presence ot defect. but it op mly Gualstea bor. Cae Sy ede “Use er expememer of iru pectoris Oltraponie Tub, ‘ - Through tromymtpioy technique ulpe -echo technique (ry @ Through alll technique s Tromiymid 4 | 2D FO tee through, dramynn, tak, OE Probe, Prebe 1p ackmy a1 tram dion amd of Probe 1p acim w Frcel oy Rvemiopy Ce) 4» Why thar pe We Serpe ly “B gem tha, froms mth) ip qemnvating Ula hound & TyNor and Poing through tre Cajlme and veertved boy Thy: ar -/ > . Keun d fa 6. ...:, Riva Ye Ctoed by Ve Cees ow dim pared * ROU a §, ti fea OAR” vf Round Tf th Wet hamamted by frasamdis tod Rey al Gilt be dehavwniwn 4d = abt i le OAR of og _ presemau x detect amd oO ay less o & SY. yk ap amumed that al, “igs Very met wm nakuve and wiegieg be SS = Se. at 1A amumed that graeme a4 defect iF Onn drab maze. ae But cohereuey Hu defect ih prone fue lose of SS iy Temes conatamt: 7. Threagh TT any not reveal tur locate, of the defect prepemt wy Me 4 cashing: &) palpe- echo kehnique = or dig tam te tle 4 = ne vy, = 2%: a [depiqn : a Rigen on ackng % 2 sepenoiy for sug plying compen na k the liquid shri neagep F quid my te tol) dficaton , ta ke 9 pir te dani "4 Condition undui which Ripe —. \ cam Uf 2.3 a= 7. Shrinkage oF me tat Ve = volume of eocerky casting & volume ot capling experrmnen tabren ik if 4 equok lo 3 hme of Nec Vee = shrinkeg ound thak G) Vy 2 3Vec: Through Volume of VIR“ 'h at tay nat MM cam be gupphed fo liquid Rhvin karges, pe () TO emyure Ha cay bug cavky Lov Com puuiabg Boliditicatton me + MM ™ Hee Nea Wak pe at Lat equst to te pols def cation a Aime of MM cas tig > Sufficient Com Aileen con ditvos 4 Ne ers wi) Locaken : carimy Kiger hay to ‘ 4 4 ‘RLA Moy f > for amiform Creap pectione | be placed at top yno pt posites of cay long For Note wate section d eeumy ¥ ak toe plan © Harefeen put cay bmg j “7 v) Shape of iB * the Bhape of Pe Vite) 1s aclecld BUCH Hyak Cepmfau Ae of Yiny expored Weak brews Fy Poami bu. $0 hak Solidi fr erro, max, % Pods bo mut be cy mine Qa Lime od MM Wn VIB AE be eeeaa’ Ee ll lll Mr C cube Cutimder : sphere) = Ik Qemaa + 0:9) The beat pre fer ble shape ot TIRE IY —_ s FSO CONTA Cy lend racat if nel apt Next praia te = Shape of viper cubrcal, &) e Ayton gy th Sphenricat: But neuen wwe Tut Rectan gala shape of Viper \ ts He — tv Cove of dataning + Cy lindricat vipen wmlerb ” relation ghip belevery — downy, Be cytindar ent span om eo ey | Possnib& b di leswmime Cui ov of POV = opt for deter mming optimum nelotiouhip by fr dame rows of cy indy can viper, there au to by pen e Vi penp ont 1 eongi devakon ‘ per a TE tre Tiger ip provided exactly Clove the Captong Cau ky ip Catld a, Top cy Linder IBA? H A ae OnH - H- <4) —@ LH Surface arta exrpoked to HST A, = DH est a” => for mmimam furfan CAN dAg 20 = do Aen rt oo fu? “cy len vice — 3 ———__—— o ] W Vo IT pH ae fpectvy 71) EO Surface QALa cx pened be H- Tfhy= OH ores pee een Dp o on ae As) dA ee ae TH+ Mors = 6 ze qe 90 OfH H=-=0 as Mie Gy) he ee 3 ree Ae 2g eS : Pp 4p 5 ve | Meo = Bb 7m ee aa ey ed AS geil ge [r=2) = i {1D tee py” Side eylindy -‘SS TVGSA 6f vu depign at 4 deteuseanth methada ane tued bo deqiqn Tipe, — Ve Sinen method Modular method Novet Repearoh metyod 4. Shvinta g¢ VOlr, Conpiderateon method Ca ADMER method 4 Free ging Ratio - x = a rrbaA (140) sine “2 mM Caplio 9 (Y/44) wanton reeaing yalio - Freeaing ya ie Und ae @ y= b coher A, eC arr Conplamn tn » ea hicve eat Le ta keey from Canting data bool, Cory ey Poridemg to the metal to be Capliag gic le pO ie oe canting " equating ( ond © ba loany ¥ Pfe = 4 Oe (YA-) carn tin CLA eatin we 7 ; 2 *2 anne H : g 2. Modulus method } ao gai Ty 246 (My)™ = (Mes M, 2™e My, ts 207%. higher thom Mo ie oO TAGMa a (2 Me & = .2Me [O= 43 me | Re Rearch method § e Nove! - — Shape focter = Sf = |+2] capt = Atk de ermnmg valeer of ahape fart tor of cayhug, using the cate data bee & Serverponding fe Hu vo lee of fhape factor, ter veleume Wie rao ty") evil be ba bey fem data book ert Gekew mivy ¢ ; % ming Hey vel. of rats, Armeniions 4 Tier Will eCalertakd and uns Thin volume of vigey 2) ia sf shape fachy D <:2.« Leoski 2200 100.890 Sp s sees s qa fer solid spheres J = Str epee per - Solid cylmuas SF = L+p Hollow “cylinda: sp = =— SL Se = a a ee en > ae fe “at TM 8. a ce Q}>3 Winkage y 3° Vol wm e Compi denatiog wrietnea i ttt i Let “a bic Sip a Oey, Sh yn | kage of meta Vas eS Vol, oq caybmng BCS “oh Wika vol, of Comtin Vey = Sv , 1 Se 3 I a $ oo j check ho foe Ty > 7 am d OM ume aed : - 7% =) Lecalenle & . oe Af ky deky mini ng dimenyiory af Tia, check Hu Bu ffrcceme Condrbon of viners T4 it op Ral fying Cohaleyen Aue @ dino, by wing Men ary Condition lr) fin at dimusion . q{ Bu ttrcront Cond ow th Mot Bahadied Wolo. cuapedenevnon. © he by using. Buftciemt conditioy, there dumurioy arc taken a final dis i owy ibm Concla did Hhat th He domunrey q pared on te tudicimt condihon, Condi Prem dur above ot yipen ip cotceetat cheek Flu neceary . i to it 17 not required ate wel he cars it ip oe ay automa ticaiiy Con dil NE CM A? above it idee demennyt avy of Vib Bayed ™m hr dk calcela tid diveckty by wing Kutticrem t CoH atoAwe YE COUARALY Com di lion Bebe it in fobetyn4 gz Vv) Cos + By ny « ~ REA delkev mained vv) O { ‘ Y 4 o ‘ fot be Base avs 4 visa. Hemet TE ra “weae yt Follow above procedure Es : ts eee ea TY for toe Tibet) ren Ge Sf; F ‘i, ' dad Vs 2 BY ae G4 Ca lertak dimen an oF Tbe aye Ee Shrinkage voleume Cong? devakoy metnod - @) Vn > 3. = — . MAES On p> Ne (=) TSaRiGR 16 ee Gs V E02 iS XM oF Oo Vy =3BVgc 2 663° lolumed vine, = ST ey Ss Tn » D’s, 8 q ME: J ox? T 3 Meo 2. a9. a &- + et D 2 Cia 2 3 See ke 3-% an Se et eeewes is not pabsty One Me D> lS om Vt Se oe fbi ne \ fimat dimuon Q riper x i Ast #50 mm } . > > ; , aan —— : : : ge be soi « | at a eA with oad eth f 4st MN oat dea Bis et r. @ithoul emd wall effect USB oc aeee ? ti end coat effect & or und ebitlg pb os, pe€xa cuall effect pein, rot nd coats cf tect ! gol 1st as Mert End chilly, b> 9s tof (oer) © cor th €nd and Combrat chit, Ls 4txks oo rE ‘ sk feo” SPeciat carlung frocerses + (2) Shell motiid casting Ala Hue Bige of Casting fo be produced 1A pct oaivig., Mould Brae aloo increarer. + 4t IA becommg Sfiealt to hand Hucombuid. Ta such Cates thin (oy hollow Type of Wroulds witt be ued catted ay chett mould ae ‘ mouid is mack tee a phell |‘ 9 TO mate Hae shell tree moulds, He phemalre Tern coi | Pe Ged Shh ante Maleriat . Phemolic rain tea very thret ynalntat Naving , NB Coarhy fu > soo to 2000 cp OP Hee patiern in phumclic. rem for | be 2 Mn : Ta ke out du patiem amd Keep ib 1m @ furnace of fun pratee aso te 400%, t 2 Take out Hu pattern {row Jayna y b 4 ReMove te boo layer of Pheroli e Tein from patiorn.f OWHe nes lie Te gin bona Med Seu Wha 4 “Pea a tis meth Oatiy OMG plaiey Maley; at Buch a melding Sh \e Place . 5 eee aA Ce arya Mot dino operabkio, = of Bheolt Mould ¢ “phng ’ > @) Weight he tlt, Wald 44 Very len cohim cCenmpaned to gan 4 —_ ham dtm q CHIL be very cauy eae Fen Ma hong tHe 8 ‘} Wels high ECR tty 6 ; Faleen > > \ y Deicke, ay a mold tn or News. produ OK CN He oh Pua Acta aie Actamdauvd ac hui hes | FSCO Cae, be Mechamraed ov automated Bo twat YO tet d Cryvov; wry Boe J inimiged and prodcte lon vali %6 stevinel Jerthey. eel re Gv) Thin i Gemeralty Preferrabls oly for Civerlan ow SM Ine by cat Bha per of jobs, only Appl: catroy p ; had eo gleeera ei a 7) LTRin wed for pre ducing Cy lindes amd cyl, dey ead of OG emgine, Bevo GW, bwam kahaf € ge Bonu ae eae @) Tnveptmem! captimg » TRE majow pera they — the Major ie Peat of TE th @ax tp raed ava pa mMalniar, << edith wat i y GW) Makeng fu Com ple x shave of patkrn w& oon liqetid 18 Coie @) era tur pattern in Hu form of lige + an be ie bay face frniph preduced om patkm on See oe (drat 4a] ) %f oe Soa wjed coil greem sand Me a v ¥. CSE 1 Co4dong Fype et defecg gm produced im tu ) Be ca nse Vey lhe: h Ro Min MAX | a a fh pro duced upto 5 kg Only.» Oust eM ConeME bai be Cedar mard mecleaiar ae —— ured for called fey emt Corel mold same mold Com be ; cing Q fe no- of Carbng s Hemce it tn alpo Sern Bebo Mament motd coyting Procers» > Cement Cmrcve mMoldiz having Aow Pops by 2 fo eacape As (or) Grae the through Tipe mugt be Uped- a Beca cere of Hrermat Condectuty of Cement concrek me , oe higher Eham Ehe famd mold, fur heal tromnfy vak 5 hegher amd Buyface hardening heat. treatments fffect will Produced by — be ta Ring place in the cagtmy ¢, Coit 4 mee procey wail( akeoamy have the hand Evia Samd: Stor Meer Be cCacue of ih food serface fminh amd close dimeuronay no TASES ‘h Yaquived agky ter Catia 9 hema one post Cukmg proces, ee Application 4 Tc . tolevan ce cee weed toy producmng inkieak and Compler bhapey of Com ponent ke geld, Siluer Ooynownen = tuvbine pla fer, implrumens , eoave gui to 94 for Toller Sys Che, Die Casting Proceng In die Cobme mold in made by Using meteor +, tHe Kame metd can be wed foy producmg infeny k ee oe “tenet thes colt d Per Moamml mold cali PTO cery Mest commouly used Malaria or mown fackuin nq of gt mold cp O1€ Skeet to) beat peel, teh S 1i Be carn - ' ’ . ry Sf Meball pe Mold ‘v{are fiminh Preduad \e Vv) ) ey ‘ OTe UR. BN Cae mt AKe UlEn tile t> Hence Ce predated om Car’ing gael > ft { yood Na machnmng ' VOquined athA Carling, é. 1 1 f ’ wy » ~ ROA RB 6 te en - ek - e Mold, awd melting Pom of Mold ip And ae ) Ce en met TT MM ik poured at a tenpy, of faoo'e Hm mod el ‘ea ebty i > ey q ny melting ro avoid thip only Low m.¢ meloly : > Y be CaAled > t i A by euing Die caylmg lilee lead (Pb)AH , Cd, AA , ¢c —) iy ; C et, Bolidefication of MM trevt ta a bond for ma bon ‘} ; Aon g plac by” Solvdfree. “wi beaek See aN To avoid thy ‘ ) Silkeo POWde4 WII he AKeprmed on tue mould tarda tee , betoye PotrinS MM ante Casting Cavity, } > Becane of Hare Hnrecegl no poroni ky of mektat mold, TUB CTR must be Provided my Hur dee Caytimy > Te FKL Mold ip Kept at oom Kemp. amd poor tu liquid My avid AWtow it bo Boldly Aik A xcteelrn OU hes coutung in Omid -_ Cold Chow) bey die Cajtims. D> IMplead of filling Equrd MM inte Pua Cavity, He powdered mold form of rnetal ig filled inte the Cavity , heat + \d om | the poweses (RB Convcerkd ib ligerrd amd Cool ue moe : 5 Led Lo Mat liqued MM tp, Conuerled nto gpolid: Trig cp Corte Oy Hot Chamber dre caying - Thip 1h es Coulbing of ee loco mp metals —+ Ote Caybman an of hwo by pep as Gravity Ove cobm 9 b» premare Ore coy Wag nee Gracy De g mevalhyy pre ferre bu hy Carneyr9 cavity ‘pf Lag de duc b& grav tabionas over cotid ot a ——— J Tt tHe flow & MM mb He—— 4 Bre bay bo howdy tay ib fp dtficet ek be gel eaey pueiy Romer of & Complex bhape of caviby sa mea } Ae , yen PME Fr vabl Onty for produema fimnple shaper of Compe Fi tee Waue ¥ i ; ° oO dt Cd ne HW alte Iptorn of TE emaine » Jor fp 9 oy pl { wn Bee eRbuA he ny tir 9 M{ the exlernae Premera ip cued oy fing ee Ha C8 tons Cavsty Cautiid ay Premurn dee Caytmg . = Oke id aeph Gor: od extemal pi emane je rp Poshi b& ts, teres ie PM Mons SBR a Stoic Comer of a Somplex khape of a Camky: bene Hy Gnetnad cam be une a d -foy Preducng Complex Kha pes of Caytmgs Ey - © Cembri fuga! Cagtng e Caxburettoy of On ae Se NN SN Ne any ; ¥ Cem bi-fecgat fora Produced dew bo tHe vota kan of old US ~ Ce -foy dig bs bu lomg tar MM “t mold ahoum d tHe Corceumy feroute Yotakoy of Mold rp Cortinerd com 5 | mt coh aed Boli di feed, AeA BOli dit cakroy of MY th fale Bey ond ™ _ etd Coy bug > «p> by breaking fur wold. pooringe =) Thin ™ethod ip Por ine | Producing manly wired for Large holloce Cajlimay tor Moc Core Yes Cye OF ef Cen hfe geu foves fe =Ma =mMrwor => Por pro ducimg Rocuwyd Coy bong ay Com Pcs ot Caybug tly ACC, of ynold YRquired op ahoura= 659 Won # a Neu G 29-9 m| ywPia WY co} ee ECHL YY 9 Atos O82 G0" “ qityY a Yani s i : BE p> eas to Produce N- Cong tom + ty Wifuaal CaiGimg dD. d NSE oe Fea p, omy locd dusnar ty im pur hes prevent 11 ths mM 4 GOW Be colleckd ak the Gnbe of Han Cobia amd TE con) be Wemoved aftr tu caytmg prot completed ~) SA genevt Combi furg atey Coy bed Corn porem 4 coit{ have poor Machimability , thia ip hecone of Seqvegaton Cr) Seperation , = During Cartmg ef atloy ynetats, becuse pe variate, of ditferemt elamemtg. they ave being to pepana &, due to the presemce of atemi c athyaction between atoms Of mMakriat , thee ox not getting feponakd. Tm add how Combe fugat toy actne om thHerimt akan ie oA Maleratia : & dittevemt .. atowy of dite ut chun ane lryeug te Sc pera end produc layered plructure - coh th QiUimg Ine levogamouy Material and mov wrwsform ynechamc at propevter. Thy giver poov machina bits ty of ~& Cente, Caytng Comper | 7 IM Jemerat Comtvi frget carlong procey IK yYecomwunded to Pei fem anty CEO ovigm tar Gay of votaton TG produc arta verhoar any ot Yoka Gon acc, of Ynold vequired th Very igh above iS00 “ROOST: hut ereiucne Kuch cel ) high es oy Ui Cule, puey hip guadeaiel co. high act, wold ‘3 gething preatin oatar any of votation and aru of motd 1a Cornerdang Hh proces ip Catled oy Tryte CC Procery , amd rb if HAL . Prodtong Uniform Fhic lene of Cay tong around Cir cum fer em ce. TYte ac Eccemtyic CC => TE Hie Ax of volation amd AU ot Meld On not Comerdump ee proces if catled a, ECambrrc RONG yeeGenq; ce OS TE predic nen uncforyn trclemen af mold around HH Cor Coy fe vemeu DEFECTS im Cay bug; G) GBloew @r) Blow hole ‘ The air ox gu babble praemt ingide 4 He car&mg i, called bloc er) blow hole. a Arfas buthag — Recron for Prodeeceng blows &) blow hole ac 4 « ©) Loe porogi ty of ynol ding Kaund . ( 1 Allowing partay flow m &-S (CJ prepeme | of ay UWprraton in @.3 @ Scan i Se The ai (gor bubbte present at Bey face of Coyle vp cattd fear Taek7% Bley be e Q ak Qiy | « gor bat preaem\ near = Oi ane € ef carting 1p called lig ler = aT ie PYMemMee of Bean amd bhpks may E Not be Cneyey. bs veyect tou Cee ace” because of there defecy will he vemove 4 i Seite mnaching Oprraba => Ora Cauened eth molec alg (erro a4 blip lev, 4- Potopiby ; : (aes t Prepemte of BMaUL g1ae ay (HT Qu particly In tide the Can ag Up Cattrd poronity 5: OFob,+ |e ere Pprepemce of foreign portly poe low/ nigh dui by melujteu sngide fue cajimg tA » = Called Dron, Ber imly b kn of > YOSB 4h wmMalmly becarue of improper Beperia ton > Wearitie preyemb iq te MM. = Thip Cam be ecliminald by wing shraumey , Kon bob OF factting any of ranner,and imgaé 6 Sand rinclugions 2 Prepemee of Rand par keler vnride Hie , Costing th Catted famnd inclwionr- ~ Thip Maimly dur te gemd evotion dating plat during > ? > P : L pocreng of MM inte Cavi y ' tae fo Samad etopiom may be alin uy tee {av ing UBing Top gabng cys for fi to" (a) wy , aon cy apie gual domalleg 5 tool (by BN Aa i mold wad in, Loose Boe shit 4“ Cae Qs. cy Allocumg fey bu lem tPMR yer) * Non filling 0{ projec bed per lion of} Cay ting Norby ey MM: (Tp Cotld oo Mik deer: & aoa Pty th due bo Rolidification Way beem flayled befor b Camptet filling of cu ling cawity THY og oveacame bY U Se tty due’ BR ENCEN