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Capstone Report
Topic: - SMART HELMET

Capstone Project-I
Course Code: ECE442A

Under the Guidance of: Amandeep Kaur Ma’am

Submitted by:

NAME REGISTRATION NO.

Abhishek 11614920
Anil Mewara 11616667
Jena Deepak 11609819
Shivanoori Nikhil 11613570
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE Page No.
1. Acknowledgement………………………………………3

2. Introduction……………………………………………...5

3. Review of Literature…………………………………….5

4. Objective of project……………………………………..6

5. Components Required…………………………………..7

5.1 Arduino UNO………………………………………………..7

5.2 GPS Module ……………………………………………......8

5.3 GSM Modue…………………………………………….......9

5.4 Bluetooth Module…………………………………………...10

5.5 Vibration Sensor………………………………………….….11

5.6 Arduino IDE…………………………………………….......12

5.7 Thingspeak Iot…………………………………………….…13

6. Block Diagram…………………………………….........14

7. Workiing…………………………………………….…..15

8. Refrences……………………………………………..….15
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1. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our sincere gratitude to our mentor Amandeep Kaur Ma’am for the
continuous support for our live Capstone project for his patience, motivation, enthusiasm, and
immense knowledge. His guidance helped us throughout our research and implementation of
this project. We could not have imagined having a better advisor and mentor for guiding us
through our research for this project and providing us with their valuable inputs which
eventually shaped our project. This project has made us push our boundaries, think about the
problems in our surroundings and finally create an ultimate solution for the people by easing
their lives through vast applications.
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Abstract:-
The thought of developing this project comes from social responsibility towards the society.
As we can see many accidents occurring around us, there is a lot of loss of life. The reasons
for the accidents may be many such as no proper driving knowledge, no fitness of the bike,
rash driving, drink and drive etc. The aim of project is to give information to the ambulance
and family members about the accident as soon as possible so that they can take certain
measures to save the life of the person who met with an accident. With the help of vibration
sensor and GSM module the helmet will sense the accident and give the information to family
and ambulance respectively. To get the exact location of the accident we will use GPS
module which will tell the location of accident. GPS and GSM module will be interfaced with
Arduino so that the patient can send to the doctor in nearby hospital easily.
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2. Introduction:-
The thought of developing this project comes to do some good things towards the society. As we
can see many accidents occurring around us, there is a lot of loss of life. According to a survey
of India there are around 500 accidents occurring due to bike crashes per day. The reasons for the
accidents may be many such as no proper driving knowledge, no fitness of the bike, rash driving,
drink and drive etc. In some cases the person injured may not be directly responsible for the
accident; it may be fault of some other rider. If accidents are one issue, lack of treatment in
proper time is another reason for deaths. According to the same survey if 500 accidents occur per
year, nearly half the injured people die due to lack of treatment in proper time. The reasons for
this may again be many such as late arrival of ambulance, no person at place of accident to give
information to the ambulance. This is what is running situation in our day to day life, a thought
of finding some solution to this problem come up with this idea of giving the information about
accident as soon as possible and in time because after all time matters a lot, if everything is done
in time, at least we can save half the lives that are lost due to bike accidents.

This is a situation we observe our day to day life. A thought of finding some solution to resolve
this problem come up with this idea of giving the information about accident as soon as possible
and in time. Because after all time matters a lot if everything is done in time. At least we can
save many lives that are lost due to accident.

Consider two major factors for avoiding the accidents cause such as:-

i. Wearing helmet should make compulsory for the bikers.

ii. Avoid drunk and drive.

The idea of this project is give the information about the rider wearing the helmet or not, whether
the rider drunk or not and also the information about location where he met with an accident
through GPS and GSM module on mobile of family members. So I have chosen GSM
technology to give the information by sending the SMS using GSM module which contains SIM
card slot to place the SIM and send the SMS.

3. Review of Literature:-
Smart Helmet with Sensors for Accident .The impact when a motorcyclist involves in a high
speed accident without wearing a helmet is very dangerous and can cause fatality. Wearing a
helmet can reduce shock from the impact and may save a life. There are many countries
enforcing a regulation that requires the motorcycle’s rider to wear a helmet when riding on their
motorcycle, Malaysia is an example. With this reason, this project is specially developed as to
improve the safety of the motorcycle’s rider.
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Motorcyclist will be alarmed when the speed limit is exceeded. A Force Sensing Resistor (FSR)
and BLDC Fan are used for detection of the rider’s head and detection of motorcycle’s speed
respectively. A 315 MHz Radio Frequency Module as wireless link which able to communicate
between transmitter circuit and receiver circuit. PIC16F84a is a microcontroller to control the
entire component in the system. Only when the rider buckled the helmet then only the
motorcycle’s engine will start. A LED will flash if the motor speed exceeds 100 km/hour.