NS #niG degree ot BKupenheat ch MM Oo by WN zg tt dime of MM, g- Shrinkage Cavily ¢ ar The void (x) Open Peace produced NAF de Hor Cay ting (B Called rhrinteage cauiky, TR oMomly “dee te Nona ateala bility ot MM foy COM perwrsa tomy Gqud Shrintages la hing place Chi ring rob dife crt Oe TOK tin Olena rata a Thep by Providing Chillp in Cartmy PYOCY 9- Rat tail defect. Be ak es. one Pal asta eae producd in os PurGOe et Casting $2 Called vat bail defect ioe >. Tha t ynawmly produccd coke wax pattern ule UO eNom wisi The — Min malteh presvemt belwery Hit Cavite ef Cope amd dye cor] Produce Blep in Hue cou tum ip Calked ay Shift defect py FOR 1B elmneatd by evn docve| Pinp Cold phat > Ds com H nes bey Present om tu ea; Kg ute Hindved Combyacton ip catied cold shut Eh (Un bar ow) ) hip ip aa by ie cold shat vee cf ftPM ee View eT ff 9 Kechnolgy by Little welding if 8 PO CEA of joining bev (er) more @ br) diggmilay metat cvith er} without agpiceatio, ; with (rl) cwrithout appli colon ot prema, ‘pot th or) oak appli cation of fille, metal. - | : Vol Wh hr oe Lown THD Woy y¥ tH be Wwe) ul > 4 aot" ; 4a S 248A a) i &* \ et See ee eR ey YE 2 rey @ LPM - bowed aonralord wrors jal) SsFUsran we ldung ‘ By melting of parent malniol mf yom t th vod s i VOLS Calud as furion cori ding PIOCHAS . Ki = FUpian @&) Pscapure wmetding ~ 4; ae OT THe tur melting o4 prienl ma leniot it yore Th vo de ‘ : At dead cg, Mone UATE toe laimg CS te) aith & pplicakien Of AP eATE joo if eg Called A ow PYeppuye cel ding Qa priate: Sep Welding By barning of * gus if Hae. heat ip general d fo é a pone of plats if called ge coelding - Arc Goeiding * ie Cures tlechrreate ee ua Theat Ty get Geneva led toy ie eng a{ plaler 16 corti d ane coetdimg chemitah welding | 8 uarng exothey mic chum cor yeactroy if Ht d q heat tp getting gemerald -for mel Hing of pla bes cp Cotled Chey car eoeld ing oy -aceleleme welding ¢ akey till pe draw fromy Torch edly The o, and aceleleme ¢ fine «a pechve Cegtinder amd mined bo gether by Mminbeuce™ po ssenang Cry boty higher Oren: chen +44 hegh pre awe vietaye in Poming dyrough Converging “orak, praomut emergy ih Com vew led santo veloely emer Fye os Nattve th — GOHSAYAG Out from Par wozgtt ak hgh velot He Hain ones fave wy gem iniha&en for harnay be produced bo that hawk continuous! flame itt eelAlowre tot be teed fo mielbirg ON plenble how pire ge GOH, cyl , eql “ ™ few a Tiny F piece” | MONS: 6 ENE ved f ri e Gu a 2 OS “) 00% A, thea 2COtO, 4 weit iar . & > “6 4 hear aw y Comp late Combustion of one conist volume ot CH, 7 — But Fetal annoumt Of O vequived 16 about 25 mG of volume. b Woliueme of 0 volue ' —) Out of &s att 04 volume of O, , one wmi obtained from oO Cylinder, amd 1-5 amit ¥ 'p obtaimed = from re ’ -» Baxd On amount of 0, obtained from Or caplinben Ht Plams prduad in Ory- cathe at a, ne Avi ded into 2 types (1) Neu brat flame: z4 egy rx “a, The flame , ful an ieee one oa Inns Cone tp im 5 Red &) yellow Col Combusbay and ’Ud OM sé "9 fom ple le Combuplton, “ei Al Hue | mlevpection of inner amid uly Cone, iar), Hn sim 'h IMd wee uted 1 the zlame 1-G% g260C <5 — Vetage e pa “d temper. mM flame 1A ‘Tavg = = S000 te rice —) wh — ey Covn pane d to nay, wang, Ht aU”gs. Hmng, Of £lasias if Yedueing Nearly og ee thin tp becasse Of Onn oem £ Of coankar tf brodacs 6 during tow basjhon + &! And Hay toa hy ip grthng Waporald EY aa des ny Proceu — Cua pownalio, , lowge amount of heak pp Cavrapng Bea by Hu wate, hence temp 1, Fedueed —> Thip fFlome tp Used For yorning and cubting of all ferrous ons Von- ferrous melalp except bram A brews wb 2 sahil jormng of bray coorepieces, Pe Z + only coppey m Hae wetd lort coin getting evaperatimg » © ip lege ove which WH tk oiena Yequired ae > ee ‘ , ne ai VY 1 . PYopevhey of weld bil- © Oxidiping flome ns eer ee OF ce jis tols GH, 4 Whey trcexr amnoumt of % | LB Rupplel from & Cy lender » Har Qmoum! 9 Bey eof Oo, f& be faleem Erap'atmonphux for ps ne oe <2 Comp kt Conbushen of GHy 1p vedueng Se Sa 7 make esd give Mat hig heat —> th slightly lam yirtuvre coll ato y ham Co mart lew fh effi cemey of Com has Gen sore if highas Ham wneubol flome, Tmac = 338°C Tavq = gue te s200 © — im HayBecouye of highw avg lem, of flome Mah imp metals Com he carniley jomeds « . ‘ : ca chive ) Thin Ahouldn't be ened fos jouning of hig hly weact HAL 72 Ag, mg ete:. becanue in oxidenmng qlowme # Me tats Ute d this an oe PORRTONITE Dp ie Oe er eee Tres 8 th abacdbed by reactive metat and producing metal oxide coh veoh Vp giorrg loewer Rhromg Hy of Ont Ea TNR PiemAe. "Cont Be Ged for joining of brows coork pre cet Zn seid peel, ~ Deering gorning of byay Comore piece Soe Oxrd eximg glame, tue drero, preaeml way thief Fa Will Combined tHe ) pevhe quan h by ok 2a Preemie rm +h etd peel amd products 2aqo,. whieh A OAD ee Ura Femecus Oxide, thip Zmo, re 4loctung ovum Hx tveld pool, BO that ik tn not allowing Hs yemnaunmng 21 pramt in ‘ee mel Poel ts “evap eee te oe 1 oo 2 0.85 te ONS CH > Became of ghort supply of % ) from o cy Condes, fur ¢lowme hey fo Wavel for longer dinfance fo sn) = 4 an tosn completely bay TP Aerie lung th ot inmen and ouler Coma er({ be ineveayin 2 Tmax > 3040°¢ Taw g 2 (Soo by 1400°e 1 Pue bo longer Gmotn of flame, Hu beat lose by Comvec tioy and vyadbation become Covsidenabe - Max and avg kup af flamne Owe becomming < neha flome. Becar4t of lower avg, temp of tlame, tHirp meinod Com't be wed for joni ng of Aigh MP metal. Tie Carbu TBtng flown Shocldy't be wacd fox yoneng of ferrous mclalp becayewdhin ghort Scepy Jivey o) aol & FSe oe. EE iE +. { ne im f he ta nol be burning comiphe hp 078 bres h { } 4 4 ring a fe trbtrass —" ‘ wre © r at hy ad wt wy €@4 , er, - tes p E ahin om acl neveosed mn tus trefaly ‘. . ' nin (CC. which ga And “useld b ¢ becoming * "ilvlane t ¥ Dri ttleness 4 vedAuten touahnre —“) Canh: Ly (oiring atburipiang Alow @ nest Conenany We J hirat é : 9 Caxt ce. t 3 avbar Plesta. Bering going of Wigh °C pleats ym One of glerlp on Has Cavhon Conlemb if Inty264 ng i MP cf pleel p weducdng ~ gh c plat hay lowe 9 om J TE Can am be jwrd easily uolth Cosbunining seme Cc aon In Case of Wigh C pletta, Tron mp alrcady poluvaled citi’, tur won Comet euem though free C fp Ovailabis tr, Hu Flame Gh. tf abferh Me & and hme no chamge Han NCCAA Properties of weldbit tp Cccuring v Me lade + Copper Herne Pipe, or tued for Connetimng = Silene bi lety became it Cam withplond 4ox eg ha prenum apr? + Coqnec Ung ce ee a4, Y 2 » Copper house piper phouldn't be tured fox . uae because them it ip expoped to Gly it tp chemi carry yea tang lite malenias and pipe wilt fal: Ad produces ponte sy aed for trovusfoe hung ) OtNner than Copper omy other matkrial of hose pige Connected fo tu GH, cqlenda, rip pretexe ju inter Chamagabsl ky (Bh NOL Pornibl - Lupva | plouke harne fiet or Cover Hd, fo trot Pung COI AI Omd toy [oerer pYeMUK* amd cheaper alga ‘oss seal 1 By Miplae f te hose pipes om ikachamnge 4 pipy will get fail, auerd Huy Colov, Havent: Sa Aphngasthiog axl! he urd befwom 0, and CM + cylinder ‘ —_e 4- \ i lem. Gavbide ay Hakvitl Fhe Lsveh fled a8 FR Peete « by doing UNG fo eworthaland fov higher feompr, ~S the omg le yd de by Torch bo dy to *eworh piece TR Ka ocon a Torch ong te a TA= 6 be Go'° : L ‘ Torch am gle 20° Torch ang U. = 90° flame demai bey: oF weld bit tp catered 4lome dempiky Pplome duvuiky = es ee Oa sf t Ex Poped area | Bo 4f lawe dung bey, The heat Reepplred by Flame pon Umit Wo , > Or a peTiAy expoped? Area ba ee decreas ey 3 1 pactorz ingluem cing Torth ang t ® Me of metatp to be jomed: Ano M.pet mutat fo be Jorned IR IMemeciing, hat required foy Har multng of plaby % merecuing, tena it meedi high flame dumitig eohich "B Pons bu increaimng torch owmglt 2 thecknerg of metals fp be joined. Apa tictemens of plates to ; oe NS eG We cut required PW Unibaua ip mew eadtng ‘ ee Hegher torch omg les will be Uped ‘ ) Thexmot conduchoity ‘kof ynetala to he qoieds sk 4 iA creasing. to Compemak hrat loss by Conduct , tu flame | demar tive have, ite sbes ancreaied which ip achieved by teresting borch amg e ) plac of welding Trvespective of Above factors, clase large torch augue “hey! fevbe gacdirak begrnammy! + oxttins >may ferch amg hoy f& be wed al amd of tweldangyI Ab He Beqinneng of) wel dimg ys) Peco Parkes, - yt Foom, kame . 4 TO Taine tue plata dyom RT te Me. Wo necdp Narrge ounoun F Range torch annals tf ined: ‘At Hus emd of the ae i. alk pe : ae coho ta vy EA tp cryed, thar force “4 fiaden 2 e puh Out A Nene Wwe The Moltkm ynetal particle; and vo dita thaltow pphericar de premrong Colled a, Cralew defects 1 Ff Baller £.A p ahed ak epderee of eoellimg. Has force of flame — Obphect fk over{iou) of MM amd avoid forma liao of Crvale defect. —e- fort bec hniqusa uped iy Sap eweideng ¢ '. Fore hamid? ory PH welding leehniqua 2+ Back hand ey) gH welding lechniqus. . Fore hand : i eg ie aon to Coble d T{ flame ip tocured foward, Hux nen Paved por bon 16 ay fore homd qoel dime been face 2 Back hand; ait ae : TL ftowne *h focured bowman dy akyeady Coutid oy Back hand coe \dim9 leehniqur pacha Backhomd ir u forehom 4 Borrhow 4. T tp Mow b led fect jeu <5 Mop af tt eweideya tuk thet fore hand & tteckue and efticreml Fit tp dome trom & oe devectim , Backhand wer if wore effective ami eat tp sence 49m left fo right esPe aba. t, pe pamiie@e end Backhamd wT» ’ ; ml Aboot Tt: G) MH Coxe of ‘forehand tor becatue f{lawe ih +t NOM ewetded peyton preheatimg of welding edges ' : a) be be cot AEM pla ce eohere ay incare of Backhamd cot Flame ip cued Bedard already evelded pov Gan, ae pont heatimns of Weld bead evill ta kung plact. wn focused bowsanY usith be (a) Tm Cove of forehand Co.T Hu force of flownre carp! ip poy hing Tee moltm plag particte; back into the eveld Pool Slag Inclerton de fece may produad m cocld bebd cohith Yeducey pleemag th of york amd nen umitorm lag layer tA aglie | Gon the “yeue td » bead. eehrch may embtoming k weld bead yar ben Tncaye ot ue epee coe dng terhniqur Pre erart asst Fore of flame if pubing out fae molkm blag pavh clay nce, a slag incluso ante preaemt in weld bead amd UM form flag layer ip forming cue the weld bead. Single P24 forehand CO-p -~- £- Lg f t 2¢-1syem f<@ mm} Seg PY Barchoud wr es‘ nta = ‘. Fiat te -f VerGeal ea — Wa s : — — TOrigental —verlicat co-f : Overhead wpe . f oe ns Views’ Torch ( SME tsamm 4 6-H oe) 6-H with shraight momumi Terch (Sm) . ‘ th SMT Horigontalé © 4-Crmm SS fH with Maen (Mmr) © 16H @ \ t = €-re 3, a8. ita LU, Nn) Vereat wp: —s pol “ tSis mm os Muth pay Ty verlicat we. welding iA alwary dows from d bettem ls bop with forehand cot ar er, | | cA RF | | | ey *f-v oft 7 ES et oa Tr H-v w-p because pla ont ver ca, 11M paytiely are bry ing f& falt down, f obshuct Hom back hou GT 1A prefevabba iv Overhead w-Ps sak Pate barre mechowsm by eohreh MM pavhele Hua 43 the parface banyi)en m He se area a -™M addilow i used it ak 1 backhand weld & ve Neld m popioy ages seed ei ‘ets tu addi kon a. di ™M diclee - ' i at for for ol AG “ pe ai , er ai ae u TT ed iN ad ®& e Cam be oduced- emCe BH-Go-T Tp U4 a ouy ne oem eal , 3e 1 eniodicatt4- During gu welding operation Hur welder 4 2 all vemoumg Hu filler vod fem eotiding gone amd A'pPig caud os flax powder choy {ie + = 2 melt aes Saas bi» eweld pooh ee TR ape ES ie alnesphent 3° to fovm plage cur weld bead. for mini mang Con tomy inane *it Prepevlics, fete pemmensed by flun material , 4G ¢ ’ Ft ~ be deoxidige te melt ©) ret fam absorb gates <€ t Tt ia = 1 layew € (w : ey d ibu for ony Omuily of glue mul be as min as Postibl ~ ep mali om ef “Slag ¥ I , ‘ donde | with oben nat produ Ce haym fat Hote Ui fee sulpher al € . al W) Me of lux ment be len tom m:p of parent ue € Aeplicalioy , < ~ - = frireve t @) sii qoa wetdimg o{ Carbon ey nicicel atom + ¢ Mo flex sp Mecded become preaemcn of G amd Ai Workpiece itpetq tp acting 04 deoridipm: : in @) Beror witt be iam Carn yn oly wed flue AV TNT §~ eel dimg et oar otanr mMaleriat oo ~Illey ved ! ; ee filler rods ant wed fov supplyimg additron a2 MM fer Weld bead \~ In jemning of plales of Hhrckmey 2 mm, ne joml pre pana bon till be done i-e Squane jot ip ured for yomeng ot plates coith out cuing addi Gamat 4 Me vod > G4 weldimg speratn Cerjowm Without cue of Filler en ONE Stay Sling lita Fer Jommg platy et Hiceney 75mm, Same ly pe of jomt prego ‘ / om DB a a aff of el a hh = fife Veovers Jjomt ip required To qi He Ge at Hu ‘yok tH ip mecegzavy fo we tu additionat filler vod Properties to be Possemd by filler vod 4 1 Oemity of filluvod malaiat met be 2 aw ly equal to du 4 avemt ymalniatl a is aud vod matyiat must be & MP of pavey tna lent UV Tht mm of filler rod Com be eouily mix Cota Hue MM ef Parent anatlrrialWY) The MM 6f filler vod Comple eanily Spread OVeAsbyeny BLT 4 vee Ofs Paremt ma leral. “p a 4 = Se Iriopt Cammenly wred meta for eam y fa ee G oe filler YOu, ane Lc glecla, M-G peta, brow etc.» Ss o) oe ea cae © af Oxygen produced for ovgraccielon Ger QE’ | s, becauee +) ©, in alway pre fewa bts bo product from + io i Ae Bhs cheaper amd paler methodology BF Abn ay < C7894) —> -1a58"C ae Carr) 5. Sener qomic C84.) elamen§ = =(¢s.9°C ' ioe i 5 2 9 Alm ory portale gates eats ail 4aate he : : & Hoel y Lequid aiy Org: Elan , Evaporation of Ny. Evaporak d Le praent only lequid (a, k org £) (er) - Alm aty fe ~\ee'e -) Th combo quid o, + small aly of Liquid Wy C some what impure). oat \ — Te Me & produces from atm, ain drrectly by cooling 2 ay of 02. P to a temp of —I8a’c, tH % produced ip not tu paral form of O2 ray Hemce it ip not prefuvabe methodology amd evemtnough 2 ~ Hence t -method ip longert one ek tt produc pox ut form of % h pre ferrable- 2 => The SPvoluume oF liquid O ib very loud ahem compane 4 fe gorsedy of gousory 0, to tigers ©, iA sina Hu pro aae ef Op To intyveoe® Boiling fume oF quid 2. "gt ak a prem of abouk {2° Ksc, coil} be int vonatly a ; id 0. of Wquid 1p ayounmd 40 ~-50°C: Humce Te quid Os O,- 1-e Hu vaho Sp. volo ut lequid mearly equet fo 1500: Lumen it Ip predewobt to ptove O2 + pore at voor tumen erly:. ’ Wy Gay cocdew> i Te kytoye preduend> fer —w - : tathi de ‘ : bg m x tae Ca leven ye akevey ini ed “2 Acelylhuce q BMRA nae ai 4, & (Ota Pee + + \ ah POR: wah een cam => thea method of pro duerng ey by ms eng ix durdad wots eon methods Q) waky te Carbide tyre pe @) Carbrd& to waka type NO (tow P) GO) Ss Tw thin method UO ce attewed f fall -S twaley Newly ont G&G QTanulea , so hat Hua Chemical veaction ra ba brng plate awd Prosuciag Cpttod “3 Thin method ra armple and Cheapeat method of producing Guys Hee tt Gpramulay form of Ca ih aked by job Shop people: > Portable equipment W) Carbide to waka type : = T then methed pocwdur form of Cas, tp allowed b fatttnt Wo Be mat He Chomicat yeachkow ip falerng Place and Produ ceag Qe, 4 Due to eyage of powder form of GG, ths Surface area of partrely eupo sed fer tu Chemicat veaction a Th 3. Hu producto valk ig meveaiing. > part from ty gp memt — Hare 1K amottur vol ling mill py vequived for convey tng gramulay : storm of CaG Inte powder form Beg Ap amd when Ha powddy Ferm of GO th produced tt hay to be wed with m Khort duals and no pomage iD alloc. > To get high prean Qt, gay, Leto see —s =" * Com prey ed 4 Com prem ovrey ps atcaays Aloved wi Hae form of .acetivie? asthe > Eventhough abror bing Capa cby of Acetone th { a a Mevea ting Preperhonatly with Pof PYMUrs , — BOT Gs) 4 re nae a es Raheny prtterrabG $5 = -Aatone vr bore at a premtne 2 15 kse. Breeg ph ip xe Kame piorage pr emure ef Acttone. I tw dt Atrton +) as Wor ot Gait @ \«se Ultr Atchnt +4 Reo KIS =395Ib GH @ IS KSC Reine) Bes - > 85485 - 6151 Gy @ 45 Ese, Avr = Acetalencgap evel ding 5 | Guy 4e5\3 266 +Ha4 heak a % co 2 2Co, 4heak Va 4 3 Wo theat From atm, oe H “1 cohalewe folat op ip requived for comp ete Combes tion F CH, i op Called rit ts Cbtcime b onty from altmosphenc OM“ Har pro ce ih ge fre otyene gh ene! : bin, AN, Har flonne - Becane totol o ip taking drom tx atm, On, f ian h y Havel for longer diptam cen for Complete Combuplon, hence huat losser ax becoming Very hegh amd j : y Convecim amd yadiaqbon Pegs avd femme, ef flome about 500-706 6 ) 5 by whey totor o& rp) taleam from atm; aly, Hex pence t faleing plate mp Codlid a Bulson - Burne femp of flame Ty method ip cued tory Like P,2n, Sa, Ca ete-- ure for Bol derng apple cako See printigl ) burning ot Gly . Oni ny ~ Boz +t few2, avg of verg loco mp metald only, cs Tt oto Com be Uyjed a4 Meat RO ; _ Uy drogem gos Wweldin Org- My frogem gos welsings* 2 Hotiioey Mo heat Me ya Ctheontrcally ), Ce > QS ta 64 prachkeat, ~ Try practicatr Condileomyp of Oy Uy qe evel dimg, Tr a My emit be Beipplied go that tae eambarnk te promt an Thome ¢p Bmply Mheviris cuty from the welding aone oe - % a hie \deng gu fox prokatmg the coed Pool trom aly - emt owmnina tion. q « s thip ip UL Very forpt method invemled. tor yoming ef highly, Feackve wnetatp hee Ai, mg efe. - « Tmax * #80"C ‘ Taxg = 100 te q00"C, ‘ oe Foemthough mary, tunp rp highe but Teaw, * 880°C ‘ avg Kmper of flame ip Coming out to be only about srlof Mar, dome, tik ip beg of large quankity of WO eK produced wn Har proce amd to evaperal ty Ho it if agate i fli ™ forint large aricuml se RERe “Th Ip wred for jormng of Low mp metal, highty reactive we talp amd ured as heal fgource foy braging (r) Rrxa32 eoel ding openatioy - oSethior + Atom ic - Hadrogem oy welding 2 rl ae 2 TE ipa Combination of gu ond ave welding operakay, _ aeEE | alc “S coho Pocoe, Raupply Ih give to eleckoder amde ophm uy - * Mamtbatrner bey electrode tien , Are Ave fanip produce 4 alge dy electods, ~— COh ey Molecular Ok supplied mo the orc gam , bcos of “ Rw , | \dotherm:c reacho wmokmlan Hy ip Converted inte atomic Wy, none Ond he at es ) } ay requived for emdothermic veackon 1p abtoumed troy arc 4am i) Tha atemic 4, produad mm arc fam _corl\ Come out amd P becomen umplabli at atmeapherie Conditrows. . Tt tp vem hed ) form tHe molecular Hy. edhich iA exothermic reactio, amd + anh eet GQaevated dur tte ty awit) be wed for wel ng amd joining of Worle Prec, ‘ : produced nearly 4 of Me ) — In additon out of mokealar ty 4 4wy heat o4e a bavynng by taking te 6 dyom atm ay on corti be uped for nel tteig amd joining of Cdovlepicce Fi From Hu above beat rvequived for wetting amd joining cf Cosy pie Ip oblavyed from exofurmic xoace, and by, ) burning of coe of hydvog em - ’ es TL eMouming 2%4 o( molecular H, if arm} pacucuy from Gtld pool actmg aya thielding gr es y coeld pool from atm. Coy Fouminahoy, ~ COhen Companed to Oxy —Ha weidimg > soy emetno YOUN 7 prekee fm Poa avg Lewy Pf. o dd COM be wed atomic UY, welding ib nigh hi me tal A (tee for gorng os ot high me amd highly xv eachiVe pbaimur4 leg.Ave & el dime e ; ty -4 Whakeve, due Weet requtved foy mel Hong ae yorning of ple ff \ + rf et 1h) Obbcumed frow, eleowie arc Called ay are wel dang Operation. Flectrode pcesp &# oc ew L Yy) = fre of Bests) at Heat gemera tion (Anode > Cathede) Leathat ] i t qi 4 ‘ e dij =a fe L os ade 4 =f ut a e = ai] & pai Anode | 4 — jhe powe Bupply jy qivem and bin Cathode ound amode, Clectrona will be by amodt amd ophiman Gee rR memlaned fe erg high Velocet ey Jemerated Ot Her eq thode Mae tg Fouad amodi, mvely charged r Phrcoh ane attracted So that chia tity high veloaky €& Sng rg Ch tom eee, amo de, na nan DAA A_ BA A BAB Af ff > DD D> a MEINERS ofS Ltp ataqwer aid? mak heat EEG cient qemeralion if tating plan at OMode . Sime How ously tely chowged voy Poasening Aeqh, Weert worl be gemerakd at te Anode, cohich ane atwacké | os Cathode amd mavian Foweay dy catnods and they ow" { TP eG onto Ccathod, leaf: mmergy - OHO But Hu Peloerty of © in much Wightv tam iow |. gemerakd at amod RE of Tonp coll pe Cmuevked tah | o Heat gemera tron th tateung place at catno de Heat % hig hn twan Catyedy, Rata ef LHeat gene ratiog of (Anode; Cathod) 2Qsy imeSS Cm eEaaeEeE —> ocsp &) OcEN SN eae Eee = = ~ & m a=a { Ocsp btog of higher Wont generating af coor k pre T™ Cate Kigh mp metals amd higher thick nen plate cam be wide tayily amd high depth of pemetrahon ip poapibt. ® Bros of lower heat generating at electrode, melting wor l& of CLectrode mp loco amd cepepiloy vak tp low amd only low Welding QpecdaA ant poksible, ~ Th perp beoq of lower beat genera bow ak wort picce only, lew mp mefat, lower Hicleney metals cam be coelded pomd tow depty of penetration ip posribe, Dor to highn heat gennvalon at electvode , melting vak of e@tectvode 1A high amd depopition yak IA high amd high evel ding specdp ane poppibl. ; ; p> Tn care of ACHE beeg heak gemeraliovy ave equak, ot Hur Conditoy ae taken aj inbelweey Desp and OCFP. Arc Recovery time : (Aer) 1 TE sp flu Rme tqteem fo eqtabligh tue are betweem tur cathode amd amode- : : =) EY Us shing ot arc means that atablahing flow of € amd iom in thety Yepective diyectiong . 3 Arc recovery tyme doen't lhave amy ¢ feck OM (AC are welding frog fermrnalp are aleroty frru.d im 2 give oc ane’ ‘evel dimg . But cog termina are ey homamg in Ac mec ewerding , tre ART ip more critical tm Ha AC) ane evel ding . y hs Sboerh 2) odC—O EEE ——— > ™ .Ac anc cweldd . ; - ma for pro duceng eftectiue arc, Pe ah ARt Muyt be «2 hat of Ha Cyck ime, Aer a Gt ¥ a Agt 42 6Or[e at op pregerra bG. = : For Increasing effective U4 Of Are evel ding to reduce te ART: 3 the fet cay beveduad by vnjer Oa ig ) ho tnak tre veachon tme -for generating iA seduce d- of a hal4 ot cy cle faa Beyond 20 pus volkage of Preuws BE amd iowa of Cathode amd anode p ATO eatyeve Hack Ay pe ymin Voltage ot ps Evan gy aug pled bear, om covvemt of 9.6 Umit. FOr Kez ping bie im plab& eq, Condican it IR wequired ‘0 delermine optn® Ave Jam gth oane opkmum Voltage Qurd ‘Cervr ent getnnD . A PS 4 centroid by vyollag* and tae ding aque pram Pigs a_ Lor uy OPE —_ Ceveeut voltage tor) Acluat Cm{ gqenevakd in Re com dawn dhiwed wind’maqy trang Jovman Pyne Cer) L Marl. PNOLtAge preaemt ty ‘nd S Becaydayy wave iced + YU em ; S 8 Shovt Creal! Cuvnent Ree > => elethicar A Chim te five Ry minal ed 2° (8 Coructtd fo two € lomenl Iles elechods amd wore pice FUL Curyent paming twvough ° \W ob 5 2 w e taken on f, vel tage. in 2° Avi =~ Are Veo ~ Vavop. =Vo - £8 ‘ : A a Neg= We 4 et Th Ls: Ave Lam qty a, MSO -AyeLet, ond. Gam =o L> barge > £50 amd Rages ee Lo poery Gat Va = Raf Va= Qtrbe ohn Q,b Aw Com Mom > AP equilibrt cm Va = Ne aaa ae ee ee ee eS ee | a4 are pome Pr gpomed tape yy Qtht = Nom Me ar Pevt ? Cast) » (Yera-be) &Por oph meu pote ig s) 46 co Lt mepe optima oe, at comet ~bu) Ete raphe Ee oh ak apeieNe 3 ae opt ST ® = tov Tp = 2060A (ime fev are) Moe the ast , us exe ung th in om tl ® e 2000 (so 20-46) ters = (60-401) * OOS 80 - 2000 x (60-4oL)) yo PST = (s01aor) [5 a os) i p= eer i es 4 1660 Lveoot) foy Opt. pow ] “a Re" : ag leon Ors emy teoo - 31001 =O DOE Ga08 mm *) muy ys pO tgoxO = 4by sah t > (60-40n0-5 DF 290° = (oon ; i age a ie See. : a aaa ener nae © t= aS dea gto co tee T= too bs SOOA sed AeVa tio + 46x65 Duky Coyote + ‘ O — fereembage of Lme duvmg cohich ave (s a ON foithout over hratimy tue vitar elument fa Deca p- Aor : a Total weldimg kk Aot 4 Arc on drm Aot: Time duving whieh ara 4, p ON 3% actuaa Pee Spejaton will be done. Tota welding time + Reptime: AoT + dae bmean lms Y Bp hein te Shas Beewmea ts tH Rea org, fay accamnulaben cil be Mevearing te Lemp, of Lramsformen .. Ab fome bi Ace 1 “Scldimg equipment eoitt atl: To averd thi, eokumeuer He A cece la b oy aes hroamformer if ercerding Cox badly vous, Biop + ewctidin, operation amd give te cut fey RO that du¥ing YS Hime Whatever heat in gol accwmalaled con he Ginna | BEY Ocumdingy oi thout amy Weak qeacratioy * One sk tp foumd that, accamalaled m heat ra got dig Bipalel , flop Hu coeldimg operaken onte agoun. . , vy) | . ood OD Rake of accummatatio - | Gamax = Mary, atlowabk heat accumulation @) LT=lsoo # Qgzto keo Gas © RY © Bamar = 200° FF ® Qa = 10-6 =qkw ie fo spryy Avon me (Aot)? Samax = @a i} nt i> ' Repl time 2 Saman of 144} Rd for= Gamax = ie Peas hee 2 @a ee | ( HE ye TUS : x R.7 = Sa max *. tases? a3 pec. : AoT tRT S00 4333 allel he ‘ - girs Ovee = abies 2 £200 [eon | ee.Simple equalin for duby cycle if Pens] Ty Oy = Rakd Curvvent amd duly cyt Ty. Pa = DOetived Cuyyemt amd duty cy Koatd... proburs : whem TIA ehom ged T=2000A =Ty Tx = soo" 0, * 607. Ty" Oy = Ty Da (S00 \"% 0-6 = (2000 +x Dg 0, = a cohem ig looo 4 oFey Tn = yoo 4 O,: 667. Z 17 Of ota DG 0.¢ > 1007 them R-T=-Yeo tw = Te i 4 wF , xDomad! Woy. then R-T=0 ~ Dunag cal. ot Duby ty cle Ohimeves 0.C! becems > 1007. means thok epl tdesen See amd: ip impose bl. “ Te wil made equar to too7 only be cohumewé Be ors ert dene Wwithoul Pept teme ch ‘oO amd continuces weld 3 qos ats reat Lime ia _—Oo clechi cal erveait YP Sometimes ETA met hng amd sueplyng addtimar MM fo ever weld bead: a) ace oe elichode + > TE He dichod tn Ralipfyimg only apt = ins cakhabastalametenal.ly 1k ip Called a4 non-Comcmabk eleche de welding The maleated of now —compamabue elects de mer have Negh MOPS RaeS ool hegh elechical conduchvla, 4 Eq: Tu gpla, om meee S a ' ; ss ; Elechvede used in Are welding ¢ ; Xt) Cu ctrode ip ethene aya eleckicat element for cloping¥ “Ape in, Tung play, : au i Ac He ocse Oca Cav bon Gyva phi & \ Des p. “ ah + Non Conpnumabk eleehode, alway madt a bave wire f tlechodey ap} trout omg Coating . WY Cen pamable electrode ; TE Hee elechods tp sab atying born af Hur feunre tory WE iQ called ay Comermable electrode cori ding > properties e{ Compumab&u electrode coll be remauy pant Y the ‘ Be ogee ceteA Propertia of filley vod makriat orcd tn 9Y cael ding Conpemabh Ele bro da Bare corre toaled blectrods Electrode: Flux Coalng Advay tages of Coating : t Tt ach oy deondrper 2. Tt abporbp gabe proent in, orld poo} 3. Tt provides Slag layer the ore . fox protecting eoeld pool- prove mechamred 4 flax Coating plabilian s Flux provides shielding Sa 6 ¢lax give alto ying elemimt to ™ : \ pro pera of weld bead. ‘ we Nave toadd a devent {0 7 E advam lage — for geHing avHe em Sissi, atten above alviala, those are one ee => Ferro pilicon wx) Ferx© emaun geash® cs 39 Rakile 6 Tid 4? Ang Potayiom (k 57 Cellulose Coal 6» NL crv, Ma ) scanWeprgnation gy electro de nde» » Prttangkd by @ digit ec x*® x * ee % sted Owe ty t Per formamcer ot Coa kings amd SO of elechads Each digit dimotex w->y by pe of Coa timg Co-9) x Flectode _ Mechay cat proper ties of makryviar, ce Welding positon (0-9) x4 tuvvemt cdi (Co-q) ye Strength EJ: tl» strength Ato ¥v 7= Oy af —— oe Design of cueld bead 7 ee fe \Olo ™ Pp omgakon Cot me 04 fracture duving Hem te Hatin ng 2g gt beh hhh A44444460 Crewing te) Reon forcemeng Roo t gaps The gap prouded wt He bottom mo at Point of weld bead be tou eny a plate to be joing 1B Cattyd voot gap. eet ts 1p provided bo Ud that ok Loy de, Mag pt f tue bottom ef weld bead Stow rv Cone of“% e s »° ~ Res an ~A™.. —— > = — od z t >: ~ ~ . me = > = tart sla fe 2 /~ Oo 5 . > . >< . 2 nia 2 m may at bicame wey d. HS & ro. to a OU, Guang nak na fice a — befhm + tte bead Ne bow eak onic mribes ¢ Mele a Latiass i 3 Merge Lam? preomdicd m Red V- amwmole * ee EQhemeven PRICES OU t tf vzd & jormt. Ouf ee which Vzemt «2% Wea 2 J cas it giwei Vavqat AOamourt! of Rewface ~ U es t tut amount of addikemn Ma aial. =~ Most Commonly ued Wang al Ne. cf Pardee} © Se — — whmeun Hacked sot. plaka te \ == \ Lee be jomed sy highs and Rights tow ~ » wae met pe ayrbi to jom tt platy mm Arag® ¢* vyequias fe lee curled mere Yan Ow eo), ve QCongle” POY - Expt Te frbhet > cnet d ive Pal eothier Capen ipl q { nin» wr be Riding, afsdoh whe GA -NO-Bt, PMN yor ah api ble Mes 6 S Bperwmeue ef T fillet melding use ay Mat NO f ¢* : MA 4 1 POARIbLe ry if b& enpure thot dpkovliow fav q a} ‘ 4 bt PlQ ee IM tHe pla Ga muy t be a MN GA PosK D4 5 be —> As, No.of te PanRel increcau far pla be OAK Fang bended. 