Smart Helmets for Automatic Control of Headlamps

Intelligent Safety Helmet for Motorcyclist is a project undertaken to increase the rate of road
safety among motorcyclists. There are many countries enforcing regulations to wear a helmet
while riding. India is an example. The idea is obtained after knowing that the increasing number
of fatal road accidents over the years is cause for concern among motorcyclists. This project is
designed to introduce automatic autonomous headlight technology for the safety of motorcyclist.
Here, we focus on intelligent headlamps that react according to the rider’s facial movement. It
makes use of accelerometer and other sensors to direct small electric motors built into the
headlight casing to turn the headlights accordingly.

A Smart Safety Helmet using IMU and EEG sensors for worker fatigue detection[3] It is known
that head gesture and brain activity can reflect some human behaviors related to a risk of
accident when using machine-tools. The research presented in this paper aims at reducing the
risk of injury and thus increase worker safety. Instead of using camera, this paper presents a
Smart Safety Helmet (SSH) in order to track the head gestures and the brain activity of the
worker to recognize anomalous behavior. Information extracted from SSH is used for computing
risk of an accident (a safety level) for preventing and reducing injuries or accidents. The SSH
system is an inexpensive, non-intrusive, noninvasive, and non-vision based system, which
consists of an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) and dry EEG electrodes. Adaptec device, such
as vibrotactile motor, is integrated to the helmet in order to alert the operator when computed
risk level reaches a threshold. Once the risk level of accident breaks the threshold, a signal will
be sent wirelessly to stop the relevant machine tool or process.

4. Objective of project:
 To reduce the road accidents of two wheelers and ensure the safety.

 To give information to the family members and the ambulance if the accident has happen.

 Increasing the efficiency of ambulance reactions at the time of accidents.

 To design a low cost intelligent helmet that is capable of identifying preventing road
accidents.
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5. Components Required:-

5.1. Arduino UNO

5.2. GPS module

5.3. GSM module

5.4. Bluetooth module

5.5. Vibration Sensor

5.6. Arduino IDE Software

5.7. Thingspeak IoT platform

5.8. Helmet

5.1. Arduino Uno:-

Arduino is a software company, project, and user community that designs and manufactures
computer open-source hardware, open-source software, and microcontroller-based kits for
building digital devices and interactive objects that can sense and control physical devices.

These systems provide sets of digital and analog I/O pins that can interface to various
expansion boards (termed shields) and other circuits. The boards feature serial
communication interfaces, including Universal Serial Bus (USB) on some models, for
loading programs from personal computers. For programming the microcontrollers, the
Arduino project provides an integrated development environment (IDE) based on a
programming language named Processing, which also supports the languages, C and C++.

Fig 5.1. Arduino Uno

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Arduino Specifications:-
 Microcontroller: Microchip ATmega328P
 Operating Voltage: 5 Volts
 Input Voltage: 7 to 20 Volts
 Digital I/O Pins: 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
 Analog Input Pins: 6
 DC Current per I/O Pin: 20 mA
 DC Current for 3.3V Pin: 50 mA
 Flash Memory: 32 KB of which 0.5 KB used by boot loader
 SRAM: 2 KB
 EEPROM: 1 KB
 Clock Speed: 16 MHz
 Length: 68.6 mm
 Width: 53.4 mm
 Weight: 25 g

5.2. GPS Module:-

GPS stands for Global Positioning System and used to detect the Latitude and Longitude of any
location on the Earth, with exact UTC time (Universal Time Coordinated). This device
receives the coordinates from the satellite for each and every second, with time and date. GPS
offers great accuracy and also provides other data besides position coordinates.

Pin Description:

Pin name Description

VCC Power pin
RX UART receiver pin
TX UART transmit pin
GND Ground pin
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Interfacing of GPS module with Arduino-

Fig 5.2.Interfacing of GPS module with arduino

5.3. GSM Module:-

GSM is a mobile communication modem; it is stands for global system for mobile
communication (GSM). The idea of GSM was developed at Bell Laboratories in 1970. It is
widely used mobile communication system in the world. GSM is an open and digital cellular
technology used for transmitting mobile voice and data services operates at the 850MHz,
900MHz, 1800MHz and 1900MHz frequency bands.

GSM system was developed as a digital system using time division multiple access (TDMA)
technique for communication purpose. A GSM digitizes and reduces the data, then sends it
down through a channel with two different streams of client data, each in its own particular time
slot. The digital system has an ability to carry 64 kbps to 120 Mbps of data rates.
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Fig 5.3: GSM Module

5.4. Bluetooth Module:-

HC-05 is a Bluetooth module which is designed for wireless communication. This module can be
used in a master or slave configuration.

HC-05 has red LED which indicates connection status, whether the Bluetooth is connected or
not. Before connecting to HC-05 module this red LED blinks continuously in a periodic manner.
When it gets connected to any other Bluetooth device, its blinking slows down to two seconds.