80. diptorben taleep piace. So to mnrmnae Mi ploy Gon , mImizge tat no-of pAABed- AS Ls an Cr) Ren fovreewunt ! Exeesp materia provided oumamd above fre Furface of plates ip called Crowning oy rein forcean emt! > The crocwnmg 1p providid to emnoure thet vewptome ana available at Hr yoint CrOLUNING,. =e g mero Se = 10-154. Vo lemme of coetd bead Spa thy is = Dang welding operation he comm fovee wero ~ Crayt equat Ip ter eagle ajea of parent ma leriots ef arc es flame Some ot MM parte e Arr jomping trom tur veld pool ond Faltng on far oti area, of Hee ati ore ip bancauy baka ay loss of MM fe Fs esc al and it tn dowwagng SF of plates ~- ™m qmeral patty Loece ba teum a4 Slop. Volume of weld bead~, , ; nt tet et A DARAAAAAARARAMmay \ vel \ we ! Al 7 re! A wy i | ‘ | y 1 Beat . \ \ \ " ( \4 ' | (21a yy * enn \ eA | { 4 (Atta) Very He at Hex . br | \divg | Le Wal tow { elec hvac MW ash t \ GELVING Morena wel doag spore toe bet by fan duct \| be @enridered wend OG heat ream) Pgh” bering AEN * heat Aue plied la evaeld bead w& Swk @,, * \ : w\\ } \ tale v4 aan a' Canduchuoity rf alalen * be | ww vvel Owns pert fewnee 84 pial te ht tas @ridth af itaeid bead Ve melding aper \ A 3 thevvvvad a t(vwrrynty| eo wetting & healatriard fer ener ¢ mane nee long MY aw \a vy OO OA o> Heal Aupelied by welding ' tr #Y 4 \ A \ eiha flo Lang a4 plate Wr be yw AVA very =) 4 \eyy\ ahs \ ( hee awa WEN AVS Can due (iow at evi? daovg IM a vec | oly ralaie eta ) ¥\e jj {t 4 al Het ip Cov dened waver* . aba vt ‘ var ye Wel wi | 4 RKO | | ‘ ‘ ad jj ga ~) Aaped &% (hin ~~ MAR ddd dd dd ddd444 42Pe Les ¥ length nf cueld bead wetdamed by uping One Mechode * value pp baleen from eetd 1g data book, corres ponding - St elechode wyed ond thitknen of plalep to be jouned * | Noof electoder fpqss = length of coeld bead | uM | NO. 6 mS S: eck Total no-o4 elechoden No-of elechodenr | pasa Arc on time (Aor) feanp = lemgth of weld bead 7 a Aor = nO ag x No of Parnes Duly cycle DB “= BOM ere ees Totar Welding me (tw) TOT = fot Magnetic Ave blow + er) Are blow : ~ Magnet e forces by eclectic Current ewill try to Puy Hua are cy Shovkeat doddddddasaananiny ) ny (me of achon ko that welding 'f taking place at diftevemt plac Hem He requi ved. Reapon ‘ Stanton MAIDA weadmng ct highty reactive Mme tala oa) Te will be fueplied Hyrough Coven Ouking a ahiet dong pealrares woe e2lucho 8B Coz ot continuous} come aC oe ek ok caeitbun tats C00 Ee ot) Hae CHAE cae oe EMG mom 5 an uu Usclreda , great PR oho: Goo’ be weided by Using mre, cweldre ‘ afakohemn elicYode op mors cm kmuowlly by ~ ya ber 097 fur pow bret which on Nacking echrodt er bt Squazed ouk: fancy chome ie BRS Me owe £ yusd nol i cooled coil! be elimimakd ond omens platy ~(')B cep + cory wma FakSN) B te { Abpemce of) Taw Wiim ebched md enolqe o¢ ce plete = “nina tid . wv txte, TG, , Mig welding a6 tam bou a4 Ba ning ot h ghy reachue ehals ¢ftechvcly. Lim takens STOO Gita texi Continucus tlecwea, Combe womdeble on b dhs Peel Marr. dea of electrode Uned 4-5 mn onl fa) During twelding of lorge thick ney plate oe Fingle PABA coelding “bing Amali gine elelods He weld 9 Reset cued mut be Veny, loc . AE low weld NG Speed Ht hize of eeld pool produced Coitl become larger. dus to, the force of arc mm Particle, 04 Cardy JUNpP fram te “L&ldpool amd falling en Ha other Qvear. Une Spattera lo.sg during cS reyg coi tt (i) To keep Hu Spatky loss € lov. , cohich Gm be axidid be come > loyx.. Par mar thicteneu of platy ima ingle PARE ih 20 +n only oe eee TO overcame limi lation ot Mig eweldeng SAW contairig will be upged- ve eeu eed win 3 Sho ip pimjlar fo thet of Mit, Pe thre a a byuods ly Corembe €hcbod Cece) Which & Voom Con : Spool, ted be OA g RAYU0 Com ko} \ in plac of ment go \avge quemhty et ut pods yp ~y iImpiar ne supplied” Krwough Wepper, owt flun powdy ip melting gud formng o slag ‘, 4 gy essa sss aa saatVe ee WN Stoning {Cun POrdey 4 . Gmured +1 AUB Svpply flocking ion te ts tote Caltes Bc a 4k, whreh th Coke ~ Durma eeldi bh Coftecéed amd vemed through Hoppe aun d oo NG operation ane produaud bry Hp -b elit hode MA (elke C I COVER. e811 be comple betes pu bynevged onaide Han 4 ter oO) poe du. Hem ex Name Cablid OW SA: ent ny » Peri ng ewel ding of large Hyiclem et plaky en Ang U. pou = Udit Rally gige of elechwode, cocldimg = Sperd ured ynua} be e loco . AE low welding Specdi PH atae ot wrld pool pre duced Infremt of Arc ms very \avge amd tur force of ae ie ying puih out te MM particly but Har prvrance of large qual by q¢ Flav powder amd plaq ip mot allowing MM ear hcly to weld pool. ume Reathy lossy minrmiged , Jome trom ot above 30MM Hh clem fo be ened tow (clei ey well ip preke va bG uplo 7 Shee Gets plata t Conk coilt become a5 TE piacere on hing e opto Hay methed ceomamicettyy - B Cog of flux powde tp pe wed if aio Sie po high. Electro Fla ewelding ¢ To join above 95 my thicknen pla kx im ble coct ding econornicatiy, +4 next bet pres electro fla welding . gs mm Hrelemud Ha quan ht =) arngle PaKh method iftie of elecWods “4 then the PS 1p GIVE ANG fs produce d bly \ Ay ¢ dor Rpt Ro Mak heat gene mhd dur 6 Pre ae , Once moliem plag Pp formed, te he of tht elecha de i wil t Af Ie get IM MerAed ineide i.e aratloniteta g te the are «fF Aime f . ‘ js ye Ce Put offs Now cauvreml ip flowing troy Clachro dt be C907 FE a ) COU] Be ued toy meltong of Pla pocuder am d forming a " 7 through elechicat Comduchut ty aA malien slaq- Nolen plat, =: (Gta e : 5 Cal repiagtamce o f 3 of yresemce of eleths Co BR ‘ cot bbe uped the healt xg geen gemevalkd amd ths heat U toy melting of electtode amd plaka ama jornt formation ol a t €q tees place ey > Ap the eleclvods ip mething, bcoz of higher duvui ty of MM. oF TE ip Cellecimg at bottom, %0 that molly blag plowly, i weung — wpedan dy. Accordingly cover olio moung up wood Hem ce pom — mol en Slag \p cured for jong ct Complet Gmagth of work prece =i Thip weldmg eperation ipodme en only on Vera cwel ding ee ae Positrey Boz mollan blag. tp ponsibl fowcolleet af one plate. =~ The aoe Met Coens wed elechycathy on duc bmg flue Odden cS i \p Silicon based 4 lux powtey TMB Method tno Red for jorning ef above asmm thiclm platy Eco om} cally yy Bing pau wel ding“hha # 4 * a | 4 ye £ st te toda. 4 Z t. ‘ f s ¥ Ws 0 we r . = , a deny — ,rom tt age fun at aida 9 €se 4 7 q he ty ‘ ‘ re all « 5 4 + COV Ou), fOr, «4 ae wihed 10°" Vikee Crier tran Ite Lutian corided Sistheg mags ai “ z ma « £ ap : fe LAS ueited O+t ta ating gaa fuss te Bee (s) Gna ee 4430 «iticitn art to be Oe tong to tat 4 wel Ere oa) wig be tueporold £4: -0% 3 6S -err4 &, AGP OEE 4s som Sgunn Commccmen *% ae £ ner c = teak tars 2 Orn pore t t= as bt 30 of Hom Compcrant 5 meine B08 ty je “ ™ aA wre z ) Sot welal, Cam over preédua Cam orig te cared By Song nat J CF tugin be) ne 4orecttm 4 pee % fon wuechamucal grogestt: of oe tougivan ph, hich ® wer a . - a4 <2*" be poms % van ver 4 ‘ o~ ¥ J a yes A “ft & tio, % “A ot & Lf F a at tia ty A “40 # BEE OES + - ’ Ch the A annst ole View orm beeen acme J Bet igh, Ps an% Set 2 penn ce i eyes eee 6 at (ae oe a © > £ eae Li. cunt Ieee teil Pr: ras Gout gone gut OF Oe rei — Ata Ge Sete Se 4 nities, (ara 4 ime gro as SOX eS A Oi eee ng 6 ae woe 2 “ fongo” a ase Coseme Sat && a ; =< o oe cag gz tag inter “ee -Midering : ondes ray! Fopicn Ci menriin ef jomt wetting O) Mec homi pen of yornt (i) remep of yoint and Bewrface allog in mec haniany hi Jf 4 ‘ Wid Heal powcr ce avy ay Filler sod Ones pet melale (y- Jor < MF : oe WwW) Appl catioma “ean € Fewhemn hienved Sere liad. motley in hegks ba lem p > @) Tm fr of 927°C, the tin pre emt In Ltad- ty ee ao play & evaporalimg at q2ac: emer Hat Fotnt fhoanld not be heakd at a hum p > 924 wry Heal Bouvee ¢ — dy oldem day, air- ou, flame ip uped ay heal fource- Buk at Praemt elec: cal resiptam a healing metinodology i ges, a Heqt fource, Gv) filler rod 25 50-50 Lead amd bin alloy - Tt ip uped for Boft Bol dering, > 30-30-40, had, tin amd pilver ALoy. They uned for hard ao Tt ip not Commer crates Gped. This cuped mn Sp = ae > ™ boty Bott amd hard foldening operation pinout quay h by “+ bismuth exit be addtd to ineveaye tie cocbtabi lity ef ( qed Mi cf fillew rod ws" Applebees Sepak WS IAG Sarit ore ictal err Re —— Joming of electic etre to Printed Crrceat board, Braging ; & Brage wei ding ; Mechominwn of Joint ; ; Wetting and burfacn qlloyin Temp ctiemt ¢ : bie S Mp of metal ms > a Piewed: Coprainieay "D ened a4 gslter Bhs: the of a F20°C, Hema hemes % gort “meuk be > aro 4 ao nail eee C~y 265 B-) fro'e 55 tow I, Not brazedfe vmelat Ger ne eho Any melar Coble * COE | MEH Wear MPs ¢ go4'e cam'b be br @ged or } brage ded but cam only be foldeved aii CO) te : mh fouvce ¢ "3 ca) Ory Hy flomme ip used ay heat pourcs ae (b) Furname healing er Ce) Electrical aren PEM Ce heating t Braging: TE Hae two ela lea ore yomed eoithe ut jomt ere puation, Called? ay Braging opnation TH two plates Onn jomed coi Hn yomnt prepara kon Cottad OF Byrage peg pena brow . porte a, —— eS i vY 2 rial ai ei = ~ In Bragmg flow of mm onto jomt th taleong plac qa tee Capillary achon. hare Wiqaid mm of cy-an alloy will have hyghe ‘ ackeo -_ Es Capillary: amd Vt wed as filler rod malevial in byaging <> In brage welding beog ft jomt preparation flew mm minjomk tp faking plac dut to gravitational for ce fakrened force, ik i wequived be palect gh, =) To get hrahut gqravi J : : \ley vod. dow iby vrya terials, - Cea-Sy wloy iB used ay Hi ~y IM Core of Cy-Sy alley 120 Hough heated, tag, rng? ak 429°C. gig’, Hee Ge ip not atlowing Gy. .08 evapora & 4 2 tree gible we brave fF LOIRE, gy eohereun joint preparstcny ip £0 a i wed: olnn Be yr TaZinY aia eile ba we gol devinng opanar” ChevQun a not poshi &¢? yoIning ot tev Cost iron pt Pes Ae parring a crvack pum ip done by P¥S tm cocldimy operator: pipe iB done by Braging- MAMAN da gM N UD U AMINO} Decveayn'y order of plhremg ot joml ; Brage el dawg ByYAgING Golde nNG J Tomereare tue sheng eof RBraavng, Une tee Bearf jorn | ¢ fm Care of Brazing oparalion as fae your qr er) Tic lemey mew eon , Strengtn of joint tp Mev taaing fir pt amd ved ecy UA ~) wt St he ol, he i i it se ” ah emath T — J jf i pPOrsmM | g.062'5 my \ jormt qae + . nae b An Hit jomt Gar ip t, flow of MM whe bre joint coil, becowe Cain 4, wetting qAea amd fuvface bbe Ying Ax *, wheeh q q 4 q < 5 Mereares Has tlremgth—ed yomt Q q : Ss “D Aflea Cerkaen Mncemem thickmem of filler rod matevias 1a a i on at de va hte dur load Gepled mM He Com POEM & 1% bye afer ba rt fiver wed maleriot. bute filleayod wit) fail betove Suv fag & ocLoyn {°F Cowen, pom ce Sheen y Hy of yome esit| bel Rept fom a evel dimg ‘ ae ee ee RW tp a fupton premure evelding opevatea, : f meth 4 “7 of pavemt malarak only Ha yorml os produces Buk with appli cakion Of layge OM out of premuve. ~) whakun’ brat xequiced for mMeltmM9 and joining of Pics «B ebtamed dar te elach cat TABLE of Crraik 2. ARF 1p Coed af Qu) SprakonRe Rin tame «.. ” . | | ci \ Ce Spot Soe din 9 «or Nan Come ier} ~ elechedy = Y fern r pwn C3 Ry ut | by ; tas Mel ae FEAL Cy et e Regge! eal » hs ih & on -Cnesnm ’ ie ci force i a generation = ver| eS Se ate ov) Ooh one T ace ‘ Cy Oy ft Poin through Grcuy b oc d hp | Ras CR +e, 4es) ER | - 200 bo S00 pL eohere Ry = €lechiat Vey plone of clecho dy Ry tp Oy wen at porsibl’ be avoid ty ue) heatwng ot elech TTT OY Cty oda Mieke ee Wigh In now, if Hay omen OC prume foy a alighty long 4 duvaton , fee HT by Conductia tf tarrng place, cham ce of mel Hing et Comele R Hiclemen ef plaka will be Ce Paty TO QVOid thy 7 phould be ay mm a Pops br 2 Fer Conbolling puch a Short duration of pow aueply, AC pP-S with velay wort be Weds Reony how = & sol Bee Tle CH v 56 woe ie eid Syeeeget Weta 9 Hold be) tome | tune 7 for ee eat al ll al ll BNL RR BRR tek me. tor) Spot time Tee, pe THE Pied east sche are pryamt tH join Rurfan ty Squetged Cup ey drivem owe ?ddddddded " — —— ee iy — * Time dew nq which tae Cuvvemk op fei Hrreugh ax CH yeas bs _toela time whieh farce apeked om Has Hold time » rhtp Hme during cede a eons mMolkn mile Plater tp Conk nuow ly Maw ten Produce wrtl get polidered. OFF tere. ook up ae re dumng ewbich to lou veyiptomce cvelding equip mamt if pwikthed off ~) of¢ time ip tired to G@\ Shift Hie electrode fom praent Po Bi kon bo Re newt Posibon 7 fey Ceoum Lng reat Lerme Hme in Har daly Mo diti aulen bugga kd to impwve eticremy ot Aww cycle 5 Are : U) Ouving wed Hme He force applied om He platy ip ved Calag Blight y + po Hat roughrans of coatackng pur {acu yegouming cycle Hae ovtanark Valuer and it ioe ori Har yeyiptamnce Bq 7s Weot gemevaltan ineveayer cohich ineveard Val, of MM produad omd fige of magge & WW) Juat before ve dUcing Har force » ane or teve ¢ a awatt go Hat heat qunera ted due te thy will oH pont healmg in weldmy, cohintp ied dey Wear Brit HAIG » Eoughne of coed bead ycler of PS coitt be be ured ok cotld bead amdiintreane duchl ty & Heat Requived = man et qaag get a Heat required [9 = Nvotwne x f x Wel Weg = MF of metal m Scyjoule ent = [oO joula 4 Sect = €60 jouly 4 4]. a volume et tegger - Lah °° Ce_ ee 1 Boy phaggeb 1} forming inpde Phe plaka rh, nel pon we | ont kam Aelewmrwe ft dhyncwscavy of CMiph tae whoa ge PV deiermening vol of bwet Muggel ay am appronnna . . oR in dv \ Cad : tov, | COLLy il ip ayunncd thal tho ps of phe gael ip 4 Y COP dy diamvelky dia, of hp of elecho de hergnt . di pk ow ce beter beom ¢leebye de pla Gu LAT Feely | Pal Ty duvy be ior, Volume of Nugget . g oh oo De S'yt is ieesy t Avg ts thicenen of plabe ayy 72s? h Qt QR Trdemy | ation . HR Weak Ubiline d Yeat D t ee ate He 6 eat bur ppled 2 BAL bo W5y% —d Pay (Bey plant We\ bing > 45 b sey, » Aw CAve wwetdimg) 55 to 657, 9 Gas coel ling > for Maximum ¢ fe emtey 1-¢ ics itak Loot, Her = HR PeRew a Wolx eR Heat Yequived (9 ak vol] {x feat vequived {4 Ray on on a_i S l t k ah al al eh eh oh hh Dr RAAAKAL444440Me. j fy ody of VAC Yeauine e by 4 ] Biren 1) 6 Vevenhy Aigedteignniey Capac by, wr eek joing xy 6 , “4 AAA ETI TN CY Mot matory any of nugget tp Cones da why . ——_ Ant of JOrnt for mation mayor aly —+ —?) for Coincr dim fog agite VVC dG _—_— a) =(RiAQ ae @ 2 ee Tee s)isp = (Rs) te p me CMG 6, of phi t ing of Major any ellipticar nag ger may happy due ts wnbalanad vernptome& above and below foe jornt to B=) Pret embatom & ratphon & may happem duke Li tevente Vahey Rz above and below Hie joint. ql with happend dur to ® Pang yemming + fame Hiclemus pla ley se at by dort malen ® Dacing jorming of ditttveme thick plaka mad hy powe tna beara bq diHevwde 2) During joining of die Heremt thicte (ale, made bY = ‘| : = Teno beng mat Lea 2) a Bray she cu above « below he bone VR" schon eg 23° te Galan co ee totes veriplom ee by in ‘ ome , pre an Uy pomribi lily 4h ot chomgin ¥ BR, which p dome by ve cohreive lwo du yma nia abpelt 2) By chamging er a. aa Ce elects a, pre prde pen vrarghame Ra "3 Cnak fide. sohrenevey eid by) yp lors hgma uae bhi Mig q ; cot a tluicheds 1 tor ne © eq cham yin fue duwsioy “et j Ha Lin gin of elrelvo ds MY bet ov dau “t cue be Y bee dur‘te Hy chames of oelrrrrreeeeeseneeeeeteeeeeeeeeeeeeees----c> sree masmaamacamaamasacaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa ; Ca be Wanyer coh ehepwkiad! Raery hig hes (VD drake gide He R, , } gddddddaaaaaaas ; ahicwe & by M dea of elechode, mM Hut oan Side Her Brae will be kept remawy AAmte . nad oY equim F “2 Th tay caye daris i MaAIenqg 64 2 and subp amin Mugge& turn ha pre blu ot phamling — byy 4 ef lech city ‘ 7 Shun b ng yn Hat property of elea lie: bey Waka eo ky b pay Hyyvough conknuowy makriay rela Mor Aa Combi nue, it it 'p availabta Near by =) One b Hy He heat quarry alvoy ae “Go Rae jon KR awereeiing dha Hee Sige ot werd bead Vp tr —> the dint befewerm two gucemmive maggch ig pe Spot feos — 64 mauntoinny tar Spot Sauna rat, hip pombu f aeoid Ha shumlawing Gr} By paming 20 Complately 8g t ovulap belweem tue plaks @ fer malevrg Cent nuowy awcld bead = dene phaged 7 2 electro P om Making Cortinuow weld bead Calad a veg lourtre Bean cw dung ys me Unod con Be woes malkrvat ff availabe oy neon byw Hae Bhamtong of elechrerky iA Very Seveve * ug fk tp nok pomibk tp hemtnak at, 3 To Ovmcome fy problm, what amnean| St eaxteuk hich ip by paring 4% fame amount m by Spel Cordibay ibselsdese 4° TA ‘ Projection welding « N At rr at ~ Me Hag o4 jorning baa PYo jecked Com powemt on fe a Jlae - SOM Poren | by RS@ ip, corttid Remipfame Toy ec i Wed g a> Elecbed eg ae C Some shape = ay dat of platy) CcBiptamce fer CUMION ewe \dimg ’ > flask TSMPof metal, ~ Non -fsuy10n pyemere ese ding SS The ecanle, vurptamte cwetding dpuratiay OAL produc p Lag jom& bak pavceyim cvelding th Wied for produtry So > Im peveeriom eoetd, firnk Hee Bseall givem TUCh tot Neat Juevak at JOME Gk Ka fticeemt bo rou) He Rm ey, of gork MENG Mean fo Me» Stop toe PS amd Apply +e Percusively CSud dimly) co Cy Pe oi ah healed ot neon te tt Mm-P; He ater PYYent om Gfat, an more ackve bo chav ny - Oran ccftems tm addihow Jue lovga amount o) om atomp will au toma hooky phan da Amt t9 4———————EE—E———_ — 4 ene ta ae , fe eR Oa te dukitity 4 ™% Mt 4g very leg h : Meopt Common ly wracd iqnikns powdery or Bari am peroride, Pow dey , Magner om pow dn ete- qoil\ be arxyoumd - May tne Wace 1 TO Proce 3150 ~4ooo'C - ~) They method com be cued for yoming oA Harcle Com pony F IN Bing pom Cr) Single phot. Arel:cotrory | — ply method cp barr courted developed Tor Joram “ : tran, HO rola bracie vols in Will, remo te GAMung Oe pre healung % 1 » hea f Cdime era on p Called Pr g d jal i ores ew fon Hue weld bead TO remove faa dt or new eLA \ i ; rd d toq lewnel. of albousl S00 by prehealng tue weld bead 4 SASaRAAANS tapararaaracna a ddA hd dh A fh hhh Sh a4: went m cocld bead cory 600% ie owen. Bi woul pre \ d ‘ Temove auto met Caty ea ovatimg T{ divect cocldimg ip deme for Cruap mek Hay div by ner hovne amoumt ef Neat corl| be \oap ; . uling of play, hiat BVA) lab voy not be puticient for melH 7 Some Vapouy o¢ dry ty nur You Vomawy iy wid bead hr and" produce de fect {gto esi Longa g high M-e, high ‘te? metals Hur’ plales coll be. prehealed bo leo, a Ahout Goo-408'C. 1) Cohwmever Cue ldimg speeds donve b& he rneveased, Rar orm can be preheaqkd bo a *equived bo be Ved Cimg 1 heme Croang Join totay (#) feanen, of 500- 600° . Bo that Hua heat Buppled during actual weldimg proce worl dmg Sperd Com be increayed. ne ot hy ty wy gh fuvmay Crpomiim Mma lnieaty Hu Plakd com be Prleakd to @ fever, -4 a bout $00-Goo'c. ne Thad ioe SON alle lof ei ayy bead 1h veduesd ound shewnicy “4 forma key of : racy in cuetd bead ip eliminate - ) Dering JOIN He ot ng Utley, Blrecekerves, Uoe’e = 'B drehtakd ot a plac ratty, SPS ts Hyak 9 0 agers be aa A a: a on BY pre LuskPon Se \9 Weabwg Har cveld bead a4 tea “a theat wwe Ming ~ Oprr alioy ‘} Calid ay pest Lanka’ ay aE g” - som fer pont lrcahinny 7 y \ Q) Tht, '$ bo Temmove imleynal veqidual gheuvd prevent 1H acid bead, ie (w) ‘ To veduce brittney and inoeveaie toughness ood: diet eke: a ).to Convert mavlewik mo boone @&) Sorbik IM kets MI cues by: TR nm which welding et gi vem ema kurioly contebe dane without Producing og defucy tp eetted wet dab key Factorp of welda bility: Ries ume aha hig h mp metalp ave consi dened os chttreule fo Weld metal. medium mp metaty arr Conpideved of yt aoeld mekoar Gi) High ‘ke' melals ave cmpitered 4 dithicult to weld epee becaupe, asa ‘ke increaga the heak loss by Cond uc hoy ‘KR Meveaimg :. Te tp ditticule fo vouje He metals to (6) eg aid tp Naving Bot Wcgh me amd ee eit be Commidered oF VENY diqicult bo weld Makyi Eg: Caft ivon, (w) Wighly el 5 metat tee Alm etc. Gms ae i z le fie cela alee’ beey Hay ort pmduwmy i Cayile, it vedas Me phon gth of ont : bo Ww) Hrgh ex posi (oo metat arc Conv i dO dy Heealt aly blog after eweidimg cocld fead in Caomy ot ver twwe\(d met Nigh cooling wak po Krak Auddim Corbvachon ot cond tent ip taking plac amd if Mad to veyidrat Sheng cond wees , w) Highiy afer bocotty aA tA FO UW mately ee Coun diffrent fo verphom ce werd ana lent hs :ROE rrr PrP Pre re EPEC OCC, nw e 2. 5 o ’ eA < Ye~ ¥ ~ ~~ ) / | 2 = by é ty : | _ i _t ¢ & - \ e Q. » & . oS ® 4 ~~ s = ™ 2 * a m~ ce) ~~ ; ; : 3 5 ° a. e c.4 S > a. a $ i x > a, 2 > 7 a > = x x 2 “ . : > . . x © Ss > » . > - ' 22 Tt Ay. Se 5 : aa ‘ ‘ ~ =“ s * » 5 c v 5 5 7" ~~ \ » * - = 3 ¥ ) J 4) 6 fer pty? fea... oe i s 7 ™ fh K o © a f . Q ' fF te | z cx ree Proqduad at ewmd at ne eld Bead ip Gillkd euler deteck > Keaien to Crete deizct§ aw GY Im correct torch amn@e uscd at cmd [be a ro ee Ehe wrcidine TUT Fe ore hy, J & Seattes ; eee Se Duving welding ope afee, duc & tHe fore of ard vu . oy flan Rome =f MM payviclu aujumenq fo Ceeid peol amd fat gq ot Othe avery ef pligle A mil d é Spatin — fleayoy toy Spatter difeck arr. GS} Maagnelc anc blow a I by &|\ Maw pula ton ef ferch synovemut f . an of Large Use ct cor low melding Cperd4 for we dug ot a thickuey 4 psiqhy ‘“) Excayive arc Lmgth. , ss \ < tec hae vd Une of dommp cictrodk - Bigh cellulose Coakd <'€°" TR Callid ay downg electrode 7 ow Excenme Converily; covet Cee eee aot WHLEOEGLE CCC Cd de dddddRiou few catemiver Covnvearbey defects ot ae Ue of lecar care Vaimg Speed cds thy oc RP Ovevpige of elechwode Cavvemt Condcliog cn ¥ ~ Et Comive Surfan poves ty : povonly Reayay for fpurface pore nrby at | aes Cldim 9 C1 Hy ont Che ep prey f ; j Powder (ev) el dima 65). PR bi (i) Ue of @ Gan a fluy Arc ow | SASAHAS Cre of bare edire elechodse daw p elecwead ee eye Sel dhaw 5 oe oe a2 fre ha vfaces withoctl pre beabing, e Q he of Rhee dimg GUA iW eae 4 e &g Suyga fe Croce : u : Z I 2 otgiengg eae . crate e ROOT ak en cam by Preduad a ee 7 ey € —— “t Preece of inkynat ie a © NEM EOL olve RAL. e —) Peay m4 fo ose eee Prepemee of ay PAbrely sas de bead 1% Emown “Slag Geld - Inclusion Cracte deck ay © G) WEL ding hrgh Ct PAArdi ovy maknial cha erchealims & @) High rigrdity of joint: . Gn in ; Je ing *t Ferrouy makrials coith Hay chiething q°p @ (iy) rg Jem geet Fevreuy Malena } ming Covbuwiai ng tone © ier tak defect e T ap © * Seq clearen : . ¢ e p Sing imtlary ESI Te thay rmtlesion titer! uae | OC) Ope of fore hand wel diag fer hag, ———————>~L¢- @) Im prop Cleamrng Ot Weld bead 14 mauler. beet pry ttl duay peer, (4) La correct feletioy et flan powdy, , sereneSSK oy Funton { a 75 — Porcn, fev lace of fearon det On 3 ‘ } te a GC) ry, Otel loveh, angle i) Legg Moun! of heat denen ction () Hrgh ae ies. q fee ding Spedy wy Tau Ht cen Cur eme cond loom ( Jeiming of devt fac twithow pchiclm, Piming + Wg h Fo amd hoh Mp mela wthout = Tn Completiu, filled groeve : Reason, fe vincempiek ty fiui ae. Ea SH) CV Mbuticrent heat avai lab, akjoimt | QW @) Excey ive land Ta comel ey &) eed Neu Yoot qer {y Gs) RiGiovs oft Lace rt fujtmMetal cutting amd Booth Roud - be . : J by Redford by Stem amd bathachany o Me Fook Ndi menving by Naag pak. a ( ; Erpeyi men hat Tuer tigals org by ue Ve eelenh aq. O at Metal Cutting ip proce of umaly ping maching for) medat fddddddce SWENVNO Val fenge Ce f< v delermmg force iy machining opera tio ieyee MMP Indued dev ng machin mq boot Ife, pown coms pti oy, ete Q — By Kmocoing forcen in mac hin Hae ng dity vequivement op machine tool Cam be epnimakd ae, By lenccuing PecDer Covyuunplrony duwing ma ching iki Porribte & 2abmak Capacity 4 prime mov vequitved m Machine lool: = By knowing Ramer induced duvine machining (es port ble bo 1am hetep eutting fool materrat, hot havdmeu kwne, of fool mataral a> hg induced Suring machining. Hae Hecrdiexs Temmpexatuet? Minimum lume, above cohich imcyeare try Loner cate Comidivabl veduction IN hardne of fosl maleviat for High Carbon flee! » Lend we at 30°C 2065 too°¢ ecey 200°C RCE aso RCo: — Hot and weap Lume ¢. . 26 0c aC6I cating foo] maleated Hot Havdwiy lemme pee Se eae H 8s —) 60d'c Conbidy 3 tooo'c F Ceyami(A+ (200° ¢ CON >= 2 Yood0'? i Ele to decide oer Ba Emowing leo! (de in macuamge . ib ip POM uk i) dohetin Hu mackning eitl “be Con ten eth ieye p \ ‘ . } ige ip availabtenhy, yemave materi ‘ « me 2. Katuad \q le pombk cutting | o a h ‘ \ v yriaae Wake Lin rth eng, planing 2 ‘ ‘ pe a bite too mane cite Rila hte © Vr s More Han one athe edge tp Anerera . smtyyt CULOAG Cel Wataiar trom ewenesets qulcemame Maton : foola Uped in Dri ling milling © PYA ormflauemceng amalyrp of machining © pera Lion \ Proper hep of wovlcpreae ma teyia | t- Mavdweay — ouctitity a dp MCTLEAAE of havdmey, Mm coorbpece, forces (YY WAC hming t Powe Cova erry p Kexy be Bs lene 4. amd tool life \. adh VNevtaret af duck lity forces AL VYEdUCI NG, Power Coma, cum pGey 4 Teane & Tool (ite a » é <—D ~ 9 4 3 3 n + ie Dace wk r cK rake Qangk (x, ) OT forcu Lb, Power | Tem @ J, Cutting alucd: ? ‘ w pe nt tt dd t444444444444% Th. hare puree sc of eying cettiag (urd A FO Cary awar heat a emerak t Meee \ q 4 duving : echo guy het om addifern tf alo ach ay furley | Cory WVHA Machin: Pri cluomoy ™Mevrgy- (O88, one dk, F Ort T . Poor ~ G Cowy cen p Moy 459% kwe J, amd tool lite q \“\ - AA “ | ‘—=__ A. Proce panameters \ hil am ¢ moth piece Tniewaction betwem, fool ond f won” Ex plaimed By pro C&M par amneleva Emowmn a4 proceu parvownelt vy, Avi nic xc © ¢ . C oo Hay th {c , ~~) COTM imoveaye of Speed, ALoarve of no chomgs \ ’ toot Lite te Speed, feed amd dept of Cub on 1 wh a we chi wie Pow 24 Commun pla omy a, bone 4 am a mayor cutting ed yd ldddddddda Tool a ome bray ; : a ak Ral face catty sonal 5 Ly te aes r ide 8 TOP vreed mMenoy Cute ng edge coheve Ky 2 back nate amgle oy: Side wake angle Oe 2 End relef Wrgt Op,2 Side vele( ange te” = “Ferd ening edge angle Cy > Side cutiong edge omgte “ YO fe yadiup. —) for “eat idem biticakioy of geome nic proper het of amgte Porat : n) hoy cutting tool, Hire baie inde pemden t pe perbe of 2 bo al tobe duigna ted by aging plamdard method cats H Tool | vy dureg notion co, T9001 pig nelere Amen com plo dard Anpocidlroy SH Hew peer Ap- Oe- 8, -Ce~ Cp -«| ON A-GH-8 [SF -AS - 002 =i = 2 =' | ) sgnndggaagaaaannnneen yy wT ze o om co rc M0 Fas Pa ion “ye uting edges ef Hur Ok. feu & +t fina ‘ of Machin ivy “ - - os See z of coit{ Become cartes, Rs <@ St? OAS com Gan l acdimsy et ameki m oes 4 BAL d.téicautt cs a oe ad ‘ bavd om Me Cmvenies& A ynict-.! iv “Guus ry - : Qsor, + o ree : ’ AsA ig kent gs et ment Can my wed mm descanialing became ts tony ro oth Flaud aud —s be wit 4 Unt arnnlasTe ~, Due ko uy WVU QUA deyrquia 1 ovy of tool VR Giv Cray y tt ail Notriy g ip Memhaned on aerqnation , ik rp ahewoads ayopumne dg ror qivem dearer Hon inp ASA Sas HOM ot durqnake re methods of se ea given toel cam be dergnaled by URING both, the bln angly Se signa toy “ theve must be a velalcoyahip 1p ening oe ASA and ore. < oh Tom oe, Gov fire : ‘| . we = oe = eR |g Cos A SINA es hones tan t = Sind + fanny, — COSA +, Tam Xy Tom & = CosA t Tamep + SNA: TAMA, , pa Sind —Cos x TAM j [om Xb = + =8SiNA CoS) ES Jom 4A ¢ nasa ond Ah ore Convers om 3% anda pavamctn tram Ot ay | Cot Op s Sina —Cosp a en | oe t cot Ge ; Cosa gna ee Tome tot e,| ye C08 = S44 a SIE oa Senn Cot Ge Tom Ge! gas conver pro et 5 oma ef parawne kt trom do ai. OP Ba fone ASA ® O88 Ce (484) = Ce Cons) ds =to -* aie HC ASA) = 1 CORS). Ay CASA) ax (ors)LYNRS Syl * jovrnad Rarjee Syste ! [=e] cwohere oy Dormer vor [ee ong te Ons Mormot _— Pegs Ki > Tow! (Tame - cast) oy = Tow! ( Tom @,! = ces ¢ Thomb rule: ey (ORS) BF Xu CAsA) ee Ef fect of tool fee mele on machining ¢ ()Bace vale angle (%o) ? chip plod x, T Skremg th v 7 Force @ | ae Powe Me Tool life: > > Tatall tool 1p failuring beog of lace of plremgth, eo Comsideved an abnormal failuve of tool, pach failures eae be CM Erdered a bool falure Crikeria. > On Hur other hand with mereare of Xb, 4 He fox ce) oy Machning +, bol wean is 4, bool lepe is = [save evel hace —) -+ve rake 1p Hu je Puy pore lacie Yones amg. Ax x, fs es ees Res Be: We Ke Be: ez Pe oe: Nee: Yes pe WN Wen Wea We aa » Sheng th . a — d 5 Par reduckoy iy phyengin of too\ ip weg ‘gh. jut abno tat foul ue of book cori) OCLUAs To avasd ty maxp +ve back vate amgk tued ip 4stae ti me ] ay O* wake anale uw aped d J RB wpe ay VAC hing of bray coor f prices ern Algo dering thread cat ting operation - ~) Ty gene vet\ vq Ke onnglt ip wot pea 2s the par {aee finn h pre dutid * Tnx work ertc. Ouvi ig mach) ing <2 bray evort precess Bere j fhe omale froduad Survfat ne IK betty Our to { BEAL Lo graphic plucturne of broom. ty During item cutting operation costh we ya ke amt, Have ta % Fideward flow of chip from yalce places tatcung peace py WOH tq fo pheor offp thrid eohiel euilt mater FU weaken ng Tye ady =| xy mq Myread cut ing eal h “O° Wate ang: chip tk direct Oy l4hng Upword, evey home amount 4 Chips flowing quae wend, t. 260 Huye ip no eweathio ng of Havead 1p Falevg plac: em vot fee am gle \R wird dur "ng ny ead beem ptavked Or cot ny th Hat Invemleay of ~) the Unag e of awe YQke amalas hou weak rx WMAion- te wsed ip upto ie only: be st pecem e very av2 Ver yond bay hgh Carbide tool, because Hey Sine mar —v bace rake Ong Increase In force amd Pow Bis) Side rate amgle > (%% Ant Sheemg th L | shi ght eA Comm wn pm ee forceK powey Tool life F qe amocmt of chip beudimg im tortt —3 wrth merece of Xp a drvecho of ved AEE Cf. w) (w) End amd he ely sags ay cas = a4 an Wor) coutley Provide bo aveid ce y feel ond works 4H wel@ > Cay erg | i € heh A g 5 \ f Tam Cn Cébte ny / | 44 ? A Cx bev ch oh HH £ / ¢ { é ¢ { fae oll be amewud ay poor Serr ioe sh ich whe s f- feed on mmanfrey 4.6 Side amd aad ca Feng ed gi angle, é a sow o Cot > Reh «9 Suwfae frauen beth Ce F 9 Ref 4 Sum hen Ge fricah tp POoY Na Guey mach ning op rakioy bow qc ran 3 avrface trninh he varlecs of Gwmd cE amg le Wicat be ay 1 powmible Ad side GE amg Wiest Be G4 haus, poaachle 4) SOFC Fadiup 4 (n) panneaiidddddddddddaaaaaananHie type of force applied onto Hur lager 1p Comnpresive fore in lager coor. ma lenial- 4 bool, becauge it tp aching onto the layen it induces ghean shacy Ey Oy Aumtur applicatumy of fore by Hing Lool amd mov ng fie ling pheaa cheng maiuad Bry Hk layer of Wore ma karia\ tp iNCTE OA TA Canty Vb uoudly f that ab pome pommel fa bheay Slyremy induced will ¢ beco > me Sb ule & Shea Skene of work malenial, Hae ‘ prea or pas 1h Phoawle 4 fa king plate gt the Hp of the ‘ pro pega ting fowoandy dre Aura ce Called ay : Peas tig actos ' « 4 Due fb Raning action ib Produces Phean plane. Prom tu above | tut mechani b which chip 4 u E ‘ ‘ hy 'p format oy bakin tact hn it RG tases ; a J plac ip t ANIM P boo! amd ip t Dawtng machining of decetile wna lerral bee, 54 hig be forig hne tha Cracio cave fr pa gation (ov) Emayay eave propagating cui be b abtorbed S Wor bpice ma leriat and getting digappear aoe cohe ve iY) tle ' { . 