This module works on 3.3 V. We can connect 5V supply voltage as well since the module has on
board 5 to 3.3 V regulators.

As HC-05 Bluetooth module has 3.3 V level for RX/TX and microcontroller can detect 3.3 V
level, so, no need to shift transmit level of HC-05 module. But we need to shift the transmit
voltage level from microcontroller to RX of HC-05 module.

VCC: Connect 5 V or 3.3 V to this Pin.

GND: Ground Pin of module.
TXD: Transmit Serial data (wirelessly received data by Bluetooth module transmitted out
serially on TXD pin)
RXD: Receive data serially (received data will be transmitted wirelessly by Bluetooth module).
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Fig 5 4. Bluetooth Module

5.5. Vibration Sensor:-

The Vibration Sensor Module Vibration Switch SW-420 is based on the vibration sensor SW-
420 and Comparator LM393 to detect if there is any vibration that beyond the threshold. The
threshold can be adjusted by the on-board potentiometer. When this no vibration, this module
output logic LOW the signal indicate LED light, and vice versa.

Features:-

 Normally closed type vibration sensor SW-420

 The comparator output, signal clean, good waveform, driving ability is strong.
 The working voltage of 3.3V to 5V.
 Output form: digital switch output (0 and 1)
 Has a fixed bolt hole, convenient installation
 Small board PCB size: 3.2cm x 1.4cm
 Use the LM393 wide voltage comparator.
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Fig 5.5. Vibration Sensor

5.6. Arduino IDE Software:-

TheArduino integrated development environment (IDE)is across- platform application (for

Windows, mac OS, Linux) that is written in the programming language Java. It is used to write
and upload programs to Arduino compatible boards, but also, with the help of 3rd party cores, other
vendor development boards. The source code for the IDE is released under the GNU General
Public License, version2.The Arduino IDE supports the languages C and C++ using special
rules of code structuring. The Arduino IDE supplies a software library from the Wiring
project, which provides many common input and output procedures. User-written code only
requires 0two basic functions, for starting the sketch and the main program loop, that are
compiled and linked with a program sub main into an executable cyclic executive program with
the GNU tool chain, also included with the IDE distribution.
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Fig 5.6: Arduino ide software

5.7. ThingSpeak :-
ThingSpeak is an open data platform for the Internet of Things which allows you to collect
data in a your own channel and get data from other channels using the API. In this example, we
will use a photocell and a temperature sensor and send their values wirelessly to
the ThingSpeak server.
ThingSpeak was originally launched by Io Bridge in 2010 as a service in support of IoT
applications.
ThingSpeak has integrated support from the numerical computing software MATLAB from
MathWorks, allowing Thing Speak users to analyze and visualize uploaded data using Matlab
without requiring the purchase of a Matlab license from Mathworks.
ThingSpeak is an open data platform for the Internet of Things. Your device or application can
communicate with Thing Speak using a Restful API, and you can either keep your data private,
or make it public. In addition, use Thing Speak to analyze and act on your data.
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Fig 5.7: Thingspeak

7. Block Diagram:-

7: Block Diagram
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8. Working:-
The idea of working of this project is to give information about the accident to the ambulance
and family members, so I have chosen GSM technology to give the information by sending
SMS. GSM module which has SIM card slot to place the SIM. Sending SMS alone can’t help the
driver, if we send and an SMS saying that accident had occurred where the ambulance will come
without knowing the location of the accident. So by including GPS location in the SMS which I
am sending so that the ambulance will have perfect information about where and when the
accident has occurred. GPS module to extract the location of the accident, the GPS data will
contain the latitude and longitude values using which we can find the accurate position of the
accident place. To run the GPS and GSM module Arduino UNO board which has ATmega328
microcontroller has been used. The Arduino is a very user friendly device which can be easily
interfaced with any sensors or modules and is very compact in size. Arduino will send the SMS
using the GSM module by keeping the GPS location in the SMS which is obtained from the GPS
module. A vibration sensor is placed in the helmet. The vibration sensor is placed in the helmet
such that it detects vibrations of the helmet. When the rider crashes, the helmet hits the ground
and the vibration sensor detects the vibrations that are created and then the Arduino will send an
SMS containing information about the accident and location of accident and this will help the
man to inform his family and ambulance who met with the accident and ensure the safety.

9. Refrences:-
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.irjet.net/archives/V4/i7/
IRJET-V4I7613.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwibxpPz4-
TlAhXKPo8KHXuvALMQFjADegQIBxAB&usg=AOvVaw3GexOIWl4niSIJSLZsh4oM

https://www.slideshare.net/SarthakAgrawal15/smart-helmet-65915854

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331281166_Smart_helmet_for_safe_driv
ing