4 Middle So trot Conlmenty of chip CL be mau towed 2b te 1 \ é yp Bide Mena produta Conkmuocy chipr during macnning of fo fe amd ductile cvoy epirtey f ee machining of hand and bribtte coor le pie cy heog of low toe ghiney, HAL marge wave oo Crack enue Can Pr pagak upho dele peerface capi ly. Muace ar chip ip becoming dig Coy hnnory and dip comtmuo ches au prodund during machining of hard amd pwdtte Worb Ore Cot a a a a ee a a ee a Y0 "Na y : ne : J machonng operation aluony, mew chiph oF powdered parbely BVT t pred 1d, there panticler > Wis jon te Ht rath fc. of fous Qad a ; uy 4 cy get ear { te tu hiqn Pn eM\Vivon nom t rricro chi pp (om) Po Wd eve deved Parti ote Aun adweved Cows wel diag m bo Hu Yate foe of du : : tool caltsed mH 6ailt ap edge fovr atroy a oH y ch Thip Be € forma toy call) balcumg place oly Caleta Connors Migs pala d TO e : ~ipn \mnedia kl uy Cone of dipconti, chip aj and coh chip tp ke cening \\- ih : ; : A. pr ata H>¥0 a9 NY al oay From 4x mae kining 2 ow fo Paab mere chips D tHyvo & vs Away ond no odhuying yp ba ting plat co ‘ a why | P COWEVE GA Oot, chips, beay chip m moving Con WNUowly tc alee face of fool Contiyuocily, microchips Ae moving oy You ) ~ Pue to BveE For mation , ik ts not atloewing va es 4 ; fo wean out, hema fool (te ih incveaatng, bat dur fe formalioy of i nol ite Ih Incvecity f€2Ce aud getting adhuyed Rome coheve om 0 en face ace Of He. fool which MUE4Y Boe furfaa fenish 4 ate Jat of fool 1p damaging ws fre & eoy tor ck iN Ma chron amd pe weA Cau plion Pa Ye, eek, ee PeeYP oy contd DPA Gendyy, — 3 4OuA Chi ‘ en cohen i . . TNR OIIEN. ony ay Beg place af higher Speed, chy ve locity TA al Yeah : ‘oY gh and chip ig getting Cewling wry lan ges vad ly v ewheve ve oy col, mach ning va bq bg piace qth lew velautrey | Specd ; es z cas J Hee chip i¢ ako leo amd cher, geting curly cout A Amaltey kad. eohoy Ho ee 1K. taletng plat Remal by Todi 4h aM oom | of bem tng taking place ~ chip wh large, Rick = eu? “hea, Pa ahveady Pram om Chien Nay propagqa& Y wad ecomeuwkd ml der Combinuoes Chi fhr 4 During mac hing covth Ematt vate amg, dun foyees mducad rn Wigher, Hac Magn: tu de ef wey gy qoave Prope gating akong ty toe Pheonssplanie, Vk TMovearing, [emcee Chameu ot propabmy ANAM Gy GOAVe —etpls Fur Ruy fa Ce Waertehing. As Hu met chip Harciemems in Imcreaaing, + fore cnducd duving machining aM AN CVEAANNG, FO Haat wagqrtud. ef mea Ty ewave tf MC veeuing eohich premo tu pu propagate A omirgy cave upto fu Rurfau — ouring machinin g operate colakuan energy buppleed 40% machming of Bimoaly conver kd mte brat omar ©: youre ener of Chip coil be Wighu, Due fe Sa’ Clrneay Hevmal vee eWip vy getting expandung - cohom Cutting fluid Suppltd inte machin 4 Zane , ewwhakum heat availabe ® chip cath be Cammed Quay be Cutting flud 1 Chep fer oh veducing and chip ta gelling cahat cow ™ Bhort duration of fme, Chip iy getting et ponding and emtvackmy , 60 rat Daving erpowwian and Contverkey oy rach) cohich an alweady projet in chie may get propaga kd and Conver fur chip rate deacon kur,P WEPEE EEE ERE rrr rrr rrr rere ree” | . 4,tata befhes thes Wel atl al a° | tis cutbrng ede a th met EM Ty obl.que. Machining : i ' wn Low that {4 1 clouty vector the PEE d | W\dge Can be yesolued Ite ee een ee I Fr Cop® = Fa 3 Antal com ponem | 1 Sine + Fm 3 Nadal Comporumt a4 foray ane » Frow thy, in oblique machin “it 5 Comnpernam oe Achy i-e fc, fa amd es ’ it ao catkid ay BO moch MIN y — Bea, Hive kK no drvect methods art available 4or tu ge of Oblraut machining operqloy , Hu Oblique ma Aang pe (play Om be converled into orthogmat and amelyse Cee orthagenes Ame lyaen of bh a ov ogonat machining | let 2 = O¢> Rater omg le = ~E CASA) = Cons) ae 2 GM cut chi pthic Ry ey \s t, = chip thick nen (ov) & 1 Thickneny et chip aftey mach E iddddddddt§dadadaaaaaan ming oh ae 4: Chip thicken ey YaHO (ew) “e cutting ~aHO (rd chip equiValun- a] peace Ei Js ah Eee [<> & = chip veduchey 4 4 Co-ef fr ciemt b,, b, = width of chip before amd af kn wre chive Leja, = eg ee ee ee yevolution before amd afttry t7 2 machina —_ yeloaby (ov) nelabve veloc ky bee Lewenny oF tool amd coor lt pre cet ‘r Nip flow velocity (er) chip veloc bey cory Relative shed Veloeite betwem thie amd tool e Vac & hy wr) Relative as % Sheay velocity (ry) shear plome veloaky * Velocity belwemy chip oma wot pice lint Hu Co-efficcemt of frichon be Fweem Chip es a = Tom Bp e . fricten amale: cr) Prog mo ¢ = shear amgle Gri shear plome omg Cr) Angle vrade by Bhean Plome es-v.t catting velou ky ~vyector Appurm pions tn ortnegenal Analyse : Ky Every wrakriat cohith '% amdrrgoing machining oy evabro, ip Compidered «4 incomeremibe malik liens orfere avoleme aten d @) eid of Chip 1» auuwed te be yumainy Conptomt beforc om” at hr chin: 4 machin mg, etc A Com prenive force applied by Exp of tool ts actimy Alon lumgin devection, Hu makarcad op geting com prearan m bmgth divectcoy and volume Th ve ducing - whakuen Hu vol, 1% veduad ™ Grugty diyection hoy & be mcveatd ekhu in Hackenew divectimn ov m Hu with dvection- —! Bcoy Vrftaua ot ved by vrxleaiat mn wxdhr dereckion ts hughn = Hrom Hu veattame of fered by fu makwat m thictme divecteon dus to width op much high Fran Ku ticle, , whakuma Hu vole is fo bemeviand ux incy coutny. a tm Harctnen deveckow heme esidth of Chip 1p Yewsus cary fou FeVal befove 6 ee woheve ee lengtty of shea plome ae-$ ah . 4 A “Aas eee qo- Ed tt Sin C10-Cgh-01) = TAG ee =q0-(¢4¢-«) AS: Ly = - Ces (4¢-«) equabars © om 4) uh z a “Simp CesC q-n) Sin ch: thickmey Yah P= as = P aa ty Cos (g-x) durdd by Cos g r- Sing [coed _ Tom¢ — 3 Min sien ieee ith, fo s@-«) [cos¢ Cosa From 6 -S in ¥ Cosa tm boun g -Sinn = Tom $ > cas Froud = 1 Eamp. Snr > 4 4al \ ee SS Wear Omaglr + wf Cn ) ay ) mn Casa we ol T J a, Aepljns Sin rut Veo we {- 5 3in enn on o on (rg -0 46° #44 Nomad S11) (46 ‘ . - ; Cdq-ay sin e = a) ) mi 4 Sem (16-6 Na Ve ae? CosCq-n) ‘Sing Cost Vo Vy CosC get) Sin Cos¢c g-a) Yo Fortes inducd during machummng chip Let > prickena| force acimy ™ chip - tool mlexfae (= Fora novmat to He frichonal force Fy ghea, force achng ahong phean plawx to be pheaing talce plae Fevce norma bo pheor force =) F, My ei ine ackwal fForca + Thue ar Comite BE Wwuyunad se Oring a iv bwuwunts So We ant dividim g every Fovcr fot and ver bicad tome onun & eon} (ow) com ch ane athag in machininng operation — an atime in dyn om € omy ventoved into Novi Zon ay four athuet for Cer Com't be Mitajurabte be cane enuivenmunt . *% Fach and even attial force © tbo 2 compoumy fe horigented amd vert Cot Com porn T A forensPenny fol o hor gpontor bs fers \ ai con addons 4 ‘ ane be t 4 alge bya ; set and thrust fow ee Us me . te cuttine au ~ fora Bepavalt { a) of hoviar- ; \ yaic BUM f Hori beat Com penem t force (or) A gs b i" oviaom r* e . Lo > ackual Orcep g. tat compo & a 4+ j cabled 4 tThrujt fore - CFr) aum ot yea cot ve Sr lan bra f= vermcet com porn t fore (ory Alot = ee ; 4 at tuo for cry, also Cantu j Covn Panem Y of force . (Che) ~) Gut Ff, amd Fe athng in mutuaky | plome- Wen ce ib Com be merajuvake, + cy) 1 prom Hurabove g achiot foreet whrch an acing mtu ma if are uped for amalynp bat Com't be Meaiurabl. Whiye 4 tied meawmaba fore Which ox Mmearund im machmny opuales Com't be ced for amatungn ot machining - rh ip tequired Dm Ulablsh relation belwoum meaurabk and ackuey fereu. — So Hirt duving attuat mocking , Meourabi forcu Conn Me aUre, By wing wirajsuvabu force, , achat ford Com be Calcutated ee ey Cun Hux ackrar fortes. Analyrrp ot meacthumng Cam be done for establis himg yv2lation bh — +« Set = Sete Sea <=> Freie. 2 iam = =~ =. = za . = em, F>a= eet Sele A er en eine ei ese — Ge 2 se See ape Hee ee, a > ~Y Boeck), -ter® Bigotry fe cher Theatres -, Sew ys han irene Tins Se cliew Ae roe a vgn Add ggis ths ssbb saan \= apePheekkeeenee reer kr cririiihy_ Se Eto Sz = Sx 7 xX —— - ™~ = = «xx 4 _ y - . a 7" = —_= &<«~. an ~ - 2 oe = =e ~ Tas a =x Ve c as st ¢ss—2 Ve i; : orem (pet dew Gr} T= ty =@ - 4 TA, Co s(hmpeWe t- StF FS CEOS gatieneXp +6 - * qo° | j». TOLK ie ftp hE »y - itlhteias. Shean amqle for ms) wy ow) wore done (oc) « ghu 2 »y Mevaham! Crilerta fov mm epork for} merxcham e angle fil ~ p= Tie-f fe ae Dy Lee and phaffer : 04 © ¥ er Luc amd Ahatter Wied bo validalé 4 Py —) Af tw merchant, ep puccemoy 4 m > dus mercham t'p shear ang ve lalioy Havoug h en peri mention, : 4 ae tbe fated prooumy some OF/. amd tHury duvive OnoHr Dy equats my tovough er pers mumtaliay ig fap = 145" ea Sltabley ‘ | % = Simul tomboughy plabbl ato Imed bo vabdak He wnerchamt'A pheaa amgl. vtlabtion but he abo. Sarid prooved bus ament hola yvelakin amd devived amotunr equstee —o— Cm = Mexvchoamt coutemt ov) machi ning = (067. 2 9¢H OM it Cm = 3G 5B =o ~ Tate 2 D ew 790 7 T42TU=) Neu? (007. 9 Tyneomwhe 240, 4 r7tu 2) Nev cloot 7 powriba and achaal > prom dx abover -macuming Coy tort Com) 10 bay Cott, uaed for rtunhhyng magnitude af sleor plremg andu Cod dunia be machin amd efticeemeng of emerg atitigetoay dare mackuang Contam es RAR 4A ; aaa 4 { - ~) SOW ey in e490" for SUNG 1° yedualan im’ Cm from 70%, Neatly - Ls, Ve derelron m ue e@ Hi cremey ot CMEV uh (ako) d fe ey plan torhey Cm S85" 3 Oeduilien 1 Cy =TO-65 = 8S ME = (00-a&5 2395 SPE Cr fic cee tng meray . pe it The energy Yeqtttred -foy on a UMW Vo lene of makvial from tua COOTR PIR Ce te Callid ay speci Fie 6 Rr. oe f, 232 § Re age Ss enn han Fo 3 647 Fet, Eyl y nie oe Fa — a7). a ae #. Wer) Gt: Heat genera bon duning machnmg } fecovdang to wt law of TD CO cp mmmply Convenes hakuen He UETAY Bu poled for machining operation mt yuot ~ Im Hue primary to dewing mach mg wpernkin Vedluny Ehanng ackoo yp ba leimgs t - Pina bond bm sf = and UL ag gettie = OF Rent Qemenatrd in ; t Gated o way ae 44444444440000 1, ( Meares 4-4, mary, by thre amd Amath omen of one at bro Owubivred te COST prec, pe ime eG Recon savy W2, tHe emengy tupplicd tp Cconvueviad inbo haak Bere) Bios oh preyute f friction ab Hu chip- tool mlecfats me. AbGut o- Soh of emiengy Bupplitd tp comverted m ko as kmergy im He pecondany Was “Y Out et Wiak Qmerakid in Secondary WZ, Mart um oumk "K Cawned away by chip amd aman amouml th In ow ferred to tool —Hirerteary Wg , emavgy supplied tp convenid inte ole Sway, bCo, ot PTUOMea at trichon ak Hu tol -—wor [e Myler fa an F About S-tok ot wring buepled ip Cmowtd (to Wage me Kay i) Ter Hany Hea ~) OuE of fur heat generak on levhary Ha, man, amount y pet AMY PY WOTkPILCE and aAmart amount \p \wow fore tool, pie sk Under Ore machining eondibroy cwhaltun Hu heal eee tn 3 dones will be Cavyied away by 3 elewumh Llitce chee, PEE Ze = a... 4s hddad Goorlepicce amd fool in tues or ovdur Hops we COW 2 48-24 tur) G meg af Chip 4 wertprece ¢ rast’) 4 4 h ae nae v-9y e [kab cavred by ( Hee — C chee 4 tip) ~s cu hare ae erdé ny of heat gemeratd eS0rle Piece, ty Carried byt Weak Cavvred | chip WCtlea) Mele XoT 3 a C\-a) ar s Otte, eee A m Cp fxVKCp s Fev ye x Ct-a) §% Ak YER Cp % At = “Fexr€t-a) fucp AT 4 Roowg lone = Tense ! ~ 8y Eno wing tur tome, of chip, Lf sk 1p going Very Yvon to Pee melting” emer of workpiece makaias, Haz Chomes of camaro: ol | Chig 3 tool ip ineveasmng: Te avoid Hay introduc te, Fudtere | Fluids during mathiming operatkeon (or) adyast proory para— melera puch Hrat how: aA chip Ip wei blows bn enel ing porn fewer. 4 work makria4 7 Beog at tir 2 buat gonry ore mettung at aneounetion costnd of HP Of fxr tool, tue temp, of Hp of tool ail! pecovne. VEY high. Ty Clay Lemp, goes beyond Hot awd nur bump, of tool roaleriaty Hu plostic deformation failure of tool wilt be occuving 4 TO audid thay it requived to truosuve lemme, of Me ot ea Omd Dade oy HARE T ETN Teemmmme me ty Ac taaky ft CGY feel wnatevat, a : + ib tre 2 raed~~, big \ LA | ‘ e oof VE due ty thre \ , a ee = q " { 4 \ ; Mo Ce A plaad mirdk « Nok . + Wie : : f a I a Ye - ¢ ¥ “ — ' Dany q rv ny PMetin me, ok He tool tn #® amd f « dh te verre s é t ae ; Rey x 3 Betweey OO Vumnroa — : « Bo thet ens gemorate 1 Cireust Th & t& He tome. d i Str Uli: ot. teal tuor tug MeCouple mute d art € : ak ob tower ee) wey OAR Gumivety wid for wuciuvermnentl Ff ¥ Acurya lely. ¥ a ; a rE of Lemp, of eA aetnwa 'B toed for meayerememt of kumi 9 f oo | ELationary pen my beat not for moving or yokatag toe a ; y Se \p omy eu oF ory q g & Oph cat Pytomely, e , — @ seats aE 7D Pyromety m non —~Cconbact ty pe et Heaney, Mtasering &q Ure ey 5 , eG aecura ble : hich oath be Cred for Mun\uNewut ct high kw Py), acanra bby ‘ ~ Paring ANG + Tifamramn aklocs Romig y YORU Th 4 ’ 1 Ter roe 1$06 - goo’. HHemce tre pre YOYMEHAA Oe 8 Px « Yequived fo, Wiaseremnent of highe TA c 3. Calerime ty; C Setup - « 2 tamen +t FP Calorvrimgtearc Setup med fy mranuvmnt of ‘ : ( meving Cr) rotating type of Eaola i td ( Too| failare : ’ —t = conemenves fool) i, vol per for Ming fas Mec hin Aaks facts ily + it ( anumed that tre wel The pmMowiky wed foy Hdembtying Har mach q Operatia har hem, farled Rats fatboy ney of — ng Onlime arr 9 She Sa Daring ma chining ef machming, Har machued MNVOY pur fac, optiak o ak Hy heqrncy Gurd2e observed lire Af kA gown time of ymach ning Huy Hau: ‘ oar obaaaved op fur fav will indi cake taak pura te NMA A ) a) fouph iy got reduced quar maolnrng (6 not satisfactory a AMowmed Hrat fol Wor got Aarked. a> Force 5 hy = ee Conneckmy deynamomel to mache, Hur forces 19 machineng © "Te raced im force! AF co tinuoaly amd chintve bp omuwmtd Hack atl be wmecyured doumd to be > 15-20% from mittat valus it t tool hey bem failed. Be Pow Comumplo™ 8 eo oak ee Ap tae pow, come plron 1g, carremt dawn by motor ip ty, which ip meanured by comnectkemg ammulta to fr Ynpat of elechrcat motor, ao Haak cluuue imcereaac mm Cuvee | dy ace m by Metor ip > Is-s04+ of mnihal Valacik tp au umed Hak fool har bem -farled. ¢- Color of Chip & ae ae pocve, Comom plow nt, eva gem evakion ia f, ewheh mereares men of Chip and Color of chip coill be chang ~ . noymat mashing operation, Hu Colov of Chip 1p found fo be metallic (1 light blur color, so Hrat coher color of Fool ha, bem faild rt Chip te found Het place ter) burnt Color itis amumed tat S- Cp: Dewi ng machining ot high Carbon eworlkprece, , bmw coh. & Coley gue ont ebserved tkig ayumcd that tool > fodluy . — BCog due friluve of fool, luat qenerolioy ond tewate a high: Ab high kwne 'C preaemb om He puafam of Work piece tourly Cov lotr with op eT Ueat ry ot Sun, produad ‘cd pie * Suey 4 whi & color gDl tee & i _— ao & teres De oo 2 Miers =e ~ : = = < = 2D ates 2S 4 i a i 4 4 4 ) 4 \ } \ \ ‘ \ ” i ee ee 7 2 7 “Stee Layee = Sexi ae = See ee eet: a fai pem qe ford swlisne, > hs oe ctl odio — | Dy chee of tee Foot Ulee 2 Crnlen ig called Crqhh coray : ylee Yeorons fox forming Crab, GWlay art * ( preeme ct frictie af Bu chi p- tool rahe face 2 (b) Abranwe ack of mic Cimps Present ak He chig- tee! > z mirface 2 <) Abrayax ache, of fra Grane ct BCE proemt ak Mu chip- te] inkerfac ae CQ Some Grme beeg ef Presemce of atemic atwackom belaserm atomapz }e Ceumive vreeann&h o — The no-ef preas prodiitid bitweey two pucemtve reg : cutting tool pestenrted toot lige Cm mam producio ) <5 Woulaee tal mete ol Gewiisudd bekwweany ROO AUCeHIVE vegquen dy + tating fool Ag bosatyd tool Life. (IM vough machin yg ) fatoy, mflumerg toot {ige § (@) preperties of coork piece + et PR ~) WH atneveore ef Wordned, force in see Maddie wt T. Tool aseo4 yt amd tool Lr feap 4 ~ with meeae ty ductlby He for cepts machng art veduUcing , HAR Heol wear ip redecerng ashes) Late #, » Gut tree ip no quembbahve veiahonnhio ca tris limy eu Chu dey Propertta 4 mad tool lit 7. Sack Ya ke any (op) ; oi Sen os. weet Upe of Oe laid « > pees. si Ee ure of cutting 4uid doy Ces IN mathiming l < Operabion antl be veducing , beck fool eoeorrp te amd Fool tee th 4 =) Due bo uxage o4 cutting (luid, TL iy by alouk 85-407. Secale par cm elev rp . (vd a) a Bea process paranne ay ave amiqut, OL apes itative rela tiow hip bebuwenn He proc pavounse VA amd Fool Mite eplabliphed. out of ux proce paroun cle Taylor han curcumed Moe “a ae udloaty pe Majer grreme™ eohech 1p inflarmeing Ma tL- _vE + Uc eatabliphed t+ xela Howrhip bebe enn eatking vcloce bey amd fool lft cated 04 Taylors fool ite equation z coheve Wie cutting velenertey ro[ min Tool Ute im awn er\ 10 of Pieced wr) volume of makntal yennovcd Cr Taylors Conptame ee) cutting veloc by for Vm kool i fe- expowem & which depen tol ne: taylors makriat- Nz 005 to Ol 9 High cav hon plet fol = @ | 0 6-1 =) USP =02 to OF 4 Conbider = oq 9-6 3 Ceramry 4 op. to 04 > Dramend | CON— hey on Fag loy Was found frat aut 3 promy Carawekr M¢ttun ems thee toot te be utablalal dua quanti tative vec halons hp be tevenny _ PPP PPE PEr rr EErEraaas) NRA 3 proceer PMomete am d tool (fe Cotted oy meds fred tay levy tool he equations Rs 1 2 z vrr4d = Conplam t wheve { a feat rong | YO? d= dept of tub mmm %V= Cornptant Oa <4 Pr YL te Seoveouing order of mmg(uemce of Proce parancts fool Life ats Speed feed am d dept et cut ae Machtna bility of Se The eaue with which machining fags ove ptece Cam be done ip caliid of machina bility, eohem move Man me cworleprece cx givem Conduct machining exp, on He Work precy amd Atmilour Condition amd Meare Wf é ; é ce me of following paromelr payed og Hy machinability of “ala Cam be Compound oar ease ahaa oy Onder similar Cond ovy ot mackuamg oir edorepece om cOhich bebten scrfacye fmiah coil produce ls cots dexed ao bebe machina bility evork piece. (b) Tool (ite. Und pemlor coud, ewore prea ~ whyre lh high fool = [te ip obtawmed yp eompideved © hetrer senactamnetta ob ov prece- (ce) Powe & forces & OnE (ler. cond: tw, ot; wrachning 1 WY Pree onwhich fora omd posed commtumploy i ley ik (A emu Piok it op oo bebe enachinabrlity wWorh pit ce.me * baat a | een g YY 5 ta. boas amdn (len cndiliay ot avs cegyinty 1 lnwen Tee wilt wmdicate better machi na bility, ‘ si x : — ois [tan conditioy of machining hig he, flo machina bili by My | em ot cred an Hu qvovle picce p Trdy Ca be prt ia aby Prim ATE cumoval ral % wm hy ten Condit nigh Hat MER, , mIP>y indicaly bebo machinabi |i Hy. ay 2 ~— — ait, : During machining, vt Dip Cmte ehie4 product, ee kb yndicales better machinabili ky cable only eohun- mere thas me © pe Machinalalsby ef give um dn + the above method rp pel Horie Picer me worle pte & 8 geen: re ip, tt only Wor le prece defined 4 SONI machinail: ty Aden Machinability ind = —t achi ma bility et Va Va : catRng veloc ty tery Go min tool tem lee wet Vy = GV for 6o min tool hte ™M plamndard Gok prea. f the free machintng peel @) {vex cu teing gal fF falom flamdand workprece. er Ab He Hw ditindion A ME, vp OMe colnich hos Hee tight machina bili ty ar gkamdevd wovlepice 4 Any plex vit up te Haak {vet Cabling piel lrumce ik hoy kale stern found O-0S}. - sulphuw 0-oS!. = 0 No4 porto gwqt —lead ip cathhd ¥ free Cubing qleel. + rom Hr above 2 aot kh mmeveans tus ee ee sulehar, Pheitrore —) qe addibey of Gate . beyond pws, coll eo imereorty Hn machinabi lity, ck intr conty, byktw vad of worle ere and Cont Cento te pheel ddtioy 4 Sulphur, plesporoy , lea be ured 4oy wg Len appl ccliny- abs Petia, ~ Addiim ef lad? EY CUO Incready senachinab ibe: mMep of phecl dy-oy Ft COMA,a eS Ada, roy of Bilteey allo rmprover thu mache bili Fy par rae Q iw ek a ; nen Ee Wyeretamia by Lhy coi neweane of S 14 Leys —y A Ap On foday , Valeur of MT = amu value , becaie frie Om NOW mate —____ } a 4 ARAIQU ax aquala bee, which War amachma hi li by betig anam free cutting f feet ~ To define due maceli ne bility asa abroluk valur, fe UM umivero et Mee Wma bility iy dex) % aped + = Fe Cos Ch +p) Fp —p— neath St machine 7 Dekrminchion of Oplimum proau paronulip for a GPM ecmomie Crilevia of “machining ip Called 4 SEO OVNI et machrming- ~~) Out of tre 3 proc prramely k, cutting welooilty vb eo Gohech Hak night inploum ce m te machining Condi ovy oe ky requived to dektrmime optimem, cutting uclocily Toes GUM comanie eviktvia A MACIMn 4. @) Minimew Copt Crilevia % ) Marimam preduckoy wat ewilevia® ©) Mawmeuy profil Cvikeviat e) optr. Cuthiong veloc ty for Mim cost Crrberia y r Totof . C HC GC : us £C Cont Wes trompat « lea Ly & creel Ces te hg : Mata 4 dum to vf Suppor! = “ | on = a “i at oy 4 = = Gos perke, 2 Oak of alove cong San mach ming we toolmg coqk will be wmf Gimad La ting velouity amd of ce ity willl be Complered af Yemainy Camtomt trv pective ef Gy ie Ky + Om + Cy chert "Coy Hackneng cont Cw = aa 1 bwy yyfr »y coh eve i Ling tr Com pomeme ly be wae himed »y f= tad \oooNn a. 8 d ae Dp % ee (Tp Py Cry = OE aim Py (000 tV I , Con of Se 2 Cory Toaling copt an Tin x Cq ie pe ‘ Vip t Cg: copt of vegrin ding the tool — Vv one Hyme (er) cont of one cutting edg ¢ dit ‘pa throw awor type of HP of Hu teol» tol ~ Kteoeg v } x Cq cay Ping fobx Wie ey a 4 Iboof (cym x | 7 ¢ Total cope = ty + S06 yi + SOE? «4 F (ooo £ V 1000 ¢ co” 7 ON mevtose of cating veloc ty, Tot gt cose 4 Compournl bo Breduced ip Yeducing fer t ond Incw toring, whereun Tofat gut TR Wientmunr tr Corres, cating yeloaly wh taLud ” optimauy Pa a e7 velor ty ” 4 for ap hmeam cutting velou hy d Cte). iy s Machme Labouy Ch ary ge in Yapey [mivy “9 Ea SKE ot Te arn Limy tur foo! wu Hmt = c * (s YY vs sa) time ay > Mies. | ek ° AANA ols a ) La ee ee tefe. () opti ae oT veloc Z an toy Mary, Pre ductoy Cri levia? Total time - ay 4 cre ei¥ Pee Tr + Te T zp fet Re es) ee Gre moun” -T — Lood f on " “| Toteat Hw = Need G0 a oe mite. loo ¢ v (Ooe4 ov > for mim tetet Hme dct |\ Ca jung Brrecg Cedi, & A ripper de am ot OE } ea wt ud COAL io ¢ Ste, tre the 2 amet Cl COR pO ORE EO AGIOS Fe, eel % Virw “g errs fo Ot ty va ¢ a “ tint x ttn te Sexi omenrtaraeaaatettn —_—- ™ \x :=e & ‘ a ( tha ghey Ark Venmatuny *S tec hruety are amg 4 ha changing Aint _ ehtecktue vale amd veleq angle ie yee {ed Due to the bettmg of Hur lool ahove (tu ambre bus of coor? (ta CAS. ¢ Heotive alee omg p moveasing , due bo te forces mi na clung \p reducing, Powe Comim pow ip and fool (Life tp (ceo 8B i YR U€deotimg tala amgiz, due bo fy, He ehomcys ot vuhbmq eH tool cotth asvlepicce if MeO a, “I from diag youn 3n Oy a: 0, 2 Sint (ey Gea =O.- 6 > Duwing pawting Ct operation covth acting ot tool above He Com bye Line of workpiece , ay the tool ip procerdeng foewan ds Hu Gm bre ¢ 4 « « % Ke = Xp Sy 5 toenthon gl of pel th remainy forme bat off pet amg uth increuny Ay due to tity effective relict ange ip veducing conbnuou Ly go Mat at fome pont, effective rvelreg oungle aol become gino. and too | ‘p Bimoly Oo, ont Hu eoorbhpiece wothoug doing ai mathusim Comerponding vadien ip tae ay el Cee RO) Oe 8s Gc = 04 Sin ey Sm 6¢ = Sf R 4s gh.) 208 + p'-22' ey * Sine o 6 © Kyoto, Be 276 , D=Somm, 4 ssmm Cabove) mm Parting oy @) eftective xqter amd velres omg t at vegriming. ) whet iB Ht diameun eotere tool 'p subbing om bo COOYE Plece wi Mhouk doing mach ang: Cy) (a4 an @, «enlts “rus 7 2 = 6 =< Sin a5 aaa ( Fe “be * to" 4 os Ca. =£ bre xAt Vubbi veg Oce 8 O * Oe a © Oo; an ©, in @ Ca al e's ab 5 ; gan 6° (® bol kip ip below away of core 4 Oy Si" (Ss Khe rep: oY Lida A Gee Oat Oy =) tohew fae fool ip ME beloc He comlve Line of COOr Ke prcee (a) Effective rater amg ls Ip veducing, dur todky force ond pour Consuwm ptm ip tb amd tool (fe pd. he the tool rp becommg Blom Nery fant: th) FHeckive ree om gt pH IMevearing, det to Hy tot vabbing atkow beleweem tool omd workpiece ip Complrkly ehminaled — > Bagre povoume levp vequaved foy Hr omalnin at orthegmal Machin, ———— “ ———— on () Ralee amgle ce) = (2) umcet chip farcemey (t,) (s\ width of curt Cb) (4) cutting force C.F) (©) dhwut foree CF) Saddaddd dtd. £25 ; OF {IF {id one givem cee if dp Wm Qi a f qivey ti-f pal fw a givey i be @ ae it —o— ARGOb| 4 ' \q We Machining S . . " 4A 4 “eco there tp Ho divect methods aac avai lable foy ; | | wo hla 2 Wralynin ; obtgue enacting operalen , ObLIGELA Maahining prohle CU be Nhe OV 99 omar Wa chiniyy awd omMotuse th ay orthag ovvar = Machin probuay , S fer tu Comverprony il ip vequived bo dekewrmine tae above § paranilys oO Shaping a plaming ¥ ont Shaping v Phong * Single Porn « athng hoo | Ob Loe machining operation, iF ip to be Conver led ivy by Big rome Suttivig too| orthog erat mac huMing opejaton , \ WS Xb CASA) = lors) » (= feosa , i Sin Cy »(b): a a) . COSA Sin Cx = TM) Chas of ob que machining Ope ration ra TR Por bi to meayuve Hn 3 Companum ot fore WW 3 matecaleyy tan planes, q (Fe)= lavg ent Joven = Remco Fas Merk largest Fr COSA Fre pmo « Fy sma ~ fe » fH Fos a 2 fA (Fy) Cosa Sim) I Makwiat yvemoval yat men 2 bh bh Ve by ebxVy {xd xVo, (a) Teerming and Boring opera bon Tarning @ Gov ng abo tateem as 8.0 culing tool oblique machining Opera bon wohe oh 1p to be converd mo ¢ re fing tool ovthogenat machiming op nation: ‘ @: Ap CASA) =o Cors) > G)> JcosCr-ay = 4 SINA < { Con Cp 3 d ita COS Cy SA + (.) slargul over ah fa * Next Lorqet dovex = a fr > pwralum gre = Sr SO rnnrnnnnan raf ifiitit ss sagasRR eal as ~ Maaac 2 ao s : z . > t A+ x = * a a ‘% See ' 7 ee : RL | R ah. eerene® > woh, A = oo ROR We te “ ewe . eo ~ aa, Degen Soa” A . . 7 e ee nee ° : tf angi: gq alae mma tex . “ . Rhona, . 7 m~, GAB Wve a “ na, WEA Yak Qs Bho* amd Mp SEP ea ~ Stormer Tye ~ whaitoen Pelrs quel: wanna ca vem Ak «i ee fee YD — Pow amg SC she enna x | med ‘ PAD wet de hand we ky ae 2 WRT -. fer wre Bek 7 a> Perntq eackwing gf Band woo hon Beg of fox? - baghew to aves Ra BEteto2 gas ag gag Bt, Conn Reno ef BE ment Be ama. Fe HG lavgn, perwel ang GS Rnceecsed by. lavge stenoungt. fox TY Levgey Genreal Lage © [7 a pet => Davey machining tert mations ee te IES Re SS % aca lrnucts fer touy Gapoad of Cork chaps, rel RARE WOWot ‘ Poca te t A a pee: ve ot d b A aud m9 method mun wears Ft i =¥ A Nawt Cattid { + a Fshamk Cyl nawoat poy Gen of driil b A Cok porien tewriKlittns R ak = variation eltx anoal* 0447 bt A ° g& f ec Aiba o& y ity ms Car 4 Aastl bebop attaskad f& chant ec bey by 3 e)= £ Sink SP oe are 2 Sin’ where 9 - deametr 4 dell bit = Fue theegh deyltmg yp oblique Machining opera iow \ & not gous bG to wuajane 3 Comporumt of foray, bub Het mranvabi quowh - ™m dviting oprratiny ort @ eter trust foree aching om dvill bit © aS binen ck cequuaced for wo fa Bug Ba dyritt bit — Jotar thywt< § FF. SnB ae ee Haregt ¢ (ed. Tee S 5x sin8b Tov que St 6 ORD eft Torqgur § c\ ein Nad oé P ~+ (Makyra rvemeval mG Cmée) os by be > $ 0% +. * Milli g Milteng ipa muth pornt cutting tool oblique machining sperabon eoheeh Ip bo be conven kd mto SP cat hg =) ov Hhogent | of machin ing openabon: f D>: Tt pe no- of Sp: Gubing boo | bh YA ant A Mounmkd around the Pryce fc YEM CL of Civeutan dpe aril! form a mills ng cab ea. J “tT “Bt, S.p. cutting tool tippy at ponsering Hu 6a kee amga, (A) 4 talem ox ral angus ' te ® rake ama 1 mone E, ¥ Ey avg by = brmar t & mis” as nce ® by EL max meen ee Sas [- Le cued = = ooheve eae atl Cat D> Diary, ot enil eng cubty fins tabu fed mm [set min Cane & tm Ea Nz D ba D fm = fp. ZN ty = Tabu feud mmlrey tps rable fered mr tooth % = no- of feoty Ne RPM of roillon g exter |] 8 © - mn (width of worl pice , width of tool) a (Fi) a langent ue Nent long ent cr Fr. Cosa Fu = Smallest = fy Swa : Aare Se | —- CsA Taina; EEE ‘Hang bool Ma level Pro Pevlie ow ¢ . + thing fool rraterial ¢ Hardy dnenn O{ tool rwyaleial Mmuyt he abliosk 90-60% higher Hou Hy Nowalyve ny o ® \4 ghev arb ma kwial shength 4 High hol haved meap horn p q High Locghneds 6 Ave A rah te! 6 High Cwean Yes p Loma 1 low cp « f4icremb of triclion g Low Ww {> Paainen in {abv calion k chice & High Cavhen Bleel tool ; land vy ext ~ RCOS Ho | havdyeap lmp = Q50'¢ > rh he hrgh Foughne na ~) Hea plat toot Mamadactuved by uatng fovqing bs -) forged Cows pon emt Orr segue nda ltr, totar bode of tool is wmia he by ‘ ret ba CAR ng hee Maliat, pa Maral whumacucy tool fair lure accurs it 1A ve shawpemed ey qvin dim g operation. uy toot: ~ Maw, Cut tang veloc by Ve may 5 [nv aatd by {iy toe \ \ ~) Th ip tured foy machining of & very poqt malevials (yve at, Cu, Ma Bram ele ‘ “ Fu to deny Wee. steel ip tool up tare ad fov mamupachymg ¢ \gel, femift, SCrntow eke © High Spud elee| (uss)? (ov) High alloy shat 'Holat alloys 25% ~) Low alo shee > \@ -Gr| WSS Feo; \ e&eloy ny Medea ablog Met] \ stor a Uriah able see] ‘p 1 Me tony wred | q 4 oe my Tum g f lean | mol bdinuny at chve wy awry 4 9 vew diowy Lata a arp ft AAA AAA AR AG AS AS Sh MR RRAI ddd LALTAT IY. ‘ ‘ ‘ I e a i 4 Steg = or => Teo ros high Foughne ss cut pome ve- Shavpened by qrindimg opevatioy. —s cu, me, Bram etc- 7 Cvem ty dau fomete, Slizpor etc. "otat atoy, 2 54, th "NG ==) WSs eee — ( >lor JemMevrodty Gyed a +p Sune Gt 4 chromium ty J Venidiam. Makerial atlojt 30-66), hig her Fran Hes ~) pee pkel tool Mannqactuwed by uying fovging- ‘ _—- forged com ponent oan yegn nda bt, totar bode of tools ma de Y ma len iat , po Hal Whiuwvertoo| farlure occurs ib iL Many, cutting veloc ty Meomey. 5% |eny waitd by fir foots ~) TE ip tued for machining of @ very pott malevials lite Al, Hee. lel ‘gp bol yp cacd tov mamuf at korng Chigel, © High Specd Sher} CHS8) 2 Cory High eto skeet ~) low athe y Slee{ =S-loy —\ medy uwy aitoy phe =] High abhoy slea| ef + Tung § len | molbdinemy ! a a Te a ii 0 ee Si aaa Sp Na ae ee ee ee oe a | lI ll iei ‘ f \ \ p\ | at ' ria : \ ai) & ® - ® I = Ll s , Ff ; gio ( \ 3 ‘ 4 { re i ' 8 | ‘ t b | L : \ } ha id ae - 7, Tey ae oh eRe Err ; = i ie. j * ; ie : 4 e A , Se f J i er | \ i Hood .? . # i | i | f # ; y A 1s ; }° | | 4 4 i 14 § fj \ 5 4 & : ‘4 re \ i \ i. 2 es ~ Lue w ‘ { a ft 4 5 : 4 4» ”" | i Ee a ; " | 1! F } t \ MY i { | 4 A 2 eilifiddt 2 ty s ‘ f We wt ; & Loe G'S | FS ‘ \ 1 i u ‘ 3 N ) . a ‘| ‘ | t , & &@ a t a w i } ei 8 4 ;@ & ‘ or — ‘ \ wl 4 \ ; \ . ii 4 i | ; t e qi a =% ee Cor} Tangy lem Carbide (or) Commenhd Cav bide (oy Si Si y love d Cav bide : ~ Tong p tom taed as baue maleial —~S in t Thy bool "pf mam ufackared by eal ne pocode ene tallargy, epee ~7 Beg of powder a a melallevgicak Momufatturd compovon h axe having “4 Higher havdmeu . tk Caml be vegvindabu omd madt of <1 nro aware bupe of tae i wey Hot fh ‘ . <1 ardneu temp = 100°C NG Wigan . Disibes 350 | enn "I — Cowbnds tool an very weak in kmpim. To avoid thy —ve valee TE amgles will be uged ~a =) Toughney of carbide ‘p less tham HS8- _ - Ty Cavbides, cobalt antl be wed wo toon dig agent, b fon) Pur loondimg competi ken bey Tomas ton pavict Boyed om pematt varia ting of SENG Et Carbide an divided into (HY p-type 3 Used tov machinng ot pero anefenial 4 slerly ) ke -Eyee 5 Nom frrow . Hen ~ metal 4 ct GC) M-type + General PUY pone heli Piee Pye) Vesa Pes ce Bie; Kye e o) 2L kro M~ Me, Mio a = ERS ay Lower tau numbe will ndeeat ghey He hardnen aud brit ire A tool welerialh, such malarial Cam be Wied for {ing machining Appl rcalen pe 45 { d bough 4 Soi ahs earnanbubin iW radios. Ruane f° owe 2 puch fool O% cued for rough machining applrcatiny> Carben g Majer Guuk huent thanumt -9 Dae d A thp bol: p womafadered by Gang poudew wutatlacey er) Grey bbe’ + Yor randnes fump =t000"C > Vemas = Is00-2000 =[™™ ey 4 Low “ (Hiwmat tcp ey) , 7 Hagh tough ne. 4 ow Is Camcd dommd stip pombe © have high hadmey gud PP a te) tiaon re & Dd - 4 « cughnne Dew > -% Th hey voy fegh bvitttientia OM? eu *e u- © ” i - ‘ Pe Ee mifor Cminusy mathining not fox mha mittee = = CermeG : ss ew), Cerme§ = Ceramics ¢mctals = @ Te wedue buttimed ef Covamit, and meveae fought Reo Guamtibe ef metel poodess all be added ‘Mm He Cerrasug c'"H, — prepefra cf CowmeG ave THayy pomt on CevOun tf bat budhnes ‘ ot igh and briftleny . leew Homes Cormee Gube aed fr taker md eek - vrachng opercaos aac . —~ Vemma = 400 -500 fein! 2. Oiamend :a | ; ; ™Hilaliey © _ " t - TE CR very high Chiu mokriat ; i J a 1 I Com'{ be wied 4 mochining of ferrous ork pices ‘, Ov der 8 ES RI EE Te. ot cet Plas PYO Pew bees Wl eau. a Cx Cro f ai \ y >~ orden ef foughnen et abaue v | fs : cS > . bough ney r Deey ea) co Img Sattting kool malewpat ( “ty oe } 8-4 lo $-=G-5 ” Co fer h b& kb Sods denrng during Prohlay af mie kal Cutting aie 4 Chetc Coh)etnn Oy My og ovat Mach ing IA indi calcd im dee q T{ htp indtcaled solve He ag or A agony at ma clung Cin ay Ortho gov at Machming vp mot indices cheat hen tu. Probar below gn to ot opera ion ees PO b Gn OAL nol. Probiuy Broachmg optratin fe) Sawing (99 pow bins T{ fo pfolve GiLM Problum ay or thogmor Ma chinin @d Ty ortMogmat machining ip nol ndecak t Probury belongs fo fool lite lo checte eghtler Re & Comow icy ef smachunt ng OY €ftechive var oma velret amg ete. about TE PO need nol Loorty Orting onal rv) ablique and solve & ip a Ortrogaacy Cw) TY fs Prob. doen't belengs to above 3 Crd, aun that given PY blew, 'p obliqte macloning probit, Penrext Wik orrogonal and omalyse tk ip a or tnegonat,Luory * Machining ond Macshne tool conprntamns Somm oy 0. Bed > ta Fam clrons £ rl phoatd be ngid enough to withplamd fovtey ach, povl m machine feo] ¢ daring een ie and Self Cotight oF mac hing Cost heats ‘have high dow pq quality to absorb vibra tiny ; mda cd duwning machining se Hee C@) Th phouid ack a hoe for ee png, Seve of Hu elm emG ™ Glee Prime move, gear box, Coolant tame elc-- & makvial ‘ Srey cayt ivon har high vegidily amd hgh down ping qual by Pruemkt of Comembe jn gramulan form give Ku Wigh dow ping qa ty, Ce) Mamufachuring : a Machine bool bed ip mamujac tured by sea cantuag . —~ caskd Component coil Ware highest ean png Qualiby cohen Covn pane d f otney method @) shape» iss Ass sd ddddddd Shape ot bed of Mit 18 beleckd due te hotlecy shape cI bed we ducliey pn et rach cp min Ong m amount Mut be provided, d ~~ a. SF et, ie @ Guide coaus : = G) Geridr coays are guding Har mourng pay preacud mH Hu machine tool. | (i) Thy aclimg 4@ load bramfeening media for from tering load &) forer actmg M He tool to bed ot Machine boo |. w) Dering one ee ot ges de tomy it yp required & ene Haat Cota, veiptama of gridt Coat phoutd be bh ish d hy Hictemt tourghw eu Bhould — he Rare ee fe Frowy fy loa dycot Hout Cvackimg . Duving fram tr of (ood, | dif tee tater place VW Vth gerd eeu should be mean Bared on Haute gue quays wee mak b ting high Cavbon pheet ewrttry pun fa te han dont heat heatment prowy ree t= ~) RCog localraed surface Nardoaing of quiet WoL Qre Yequtve dy only, fleme havdeming cam be ured ar furfat harduning heok brea bru F Proce xx. sh Te te Ps C ove tail), v-phaee Rectamgaloy TF Nepbaped guide soa eoill give Hue automa He abanwem! bak fae bearing ota availabk 1s mmtmow chu o yeckom gula4 geri dt.cocuyy reg oneg availabi iy Max, bat He akdomml wrt] become a Hicetld: qrorefore BF bereee of Vand & shape » Dove tai\ guide WOOLY, OAL toad @ Lead Severo § ® paumctions lad pcyvew

Trbuction moto ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ { ‘ ‘ \ ‘ t umbalamtid forces phil existing, ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ < : 4 rp ane unsed oy Prime TMoverp in Hu Convem hen ag ™ kr becgy of 1& lowept Copt = Tarnduction motor COMMU PS 1K Jiver be r Motor, if alway plow tolabmg at or \y om pax ticylon vem te de ned rem { 3 Euogthough prima move 1p rolabing ak on ly ons pavheulav Tpm, tp get variable +pm of machine for madening 4 diHevent fiser of Com pat sr a : yen 7 Inbm prime mouy and mir a mechomital bavuwinion CHM jw Oped © Mecho) Cos rons engin Cusleny ; > opt Commonly used We Mts 15 belt drive osith a Ske pped pulley b(ng omg puddin Inteveose IM Har forces during Marcum Causy to the H+ belt but no failurr cotll Often, wy wn) NO of Spak « q to 12 me a um od) wy Got4|0: Pirin Owen. a Vv . Nee, _ WOO Vain FY = 000 Vimar ery eee conde Manx TO man & Dmin, rT BE cre = eaeoe N Vig Ona as Spacd rom ge ratio (See) = a = Se EE) m™ mn * Dmin ‘ Mopt ~ [doo Vept ue * For determining spindte Speedy ina lt, > 18a rem mn tur Gop awit be Hed, with cohakuy nde may he He prog veision, He vyequived ltr rem Vopt * Ophmum Spindle speed may not he avalabe tr Mit, .. Wear by Spind& Speed 1p peleckds Dae to Hee geleckow of VNeay by ppd Spud tueve muyt be attsd o4 loss ay) morc. WW Cost or veducktoo in pyoducton yak may baler plaw ¢ : Produchody. Ty LO.p dur bo grliclion of rus by Spindk cpecdy K Mmmm, Wh GP yp aned for durgn of spindi Spada. @ Ny Crim) 23 and Noro4 Sperdp =6 amt find He Noe gn, == “ N haces YOM ALM Spatn. ke - ee Ne (Wyar) =353 ® : te = ioe or nq x bs a tae ‘ oy es Pt ere ; = Ae wenry enh az 6fJRe 2 nif ee. 5 [5e8 co V min oe NF 34 p= wy Nae W407 _—? ®se wasn Dee Vateal all al eal call sella al al el a dM ON Nt Cam, Be eee Pavoryety~, cucd inn machry mgs ® Ane Speed “ 1600 'V, Speed = N= eer ope 4 Oum aa) n ae ng Machinin apa abies bp ala Ye Beet te tat Mar, diame aohich 7 “fool i, Ch 2 1POA Inq -tov \ Machiming operakon a given Cub. © feed : Cmmmivev) Linear diplamce fravettrd by Fis toot dor one rene exten ee Har COore piece iK Called fud 4 velocl é Ar 2) roy , Tee = myo | min = ia t rT omen aA Tht Leneay velocity atehreh fool ta rravellrng along Hat lung ty ct CO:P cE Calerd ted veloc: bey G depth st cuts depth b eohich Hpet He tool hay get pene Wok to fia stove tp calld . depth. ef cul Crna). ==) t Lathe : ‘: Si Joc\ °° 20M chuck t hide WO | A Gerds OH / n | / / Head plouic— Feed geai pot ¢ Lead Coveeo @) Ikad stock ; and Suppovimy fe spmdi amd chuta “2 ap Ch) Spindly Sprndu iy a dwice Ued for hroamayni HH ng Hua ha fram frows mission Suslum fo ae Woovk pie - Some thw ib alto act as a buppext toy longer work prea f be machwud )MV OChaEK | ehace sp a coorb hol ing Avie eyed for Molding fur Grp yy ate ac / lathe wa hine ( R-jau Serg com leving ehutk Y WI) & jaw indap emdamtk chuck P y Cj) a PS:C.C 1p aaed fev hol dow, crplind vi cart COOY RP IEC , + y CY GT Re ip eed fov hollorg None Coculay BDO PISO » (4) peed Qeay bon * a J vt tp aned for obtaining yas pialyle Speed af a lead Seve es bo get Har vaniable feed of thu tool Fr om C*) Thread ¢ haging aial : ~ TCD 1p etped efor Hrvead Cuttrng fov producing wmetlbiple cu and maltiol Skavt of the Chveadp- ee : : ’ Spit na Th ip tared efor obtaiming lmeay moment ef Carwvage tf Wor natin beat in opem condition CUO Mrerigh Load fp Crew ip yotalung | oer ‘A Rol moving colhow mat tp placed om cloged Condition ar and co hey Lead pevew ip yotabug nat vp moved: a) Cary vege : Tt h-wdiere Order duvymg meving park on lath mach, PE giver qle bat yrovermant of bool my lathe ©) Side mays germ aT BEER Giatme SR Ea uemee en corer gy OARS Alide cone, Ov SUde eoay, , AMAL Brye CavVaee 1p moamkd called an Saddle, cohreh corll be aarcd fow lo calrged movement of tool U) compoomd Follow ev Yeat ¢ Ocineng machining of long Com porum & beos ct forced aclms “1 by Hu tool ip, tue defleckan or ben ding of wp Hary Srporite & bool a Bbup port otong awith tool cals oy taking plac te mmnnz%, ‘f Provided aud it has bo be favelled Follower rept RABE 5 Mom dre | Perk dine puaed for QVOI ding Firing bem dimg of Hain hollow "job 3 turning opera lion - Machining operliony : (@plame taming» PE ork prea The leering operator wed for redudumg ch of Be Calud plows Fuvning operalien P) = 022d PjaLa Ds = H-ad % 7 : | The Leteg. ) Peflone havelld Pa fad Melo ley | , APP roach C Ae) Onan YO Ls uy gin of Foo} havel (ot) COmiwe¢ = f+ ORs Ap wheve pg - Pu gtr ef work piece, e (000 Vee a) mcmama=) lawge Gout of feed colt be gives ow vough machiuang amt Avion, « ; Bomoaml ef ferd ctl be given fox Srasphining : Poe Tnikial drawiky OF fanat drow bay - Roof cule = Tolat dia reduced Bia. “educed (Cue wd een ewe % Do by ad ¥ Proye Fate, total time = Tat, ameter = ae eo ae Fry Ais {ps =e Ht (04 0, +P 405 re)o [ns] (ooo fv for on7s 4 Totat Time Fete = Teg ORO cul = ab yng. of Cu {Naug Novg ~ 1 000 opt aug Doug ta >, +0, & (2) ace lurning ; : fe scretiee Hee the bavning operatron cued for veduceny Lungts Sf Err Com ponml 12 Catted face tu wang cperatens — dumaty veduad [cut od e Q,- Q,-d Comg th of too | Wavel See a velocily Time per Cate ; es - t* ate A eef ‘ 6. of f ul "7 | Fall j a / Ons 4¥ ¢ iis bi looc mm Ma Ch ‘ 41 We Conshoy feed wes { fi Cov Jf ¢ ' i A Lhe J Oty ‘ Cake c PAETOME fang mnath 4 oo) 7 Ped maetdacing J 7 Fy ovry tens Speed t TT; i [ exss 4 « Navy a 4 joo0 Dang Pong , 4D, a 7 “ 2 va Pe — selsd coorkpuc, | 6, re] i ’ Gc { Dowvsay « Pod Oy +4 Hollow aor be ‘cay 3) Te io if! 5 Pow ening e Toning operation uned fo prod On Uns lathe Time fous sae iN : : Pnelime d Dame by of bool braves “cing Ha lopers4 ma his 'B Cottsd ay ba per huni ne operating j 4 b> f 2 iy TAP toe Tope Gang le o baa! pe al Do- 9 mt hy Sing . 4 Ly = ary 4 cece Res = 2d CScp on og A Daf heh eh eh ehh eh oh A AA AAA ed Qig 2 Bd gee feed Wen Avery 2 * (mov We Ne ys > - 1 Diawmeln veduad = odWeep Cal XC Ate Na tar tarty des (landse “) {N | Velal tone d ceed oy cml (w idl Metheda of Taper larning § ’ a CeMpoond reyt method Ns i & Tort atock of (aed eee } oe Taper alfachkme yy Ere Chet a> Form teol method (q compound veil me (hod § graced rol o ’ t 7 \ 7 7 “ a comer and x o =— veate ‘ alee bt J ny tew | Tor peat 7 vai Tap ev turning fae lung Plane [ormnge oy TH Cory af lap buming, Compound vert in rotated ‘ angle = fa pey ong #{ Componmr fea cateva A, te Thip method tp ced for bob wlernal nd a J erlevnac tape, bavning AS as Accuracy a am gle produced p ple o8' eer Pevimeky © 1p ( May), dayeley © (og mm) FAR langloo « 81g wy t amg» ah soy? sy ae omy amg com be Preduad by sing fey cy(0) yal Stock wielhod + _ 50 ~~ flock dead com bre tA offpct Bo thak axy of > Ty thy method tail Wor kpicce ip ge ting offpe ting @ vem though too| shay “ing (p wou ng live plam oper aleen it Produ co bo pened COM Ponty oftoels tape, = Poy 2 ape) i Tam o- fapy = Po Oy Taper © fF Het 4 tome oe pax bralty tapered Com poruml } 0 Of rc aly SF FACE = Totat bare, TAPE Emm . suuadendannenenneae OfEpet= Dri- Dre aoe a Reta b a Sh ate G. .Di- Po-O5 eS) oe Offack = L tame fea berm ey ‘ C) IE ip wed oy only eRe en ley nos taper herwing opera Go bcoz; boty He em 4 Com povwy + ‘p oceupy ead by A Cumlery (Vy They method coum fhe cud foy (vi) fines Com Pore | which by ing Hey method. Produ cen g upte ou vequivg offpzet 2 lomm Can be producdfac Sadd&, compound vat feol post and aubame# call e Hien “1 > ( na Hi Calley qe Hing thd om ay Hu faddle «a mewne an ts Be . tund Ride way bapered CompPrrnbon preduad ped husage 6 = tam! ( 225") @) Then methed cam be used fey bel miemat amd erlerar ager : _ Fcrng operate V4 & pombe amg preduad yw uel o.)°. 0) Max tapa angk p produad ip 8° fer) Max mcludd amgk preduad wiles “) Jn ene Retting mate Length ef He Compmunt eohich Cons be toperel ‘Rk 235 mm ont tool cared 1a remaly 1S —s whemeevet Shape c be producad calles poe a} that of Shape of to chemponemt a ay form tool mmethed f tmnchnanng gph: feakuvea : a) ma method wp ened only for erkeynat taper hemning G) whakus #4 aarmy 4 ang =a preduad digemds op accuracy + bapy angh pramt in He bal. CY) Tap amg produad ™ H+ Compent E—————_ Ligenk ay Fapey Aaglt preaemt mtu fool. (H) mary aoidtrer feel sued f fowm..s Mart pl aia hich cam be faper tarncd og ZO e* be requtyed for eng Sng tage Hest re a— , con sree Br Lt too mw | pe toomm <> fap tuwned be \ ir © IAN GL otf < ) ©: Bois “7 Ofiaee = 300 !OM ier 2 3.9 mm 2lomwm < ‘4 \, 293 * oss } 7 © Thread cubling ; | ps The fuming opera bon ened fox produ cing thvea ly f | F oy Com parm F ip caid tread cutting oprration oT my - Time ¥ cut ee f 1 ms pe u 7 ‘ 1 . L=L +AP+t0R TT 7 re feed e — . = pitch — > Single slavt | sae DL -lad S Mult fplort oJ = dad 5 Pitch s No: of Stav§ = ee east wel sheet 5 : (1) coherevey fe ake proof jon § Ou, {, be produced for Eq se Standard wakw bo Hler:” i r (i) whivever high wmechamicat advam lage +» yequrre Ma load “racked e Re ec load applred COT mereare CHHiceemery of — Ce g locteiumg : f for thread cutting operation tov tay Amqaqemnt oud deem quart ot uy *yolo ‘p alwam yolatd at lows Ypm we S to (0 Yew. ae # Te obtaim very Ee vpn vyequrved For tHiwead cubhing, fu back fel evan quik Wi be Uaed The bac Qten ONT ome. Coll be fatam umby vevuts gam Wom, = Eves though max). depth { cut POMbG in givmmir in > be lar de pty et thread f be Produced rt i. treme, eleva re Comprum id bo ¥&Mfovry Frey: 3 mmnq Fivead ey eperaloy ey Mul lrp le wulLonty be avo 1 coeghuung of we gd tf fad [= ve iM care of Baad cating operdian neo manuel Lid alfoued oma onl. t “iy automatic 4ud:p, allowed. t P ( . S fabswche feed vecee ved -ev thread Cutting ot oa Lor np onto ~Y ; CHING (rad Kyeca wrth Spt nat Dee, fe 4 wi, a4 2407 i 3 Wee PACNOMAM alona & nine feeds ze by Ppredua de asd, on Job Uh feds pu adlokwied,, oles ‘ ‘ hich 'h posh By vane a broush ay S40 Tor bor : i 1 The 147 lertned geay ip ered for mihre thycady oy emalah 1 2 ; ate or eng Irah rea mm metric lat, Th tt a ., . i 7 Tt a ten of Havead indicakd milexwy of Inch A yp Cothed ; “gl th Haven amd pilth «p madcaabug iH Oma mm Gihed tne hic thveady Tt Hu pitch of Wad screw Hyread of lathe machiva tndecated rilewwy ef omches ip Cotled Erglinn lotiz oud pitch of eed Sevew tread imdicaksd in Riau fer pel Om coMed mebic tote eclin, of uo gen traim in feed Fos bet Geax raho - Train value Spud o follewe, = Ny —See Ss a Spad of drive; Na 2 ad Scweem nn Ni0b | TF assees sid Py _ —— = Foilie ce F lead 4 He Job thready - a > ‘de lead 4 Lad Creep ? fit fas th Cad®) Depign Q qeay tray {ow cutting lomm pikch a, start Mveead MM Late marhkiu hat ng Pitch of Haveady on (eq d CCve of GaAs myn, —~ : ; @) G. R= trotm value - Ne 0 «tk. es Sinn p & Nd Gas F Qe (cs Compo c : wa, poamd os. ic ee a BD ‘ 20 sn by 6c gore Gas. 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A 7 Om we deqred got 1h Gmpound GTere Ua, pa— edd moog idle geal 7 th. Ciwcad cating opera lion pathy felto coed by toot deving sand cubpequmt culty ae TH 7 TH Met be yemaivy damt ay Hat 4 1h eat ibnetp. if “s To eure 4c above condition oe 7 SA shoing dean (reo) soit be aed ot + fer thread ng firva t bring tre tol “a Away drom He wor eprece and Cot He = dept ot cart of th! cul amd amgh ge Fae —Vdrucd woah Cron of Split Nat mechamiam colo Sseleckd Posen ot Hep tA Commeideimp with fixed mark 7D AR tee end of Lemgth +. Hrreads paoduad dinemgaae I Spht nut mechaminm: fate tre tool backed, falr he ‘pas ne len aeoay tron ©-¢ fo initrat Ponitoy cotinur Koy proadure amli| fe voquived de ph ot tyvea di tp produced gfe eta gth tay 40 ee i atten —) (86 J co" oY grt . 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